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Beginning Python Programmer to Programmer 1st
Edition Peter C. Norton Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Peter C. Norton
ISBN(s): 9780764596544, 0764596543
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.90 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english

Beginning Python
Peter Norton, Alex Samuel, David Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson,
Leonard Richardson, Jason Diamond,
Aleatha Parker, Michael Roberts

Beginning Python
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1B/SQ/QX/QV/IN
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Beginning Python / Peter Norton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4 (paper/website)
ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3 (paper/website)
1. Python (Computer program language) I. Norton, Peter, 1974-
QA76.73.P98B45 2005
005.13’3--dc22
2005013968
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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About the Authors
Peter Norton (NY, NY) has been working with Unix and Linux for over a decade at companies large and
small solving problems with Linux. An officer of the NY Linux Users Group, he can be found on the
nylug-talk mailing list. Peter coauthored Professional RHEL3. He works for a very large financial com-
pany in NYC, plying his Python and open-source skills.
Alex Samuel (San Diego, CA) has developed software for biology researchers and now studies high-
energy physics at Caltech. Alex has worked on many GNU/Linux development tools, including GCC,
and co-founded CodeSourcery LLC, a consulting firm specializing in GNU/Linux development tools.
David Aitel (NY, NY) is the CEO of Immunity and a coauthor of Shellcoder’s Handbook.
Eric Foster-Johnson (Minneapolis, MN) uses Python extensively with Java, and is a veteran author,
most recently completing Beginning Shell Scripting.
Leonard Richardson (San Francisco, CA) writes useful Python packages with silly names.
Jason Diamond (CA) Jason Diamond is a software development instructor for DevelopMentor and a
consultant specializing in C++, .NET, Python, and XML. He spends most of his spare time contributing
to open-source projects using his favorite language, Python.
Aleathea Parker (San Francisco CA) is a programmer working as a publication engineer for a major
software company, coding primarily in Python and XSLT. She has a background in web applications and
content management.
Michael Roberts (Puerto Rico) has been programming professionally in C, Perl, and Python for long
enough that Python didn’t actually exist when he started. He is the chief perpetrator of the wftk
open-source workflow toolkit, and he swears that it will someday be finished, for certain values of
“finished”.

Credits
Acquisitions Editor
Debra Williams Cauley
Development Editor
Kelly D. Henthorne
Production Editor
William A. Barton
Copy Editor
Luann Rouff
Production Manager
Tim Tate
Editorial Manager
Mary Beth Wakefield
Vice President & Executive Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Vice President and Publisher
Joseph B. Wikert
Project Coordinator
Kristie Rees
Graphics and Production Specialists
Sean Decker
Carrie Foster
Lauren Goddard
Denny Hager
Jennifer Heleine
Amanda Spagnuolo
Quality Control Technicians
Leann Harney
Joe Niesen
Carl William Pierce
Media Development Specialists
Angela Denny
Kit Malone
Travis Silvers
Proofreading and Indexing
TECHBOOKS Production Services

To my Claudia, for keeping me thinking straight through a crazy time.
To my mom, Eunice, for bringing me food and asking if I was okay throughout.
To Debra, for roping me into this. And to all of the authors,
I want to thank you for making it to the finish line.
Whoa! I didn’t know what I was getting you all into! —P. N.
To my dad, Clarence A. Johnson, 1922–2005. —E. F-J.
For my mother. —L. R.
For Jilly: 1 = 2. —J. D.
To Aaron, for putting up with me. —A. P.
To my wife, Agnes, in revenge for her doctoral thesis. —M. R.

Contents
Acknowledgments xxix
Introduction xxxi
Chapter 1: Programming Basics and Strings 1
How Programming Is Different from Using a Computer 1
Programming Is Consistency 2
Programming Is Control 2
Programming Copes with Change 2
What All That Means Together 3
The First Steps 3
Starting codeEditor 3
Using codeEditor’s Python Shell 4
Try It Out: Starting the Python Shell 4
Beginning to Use Python — Strings 5
What Is a String? 5
Why the Quotes? 6
Try It Out: Entering Strings with Different Quotes 6
Understanding Different Quotes 6
Putting Two Strings Together 8
Try It Out: Using + to Combine Strings 8
Putting Strings Together in Different Ways 9
Try It Out: Using a Format Specifier to Populate a String 9
Try It Out: More String Formatting 9
Displaying Strings with Print 10
Try It Out: Printing Text with Print 10
Summary 10
Exercises 11
Chapter 2: Numbers and Operators 13
Different Kinds of Numbers 13
Numbers in Python 14
Try It Out: Using Type with Different Numbers 14
Try It Out: Creating an Imaginary Number 15

