Beginning Python Programmer to Programmer 1st Edition Peter C. Norton
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- 5. Beginning Python Programmer to Programmer 1st Edition Peter C. Norton Digital Instant Download Author(s): Peter C. Norton ISBN(s): 9780764596544, 0764596543 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 3.90 MB Year: 2005 Language: english
- 7. Beginning Python Peter Norton, Alex Samuel, David Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson, Leonard Richardson, Jason Diamond, Aleatha Parker, Michael Roberts
- 11. Beginning Python Peter Norton, Alex Samuel, David Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson, Leonard Richardson, Jason Diamond, Aleatha Parker, Michael Roberts
- 12. Beginning Python Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1B/SQ/QX/QV/IN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Beginning Python / Peter Norton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4 (paper/website) ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3 (paper/website) 1. Python (Computer program language) I. Norton, Peter, 1974- QA76.73.P98B45 2005 005.13’3--dc22 2005013968 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESEN- TATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WAR- RANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUIT- ABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN THEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress are trade- marks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
- 13. About the Authors Peter Norton (NY, NY) has been working with Unix and Linux for over a decade at companies large and small solving problems with Linux. An officer of the NY Linux Users Group, he can be found on the nylug-talk mailing list. Peter coauthored Professional RHEL3. He works for a very large financial com- pany in NYC, plying his Python and open-source skills. Alex Samuel (San Diego, CA) has developed software for biology researchers and now studies high- energy physics at Caltech. Alex has worked on many GNU/Linux development tools, including GCC, and co-founded CodeSourcery LLC, a consulting firm specializing in GNU/Linux development tools. David Aitel (NY, NY) is the CEO of Immunity and a coauthor of Shellcoder’s Handbook. Eric Foster-Johnson (Minneapolis, MN) uses Python extensively with Java, and is a veteran author, most recently completing Beginning Shell Scripting. Leonard Richardson (San Francisco, CA) writes useful Python packages with silly names. Jason Diamond (CA) Jason Diamond is a software development instructor for DevelopMentor and a consultant specializing in C++, .NET, Python, and XML. He spends most of his spare time contributing to open-source projects using his favorite language, Python. Aleathea Parker (San Francisco CA) is a programmer working as a publication engineer for a major software company, coding primarily in Python and XSLT. She has a background in web applications and content management. Michael Roberts (Puerto Rico) has been programming professionally in C, Perl, and Python for long enough that Python didn’t actually exist when he started. He is the chief perpetrator of the wftk open-source workflow toolkit, and he swears that it will someday be finished, for certain values of “finished”.
- 15. Credits Acquisitions Editor Debra Williams Cauley Development Editor Kelly D. Henthorne Production Editor William A. Barton Copy Editor Luann Rouff Production Manager Tim Tate Editorial Manager Mary Beth Wakefield Vice President & Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley Vice President and Publisher Joseph B. Wikert Project Coordinator Kristie Rees Graphics and Production Specialists Sean Decker Carrie Foster Lauren Goddard Denny Hager Jennifer Heleine Amanda Spagnuolo Quality Control Technicians Leann Harney Joe Niesen Carl William Pierce Media Development Specialists Angela Denny Kit Malone Travis Silvers Proofreading and Indexing TECHBOOKS Production Services
- 17. To my Claudia, for keeping me thinking straight through a crazy time. To my mom, Eunice, for bringing me food and asking if I was okay throughout. To Debra, for roping me into this. And to all of the authors, I want to thank you for making it to the finish line. Whoa! I didn’t know what I was getting you all into! —P. N. To my dad, Clarence A. Johnson, 1922–2005. —E. F-J. For my mother. —L. R. For Jilly: 1 = 2. —J. D. To Aaron, for putting up with me. —A. P. To my wife, Agnes, in revenge for her doctoral thesis. —M. R.
- 19. Contents Acknowledgments xxix Introduction xxxi Chapter 1: Programming Basics and Strings 1 How Programming Is Different from Using a Computer 1 Programming Is Consistency 2 Programming Is Control 2 Programming Copes with Change 2 What All That Means Together 3 The First Steps 3 Starting codeEditor 3 Using codeEditor’s Python Shell 4 Try It Out: Starting the Python Shell 4 Beginning to Use Python — Strings 5 What Is a String? 5 Why the Quotes? 6 Try It Out: Entering Strings with Different Quotes 6 Understanding Different Quotes 6 Putting Two Strings Together 8 Try It Out: Using + to Combine Strings 8 Putting Strings Together in Different Ways 9 Try It Out: Using a Format Specifier to Populate a String 9 Try It Out: More String Formatting 9 Displaying Strings with Print 10 Try It Out: Printing Text with Print 10 Summary 10 Exercises 11 Chapter 2: Numbers and Operators 13 Different Kinds of Numbers 13 Numbers in Python 14 Try It Out: Using Type with Different Numbers 14 Try It Out: Creating an Imaginary Number 15