xii
Contents
Program Files 15
Try It Out: Using the Shell with the Editor 16
Using the Different Types 17
Try It Out Including Different Numbers in Strings 18
Try It Out: Escaping the % Sign in Strings 18
Basic Math 19
Try It Out Doing Basic Math 19
Try It Out: Using the Modulus Operation 20
Some Surprises 20
Try It Out: Printing the Results 21
Using Numbers 21
Order of Evaluation 21
Try It Out: Using Math Operations 21
Number Formats 22
Try It Out: Using Number Formats 22
Mistakes Will Happen 23
Try It Out: Making Mistakes 23
Some Unusual Cases 24
Try It Out: Formatting Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal 24
Summary 24
Exercises 25
Chapter 3: Variables — Names for Values 27
Referring to Data – Using Names for Data 27
Try It Out: Assigning Values to Names 28
Changing Data Through Names 28
Try It Out: Altering Named Values 29
Copying Data 29
Names You Can’t Use and Some Rules 29
Using More Built-in Types 30
Tuples — Unchanging Sequences of Data 30
Try It Out: Creating and Using a Tuple 30
Try It Out: Accessing a Tuple Through Another Tuple 31
Lists — Changeable Sequences of Data 33
Try It Out Viewing the Elements of a List 33
Dictionaries — Groupings of Data Indexed by Name 34
Try It Out: Making a Dictionary 34
Try It Out: Getting the Keys from a Dictionary 35
Treating a String Like a List 36
Special Types 38

xiii
Contents
Other Common Sequence Properties 38
Referencing the Last Elements 38
Ranges of Sequences 39
Try It Out: Slicing Sequences 39
Growing Lists by Appending Sequences 40
Using Lists to Temporarily Store Data 40
Try It Out: Popping Elements from a List 40
Summary 41
Exercises 42
Chapter 4: Making Decisions 43
Comparing Values — Are They the Same? 43
Try It Out: Comparing Values for Sameness 43
Doing the Opposite — Not Equal 45
Try It Out: Comparing Values for Difference 45
Comparing Values — Which One Is More? 45
Try It Out: Comparing Greater Than and Less Than 45
More Than or Equal, Less Than or Equal 47
Reversing True and False 47
Try It Out: Reversing the Outcome of a Test 47
Looking for the Results of More Than One Comparison 48
How to Get Decisions Made 48
Try It Out: Placing Tests within Tests 49
Repetition 51
How to Do Something — Again and Again 51
Try It Out: Using a while Loop 51
Stopping the Repetition 52
Try It Out: Using else While Repeating 54
Try It Out: Using continue to Keep Repeating 54
Handling Errors 55
Trying Things Out 55
Try It Out: Creating an Exception with Its Explanation 56
Summary 57
Exercises 58
Chapter 5: Functions 59
Putting Your Program into Its Own File 59
Try It Out: Run a Program with Python -i 61

xiv
Contents
Functions: Grouping Code under a Name 61
Try It Out: Defining a Function 61
Choosing a Name 62
Describing a Function in the Function 63
Try It Out: Displaying __doc__ 63
The Same Name in Two Different Places 64
Making Notes to Yourself 65
Try It Out: Experimenting with Comments 65
Asking a Function to Use a Value You Provide 66
Try It Out Invoking a Function with Parameters 67
Checking Your Parameters 68
Try It Out: Determining More Types with the type Function 69
Try It Out: Using Strings to Compare Types 69
Setting a Default Value for a Parameter — Just in Case 70
Try It Out: Setting a Default Parameter 70
Calling Functions from within Other Functions 71
Try It Out: Invoking the Completed Function 72
Functions Inside of Functions 72
Flagging an Error on Your Own Terms 73
Layers of Functions 74
How to Read Deeper Errors 74
Summary 75
Exercises 76
Chapter 6: Classes and Objects 79
Thinking About Programming 79
Objects You Already Know 79
Looking Ahead: How You Want to Use Objects 81
Defining a Class 81
How Code Can Be Made into an Object 81
Try It Out: Defining a Class 82
Try It Out: Creating an Object from Your Class 82
Try It Out: Writing an Internal Method 84
Try It Out: Writing Interface Methods 85
Try It Out: Using More Methods 87
Objects and Their Scope 89
Try It Out: Creating Another Class 89
Summary 92
Exercises 93

xv
Contents
Chapter 7: Organizing Programs 95
Modules 96
Importing a Module So That You Can Use It 96
Making a Module from Pre-existing Code 97
Try It Out: Creating a Module 97
Try It Out: Exploring Your New Module 98
Using Modules — Starting With the Command Line 99
Try It Out: Printing sys.argv 100
Changing How Import Works — Bringing in More 101
Packages 101
Try It Out: Making the Files in the Kitchen Class 102
Modules and Packages 103
Bringing Everything into the Current Scope 103
Try It Out: Exporting Modules from a Package 104
Re-importing Modules and Packages 104
Try It Out: Examining sys.modules 105
Basics of Testing Your Modules and Packages 106
Summary 106
Exercises 107
Chapter 8: Files and Directories 109
File Objects 109
Writing Text Files 110
Reading Text Files 111
Try It Out: Printing the Lengths of Lines in the Sample File 112
File Exceptions 113
Paths and Directories 113
Paths 114
Directory Contents 116
Try It Out: Getting the Contents of a Directory 116
Try It Out: Listing the Contents of Your Desktop or Home Directory 118
Obtaining Information about Files 118
Recursive Directory Listings 118
Renaming, Moving, Copying, and Removing Files 119
Example: Rotating Files 120
Creating and Removing Directories 121
Globbing 122

xvi
Contents
Pickles 123
Try It Out: Creating a Pickle File 123
Pickling Tips 124
Efficient Pickling 125
Summary 125
Exercises 125
Chapter 9: Other Features of the Language 127
Lambda and Filter: Short Anonymous Functions 127
Reduce 128
Try It Out: Working with Reduce 128
Map: Short-Circuiting Loops 129
Try It Out: Use Map 129
Decisions within Lists — List Comprehension 130
Generating Lists for Loops 131
Try It Out: Examining an xrange Object 132
Special String Substitution Using Dictionaries 133
Try It Out: String Formatting with Dictionaries 133
Featured Modules 134
Getopt — Getting Options from the Command Line 134
Using More Than One Process 137
Threads — Doing Many Things in the Same Process 139
Storing Passwords 140
Summary 141
Exercises 142
Chapter 10: Building a Module 143
Exploring Modules 143
Importing Modules 145
Finding Modules 145
Digging through Modules 146
Creating Modules and Packages 150
Try It Out: Creating a Module with Functions 150
Working with Classes 151
Defining Object-Oriented Programming 151
Creating Classes 151
Try It Out: Creating a Meal Class 152
Extending Existing Classes 153

xvii
Contents
Finishing Your Modules 154
Defining Module-Specific Errors 154
Choosing What to Export 155
Documenting Your Modules 156
Try It Out: Viewing Module Documentation 157
Testing Your Module 162
Running a Module as a Program 164
Try It Out: Running a Module 164
Creating a Whole Module 165
Try It Out: Finishing a Module 165
Try It Out: Smashing Imports 169
Installing Your Modules 170
Try It Out: Creating an Installable Package 171
Summary 174
Exercises 174
Chapter 11: Text Processing 175
Why Text Processing Is So Useful 175
Searching for Files 176
Clipping Logs 177
Sifting through Mail 178
Navigating the File System with the os Module 178
Try It Out: Listing Files and Playing with Paths 180
Try It Out: Searching for Files of a Particular Type 181
Try It Out: Refining a Search 183
Working with Regular Expressions and the re Module 184
Try It Out: Fun with Regular Expressions 186
Try It Out: Adding Tests 187
Summary 189
Exercises 189
Chapter 12: Testing 191
Assertions 191
Try It Out: Using Assert 192
Test Cases and Test Suites 193
Try It Out: Testing Addition 194
Try It Out: Testing Faulty Addition 195
Test Fixtures 196
Try It Out: Working with Test Fixtures 197

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Ships, sizes, Phœnician, 54;
Roman, 75, 81
Ships, types:
Reconstruction of former types, 6
Actuaria, 86, 107
American clippers, 266
American frigates, 256
American schooner, 296
Ballingers, 160
Barges, 145, 154, 160, 305, 306
Barks, or barques, 139, 208, 272, 273, 300, 301
Barquentine, 298
Bastard galleasses, 206
Bawley, 290
Billy-boy, 303
Bireme, 48
Bomb ketch, 235, 249, 302
Bombay yacht, 309
Brigantine, 208, 300
Brigs, 249, 258, 299, 300
British clippers, 267
Brixham Mumble Bees, 291
Bucca, buss, or buzzo, 124, 139, 145
Burmese junk, 31
Caracks, 139, 140, 160, 170, 173, 215
Caravels, 139, 171, 180
Carra-muzzal, 218
Carvel-built, 166, 190
Catascopiscus, 86
Chasse-Marée, 314
Chinese junk, 31
Cladivata, 88

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Coasters, 258, 277
Cogs, 145
Collier, steam, 258
Coracle, 103
Corbita, 86
Cornish lugger, 317
Corvettes, 252
Crayers, 185
Cutters, 289
Deal “galley,” 131
Deal luggers, 318
Dhow, 44
Dragon, 124
Dromons, 139, 143
Dug-out, 25, 90, 95
Dutch fly-boat, 294
Dutch galleon, 219
Dutch schuyt, 220, 285
East Indiamen, 258, 264
Egyptian “nugger,” 43
Esnecca, 124, 133, 146
Felucca, 309
Fore-and-aft schooner, 277
Frigate, 205, 208, 232, 252
Galleasses, 69, 204, 205, 206, 212
Galleons, 203, 205, 206, 213, 219
Galleys, 57, 139, 216, 246
Galleys as war-vessels, 171, 204, 206
Galliots, 204, 208, 303
Gloucester schooner, 294
Great ships, 139, 204
Gun-brigs, 249
Hailam junk, 310
Hermaphrodite brig, 300
Hippago, 85, 145
Hoys, 235

Iron barque, 272
Iron ships, 259, 268
Italian merchantman, 206
Jackass barque, 301
Junks, 31, 310
Ketch, 235, 302
Koryak craft, 32
Large sailing ship, 254
Lifeboat, 255
Long serpent, 124, 133, 146
Longship, 124
Lowestoft drifter, 304
Luggers, 312 et seq.
Merchant vessels, 172, 205, 206
Monoxylon, 95
Motor barges, 280
Motor-propelled ships, 291
Musculus, or mydion, 85
Nave, 218
Norfolk wherry, 307
Paddle-sloop, 263
Paddle-steamers, 263
Paro, 85
Penzance lugger, 318
Pink, 236
Pinnace, 205, 208, 229
Plymouth hooker, 291
Ponto, 87
Portuguese carack, 215
Prosumia, 87
Quadrireme, 65
Schedia, 85
Schooners, 277, 292 et seq.
Schuyt, Dutch, 220, 285
Scotch “Zulus,” 317
Screw ship, 263
Shallops, 208

Sibbick rater, 309
Skin boats, 102-105
Skuta, 120, 124
Sloops, 220, 249, 292
Snekkja, 124, 133, 146
Spanish treasure-frigates, 214
Square-rigged, 192
Steam collier, 258
“Stumpies,” 305
Tartana, 218
Tesseraria, 85
Thames barge, 305
Three-decker, 227, 229
Topsail schooner, 298
Trireme, 48, 69
Victualling ships, 185
Viking, or double-ended, 90, 106
Viking-like, 171
Visser, 145
Warships, Tudor, 178, 188, 203
Wherry, Norfolk, 307
Yachts, 289, 320 et seq.
Yarmouth yawl, 315
Yawls, 314
Yorkshire cobble, 60
“Zulus,” 317
Shotover, 234
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 247
Sidon, coins of, 52
Signals, code of, 188, 249
Sigurdson, Harald, 122
Skins for boats, 102-105
Sluys, battle of, 157
Smith’s, Captain John, description of taking a prize, 223-225

Smyth, Mr. Warington, 307, 310
Snape, Suffolk, Viking ship discovered at, 115
Soames & Co., Messrs., 271
Solent, the, 322
Somerscales, Mr. T., 5
South Kensington Museum, models in, 5, 181, 216, 241, 271, 299,
309, 311, 328
Southampton Water, 174
Southend, 290
Spanish Armada. See Armada
Spanish maritime progress, sixteenth century, 180
Spanish seamen, time of Armada, 204
Spanish treasure-frigates, 214
Spars, interchangeable, 260
Speiring’s, Francis, tapestries of Spanish Armada, 207
Spithead, 250
Spritsail, 265, 283
Squaresail, 11, 244, 281
Stanfield, Clarkson, 5
Staysail, 283
Steamships, supersede sailing vessels, 2, 272;
introduction into the Navy, 263
Steele & Co., Messrs., Greenock, 267, 271, 326
Steele, Mr. William, 326
Steering paddles, 146
Sterns, 12, 16, 244, 289;
“canoe,” 276;

circular, 257;
overhanging, 329
Stone age, the, and shipbuilding, 94, 99
Stone implements in modern use, 99
Stow Wood, 234
Stuart, Mr. Villiers, 33
Suez Canal, 272
Suiones, the, 110
Summercastle, 175
Sunderland, 266
Sydney, Sir Philip, 209
Symonds, Sir William, 259, 299
Tacitus, 108, 109
Tacking, the ancients and, 44
Tallow for bottoms of ships, 232
Tapestries, ships on, 130;
Bayeux Tapestry, 17, 134;
Spanish Armada, House of Lords, 207
Tea trade, the China, 268
Teak, 257
Tecklenborg, Messrs. J. C., 275
Telescopes, 193
Terry’s, Captain C. E., model of the Santa Maria, 182
Thompson, Messrs. J., & Co., 267, 271
Timbers, diagonal, 257
Tonnage measurement, 231

Topgallant sail, 175
Topmasts, 173, 195
Topsails, 83, 284
Trading vessels. See Merchant ships
Trafalgar, 254, 262;
mistake in signals, 252
Trinity House Corporation, 193;
pictures, 227
Tromp, Admiral van, 285
Trondhjem Fjord, ships found on shores of, 114
Trumpeting on ancient ships, 149
Tudor colours, the, 191
Tudor period, development of ships during the, 221
Tuke, Mr. H. S., 5
“Tumblehome,” 168, 244
Tune Viking ship, 117
Tunis, excavations near, 84
Turkish pirates, vessels of, 218
Turner, J. M. W., R.A., pictures by, 5, 259, 285, 289, 300, 323
Tyre and Sidon, kings of, 49
Union flag, the, 241, 242
Union Jack, the, 254
United Service Museum. See Royal United Service Museum
United States coasting trade, 296
Ursula, St., the pilgrimage of, 4, 162

Valdermoor Marsh, Schleswig-Holstein, boat found at, 95
Vasco da Gama, 51, 184
Velde, Willem Van der, 5, 229, 285, 287, 289
Velleius Paterculus, 102
Veneti, ships of the, 90, 93, 105, 106
Venetian warship (thirteenth century), 142
Venetians, English ships purchased from, 190
Venice, St. Mark’s, mosaics in, 130, 144
Venice, ships of, 153, 170
Victoria and Albert Museum. See South Kensington Museum
Victoria, Queen, 260
Viking ships, 10, 13, 14, 90, 110;
arrangements of, 122, 125, 127;
sails, 122-124;
steering, 156;
navigation, 126;
the Phœnicians and, 92;
connection between and the Mediterranean galleys, 91;
discovery of remains of ships, 115-122
Vikings, the, influence of on ships, 156, 285;
harass England and France, 130;
burial in ship-shape graves, 113-115
Virginia, 246
Voss, Captain J. C., 302
Vroom, Hendrik C., pictures by, 207, 220
Wanhill, Thomas, of Poole, 324, 326
War-galleys, Greek, 60
Warships and warfare, Norse, 124-125

Watson, Mr. G. L., 328
Waymouth, Mr., 271
West Countrymen, temp. Elizabeth, 202
West Indiaman, 259
West Indies, 214, 258, 259
Whale-boats, 14
Whitby, 303
White Brothers, Messrs., 331
White Ensign, the, 254, 255
White, Mr. H. W., 331
Whitstable, 290
William the Conqueror, 17, 134
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 191
Wilton, Earl of, 324
Winchelsea, seal of, 149
Winches, 179
Winchester Cathedral, font, 129, 136
Wool trade, Flemish, 154
Woolwich, 227, 246, 250, 321
Wyllie, Mr. W. L., R.A., 5
Wynter, Sir William, 201
Xerxes, 48, 56
Yacht, first, in England, 289;
modification of yacht design, 328;
sterns of Dutch yachts, 243;
the word “yacht,” 320

Yachting, 244, 321 et seq.;
international yachting rules, 332
Yarborough, Earl of, 323
Yards, 181
Yarmouth, 129, 304, 307, 315
Yonkers, 225
York Museum, ancient boat in, 100
Yorkshire cobble, 60
Zarebas, 22
Zuyder Zee, 282

PLANS
Plan 1. THE GJOA: SAIL AND RIGGING PLAN.
Plan 2. THE GJOA: LONGITUDINAL SECTION.

Plan 3. THE GJOA: DECK PLAN.
Plan 4. THE ROYAL SOVEREIGN, GEORGE III’S YACHT.
Plan 5. SCHOONER ELIZABETH: SAIL PLAN.

Plan 6. SCHOONER ELIZABETH: DECK PLAN.
Plan 7. SCHOONER ELIZABETH: LONGITUDINAL SECTION.
Plan 8. SCHOONER PAMPAS: SAIL AND RIGGING PLAN.

Plan 9. SCHOONER PAMPAS: LONGITUDINAL AND HORIZONTAL
SECTIONS.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Gizeh and Rifeh,” by W. M. Flinders Petrie, London, 1907.
(Double volume.)
[2] “A Guide to the Third and Fourth Egyptian Rooms, British
Museum,” London, 1904.
[3] “The Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” vol. vi. part ii., “The
Koryak”; see pp. 534-538. By W. Jochelson, New York, 1908.
[4] See “The Egypt Exploration Fund: Archæological Report,
1906-1907.”
[5] “The Tomb of Hatshopsitu,” p. 30, by Edouard Naville, London,
1906.
[6] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” by
Edouard Naville.
[7] “The Fleet of an Egyptian Queen,” by Dr. Johannes
Duemichen. Leipzig, 1868.
[8] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” p. 16.
[9] “The Dawn of Civilisation—Egypt,” by Professor Maspero,
London, 1894.
[10] For some valuable matter regarding Greek and Roman ships
I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the following,
especially the first two of these:
“Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.
“Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romanes,” by Ch.
Daremberg (article under “Navis,” by Cecil Torr), Paris, 1905.
“A Companion to Greek Studies,” by L. Whibley, Cambridge,
1905. (See article on “Ships,” by A. B. Cook, p. 475 et seq.)
[11] “The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and
Discoveries of the English Nation,” by Richard Hakluyt. Preface to

the second edition.
[12] Even still more wonderful and more to the point, as having
sailed to the entrance of the Mediterranean, is the passage of the
Columbia II., a tiny ship only 19 feet long with 6 feet beam.
Navigated solely by Capt. Eisenbram, she sailed from Boston,
U.S.A., to Gibraltar, encountering severe weather on the way, in
100 days. (See the Times newspaper of November 21, 1903.)
[13] An illustration of this will be found in “Pompeji in Leben und
Kunst,” by August Mau, Leipzig, 1908.
[14] A model of this ship is to be seen in the Louvre. See “Musée
Rétrospectif de la Classe 33. Matériel de la Navigation de
Commerce à l’Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, à
Paris. Rapport du Comité d’Installation.”
[15] “Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.
[16] “Lazari Bayfii annotationes ... de re navali.” Paris, 1536.
[17] See “Caligula’s Galleys in the Lake of Nemi,” by St. Clair
Baddeley, article in the Nineteenth Century and After, March,
1909; also “Le Navi Romane del Lago di Nemi,” by V. Malfatti,
Rome, 1905, which gives an interesting account, with illustrations,
of the finding of these galleys, as well as an excellent plan of one
of the ships of Caligula as far as she has been explored. She has
a rounded stern and pointed bow. An ingenious pictorial effort is
made to reconstruct the galley afresh. The book contains
photographs of the floats, showing the shape of the boat, and of
some of the chief relics recovered in 1895.
[18] “Life of Caligula,” xxxvii.
[19] See p. 245.
[20] Acts xxvii.
[21] “Un Catalogue Figuré de la Batellerie Gréco-Romaine—La
Mosaïque d’Althiburus,” par P. Gauckler, in “Monuments et
Mémoires.” Tome douzième, Paris, 1905.
[22] “De Bello Civili,” iii. 29.
[23] Sagas—or “says,” narratives—are records of the leading
events of the lives of great Norsemen and their families.
Hundreds of these records exist, though many of them are purely
mythical. They date from a period not earlier than the sixth
century of our era, but the downward limit cannot be exactly fixed.
Not unnaturally, in such national epics as centre round the kings

of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, we find references to sailing
ships both frequent and detailed.
[24] “This northern civilisation,” says Du Chaillu, in his account of
these people (“The Viking Age,” vol. i. p. 4, London, 1889) “was
peculiar to itself, having nothing in common with the Roman
world, Rome knew nothing of these people till they began to
frequent the coasts of her North Sea provinces, in the days of
Tacitus, and after his time, the Mediterranean.... The manly
civilisation the Northmen possessed was their own ... it seems to
have advanced north from about the shores of the Black Sea, and
... many northern customs were like those of the ancient Greeks.”
[25] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” iii. chap. 13: “Pro loci natura, pro vi
tempestatum, illis essent aptiora et accommodatoria.”
[26] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the
North,” a paper read before the Viking Society for Northern
Research by Eiríkr Magnússon. London, 1906.
[27] It was presented to the Hull Museum while this book was in
the press, June 1909.
[28] “A Prehistoric Boat,” a lecture by Rev. D. Cary-Elwes.
Northampton, 1903.
[29] Tacitus, “Hist.” v. 23.
[30] “Annual Report of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:
Prehistoric Naval Architecture of the North of Europe,” by George
H. Boehmer. Washington, 1892. (See p. 527.)
[31] Cæsar, “De Bello Civili,” book i. chap. 54: “Imperat militibus
Cæsar, ut naves faciant, cujus generis eum superioribus annis
usus Britanniæ docuerat. Carinæ primum ac statumina ex levi
materia fiebant: reliquum corpus navium viminibus contextum,
coriis integebatur.”
[32] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” III. xiii.: “Namque ipsorum naves
ad hunc modum factæ armatæque erant: carinæ aliquanto
planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac
decessum æstus excipere possent: proræ admodum erectæ
atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque
accommodatæ; naves totæ factæ ex robore ad quamvis vim et
contumeliam perferendam: transtra pedalibus in altitudinem
trabibus confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis crassitudine; ancoræ
pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctæ; pelles pro velis alutæque
tenuiter confectæ, [hæc] sive propter lini inopiam atque ejus usus

inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verisimile, quod tantas
tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac
tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse
arbitrabantur.”
Mr. St. George Stock in his edition (Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,”
books i.-vii., edited by St. George Stock, Oxford, 1898)
understands “transtra” not to mean the rowing benches but
crossbeams or decks.
[33] The Veneti lived in the extreme north-west corner of France,
and have left behind the name of the town Vannes, facing the Bay
of Biscay, and opposite Belle Isle.
The Greeks and Romans having learned their seamanship on the
practically tideless waters of the Mediterranean must have been
appalled by the ebb and flow of the Northern Seas. Cæsar was
ignorant of the moon’s relation to tides until taught by bitter
experience. He was taught only by the damage done to his ships
in Britain. (“De Bello Gallico,” iv. 29). The Veneti, however,
understood all these things, for Cæsar remarks, “quod et naves
habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare
consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos
antecedunt.” Further on he refers to the Bay of Biscay as the
great, boisterous, open sea, “in magno impetu maris atque
aperto.” (“De Bello Gallico,” book iii. chap. 8). It is to Pytheas
(referred to previously) that Plutarch gives the credit of having
detected the influence of the moon on tides.
The reader wishing to pursue the subject is referred to “Cæsar’s
Conquest of Gaul,” by T. Rice Holmes. London, 1899.
[34] Tacitus’ “Annals,” ii. 23 and 6. “Mille naves sufficere visæ
properatæque, aliæ breves, angusta puppi proraque et lato utero,
quo facilius fluctus tolerarent, quædam planæ carinis ut sine noxa
siderent: plures adpositis utrimque gubernaculis, converso ut
repente remigio hinc vel illinc adpellerent: multæ pontibus stratæ,
super quas tormenta veherentur ... velis habiles, citæ remis
augebantur alacritate militum in speciem ac terrorem” (ii. 6).
Mr. Henry Furneaux in his edition of the “Annals” (Oxford 1896),
commenting on “pontibus,” thinks these formed a partial deck
across the midships which would have the appearance of a
bridge when viewed from bow or stern.
[35] Roman ships were sometimes built in 60 days, while there is
a record of 220 having been built in 45 days.

[36] Du Chaillu points out the interesting fact that it was not until
after the Danes and Norwegians had succeeded in planting
themselves in this country that the inhabitants of our land
exhibited that love of the sea and ships which has been our
greatest national characteristic for so many centuries. Certainly
when the Romans invaded Britain our forefathers had no fleet
with which to oppose them.
[37] Tacitus, “De situ, moribus et populis Germaniæ libellus,”
chap. 44: “Suionum hinc civitates, ipsæ in Oceano, præter viros
armaque classibus valent. Forma navium eo differt quod utrinque
prora paratam semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis
ministrantur, nec remos in ordinem lateribus adjungunt: solutum,
ut in quibusdam fluminum, et mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc
remigium.”
[38] “Norges Oldtid,” by Gabriel Gustafson. Kristiania, 1906.
[39] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the
North,” by Eiríkr Magnússon. A paper read before the Viking Club
for Northern Research. London, 1906.
[40] Du Chaillu (“The Viking Age,” vide supra) attributes these
ship-form graves to the Iron Age, and remarks that similar
monuments have been found in England and Scotland. “One of
the most interesting,” he adds, “is that where the rowers’ seats
are marked, and even a stone placed in the position of the mast”
(p. 309, vol. i.). This is reproduced in Fig. 27.
[41] For further details as to the Viking mode of burial, the reader
is referred to vol. i. chap. xix. of Du Chaillu’s “The Viking Age.”
[42] See “The Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and
England,” vol. i., by George Stephens, F.S.A., London, 1866.
[43] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part i., “Wooden Sailing Ships,”
p. 60, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1900.
[44] Magnússon’s “Notes on Shipbuilding,” &c., ut supra, p. 50.
[45] Reproduced on p. 126, fig. 536, of Prof. Gustafson’s “Norges
Oldtid.”
[46] Evidently the early Europeans did not merely make rash
voyages, trusting entirely to good luck to reach their port. It is
quite clear that they had given serious study to seamanship by
the early part of the fifth century, for when Lupus and German,
two Gallic prelates, crossed the Channel to Britain in the year 429

a.d., they encountered very bad weather, and Constantius adds
that St. German poured oil on the waves. The latter’s earlier days
having been spent in Gaul, in Rome and as duke over a wide
district, he had evidently picked up this item of seamanship from
the mariners of the southern shores. (See Canon Bright’s
“Chapters of Early English Church History,” Oxford, 1897, p. 19
and notes.)
[47] “Navi Venete da codici Marini e dipinti,” by Cesare Augusto
Levi, Venice, 1892.
[48] See the ship in the seal of Dam, Fig. 40.
[49] “Social England,” edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L., and J. S.
Mann, M.A., London, 1901. See article by W. Laird Clowes, vol. i.
p. 589.
[50] See “Handbook to the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in
the British Museum,” London, 1899.
The Edward III. coin will be found to be reproduced on all the
publications of the Navy Records Society.
[51] Ballingers were long, low vessels for oars and sails,
introduced in the fourteenth century by Biscayan builders.
[52] See “Gentile da Fabriano,” p. 134, by Arduino Colasanti,
Bergamo 1909.
[53] See Fig. 37 in “Navi Venete.”
[54] See “The Life and Works of Vittorio Carpaccio,” by Pompeo
Molmenti and Gustav Ludwig, London, 1907.
[55] “Hans Memling,” p. 46, by W. H. James Weale, London,
1901.
[56] Reproduced in “Navi Venete,” Fig. 96.
[57] See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33,” &c.
[58] This MS. has been carefully reproduced in “Monuments et
Mémoires,” par Georges Perrot and Robert de la Steyrie. Tome
onzième. See article on “Un Manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de
Philippe le bon à Saint-Pétersbourg,” Paris, 1904.
[59] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” p. 74, by Sir G. C. V.
Holmes, London, 1900.
[60] “Naval Accounts and Inventories of the Reign of Henry VII.,”
edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1896. I wish to

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