- 20. xii Contents Program Files 15 Try It Out: Using the Shell with the Editor 16 Using the Different Types 17 Try It Out Including Different Numbers in Strings 18 Try It Out: Escaping the % Sign in Strings 18 Basic Math 19 Try It Out Doing Basic Math 19 Try It Out: Using the Modulus Operation 20 Some Surprises 20 Try It Out: Printing the Results 21 Using Numbers 21 Order of Evaluation 21 Try It Out: Using Math Operations 21 Number Formats 22 Try It Out: Using Number Formats 22 Mistakes Will Happen 23 Try It Out: Making Mistakes 23 Some Unusual Cases 24 Try It Out: Formatting Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal 24 Summary 24 Exercises 25 Chapter 3: Variables — Names for Values 27 Referring to Data – Using Names for Data 27 Try It Out: Assigning Values to Names 28 Changing Data Through Names 28 Try It Out: Altering Named Values 29 Copying Data 29 Names You Can’t Use and Some Rules 29 Using More Built-in Types 30 Tuples — Unchanging Sequences of Data 30 Try It Out: Creating and Using a Tuple 30 Try It Out: Accessing a Tuple Through Another Tuple 31 Lists — Changeable Sequences of Data 33 Try It Out Viewing the Elements of a List 33 Dictionaries — Groupings of Data Indexed by Name 34 Try It Out: Making a Dictionary 34 Try It Out: Getting the Keys from a Dictionary 35 Treating a String Like a List 36 Special Types 38
- 21. xiii Contents Other Common Sequence Properties 38 Referencing the Last Elements 38 Ranges of Sequences 39 Try It Out: Slicing Sequences 39 Growing Lists by Appending Sequences 40 Using Lists to Temporarily Store Data 40 Try It Out: Popping Elements from a List 40 Summary 41 Exercises 42 Chapter 4: Making Decisions 43 Comparing Values — Are They the Same? 43 Try It Out: Comparing Values for Sameness 43 Doing the Opposite — Not Equal 45 Try It Out: Comparing Values for Difference 45 Comparing Values — Which One Is More? 45 Try It Out: Comparing Greater Than and Less Than 45 More Than or Equal, Less Than or Equal 47 Reversing True and False 47 Try It Out: Reversing the Outcome of a Test 47 Looking for the Results of More Than One Comparison 48 How to Get Decisions Made 48 Try It Out: Placing Tests within Tests 49 Repetition 51 How to Do Something — Again and Again 51 Try It Out: Using a while Loop 51 Stopping the Repetition 52 Try It Out: Using else While Repeating 54 Try It Out: Using continue to Keep Repeating 54 Handling Errors 55 Trying Things Out 55 Try It Out: Creating an Exception with Its Explanation 56 Summary 57 Exercises 58 Chapter 5: Functions 59 Putting Your Program into Its Own File 59 Try It Out: Run a Program with Python -i 61
- 22. xiv Contents Functions: Grouping Code under a Name 61 Try It Out: Defining a Function 61 Choosing a Name 62 Describing a Function in the Function 63 Try It Out: Displaying __doc__ 63 The Same Name in Two Different Places 64 Making Notes to Yourself 65 Try It Out: Experimenting with Comments 65 Asking a Function to Use a Value You Provide 66 Try It Out Invoking a Function with Parameters 67 Checking Your Parameters 68 Try It Out: Determining More Types with the type Function 69 Try It Out: Using Strings to Compare Types 69 Setting a Default Value for a Parameter — Just in Case 70 Try It Out: Setting a Default Parameter 70 Calling Functions from within Other Functions 71 Try It Out: Invoking the Completed Function 72 Functions Inside of Functions 72 Flagging an Error on Your Own Terms 73 Layers of Functions 74 How to Read Deeper Errors 74 Summary 75 Exercises 76 Chapter 6: Classes and Objects 79 Thinking About Programming 79 Objects You Already Know 79 Looking Ahead: How You Want to Use Objects 81 Defining a Class 81 How Code Can Be Made into an Object 81 Try It Out: Defining a Class 82 Try It Out: Creating an Object from Your Class 82 Try It Out: Writing an Internal Method 84 Try It Out: Writing Interface Methods 85 Try It Out: Using More Methods 87 Objects and Their Scope 89 Try It Out: Creating Another Class 89 Summary 92 Exercises 93
- 23. xv Contents Chapter 7: Organizing Programs 95 Modules 96 Importing a Module So That You Can Use It 96 Making a Module from Pre-existing Code 97 Try It Out: Creating a Module 97 Try It Out: Exploring Your New Module 98 Using Modules — Starting With the Command Line 99 Try It Out: Printing sys.argv 100 Changing How Import Works — Bringing in More 101 Packages 101 Try It Out: Making the Files in the Kitchen Class 102 Modules and Packages 103 Bringing Everything into the Current Scope 103 Try It Out: Exporting Modules from a Package 104 Re-importing Modules and Packages 104 Try It Out: Examining sys.modules 105 Basics of Testing Your Modules and Packages 106 Summary 106 Exercises 107 Chapter 8: Files and Directories 109 File Objects 109 Writing Text Files 110 Reading Text Files 111 Try It Out: Printing the Lengths of Lines in the Sample File 112 File Exceptions 113 Paths and Directories 113 Paths 114 Directory Contents 116 Try It Out: Getting the Contents of a Directory 116 Try It Out: Listing the Contents of Your Desktop or Home Directory 118 Obtaining Information about Files 118 Recursive Directory Listings 118 Renaming, Moving, Copying, and Removing Files 119 Example: Rotating Files 120 Creating and Removing Directories 121 Globbing 122
- 24. xvi Contents Pickles 123 Try It Out: Creating a Pickle File 123 Pickling Tips 124 Efficient Pickling 125 Summary 125 Exercises 125 Chapter 9: Other Features of the Language 127 Lambda and Filter: Short Anonymous Functions 127 Reduce 128 Try It Out: Working with Reduce 128 Map: Short-Circuiting Loops 129 Try It Out: Use Map 129 Decisions within Lists — List Comprehension 130 Generating Lists for Loops 131 Try It Out: Examining an xrange Object 132 Special String Substitution Using Dictionaries 133 Try It Out: String Formatting with Dictionaries 133 Featured Modules 134 Getopt — Getting Options from the Command Line 134 Using More Than One Process 137 Threads — Doing Many Things in the Same Process 139 Storing Passwords 140 Summary 141 Exercises 142 Chapter 10: Building a Module 143 Exploring Modules 143 Importing Modules 145 Finding Modules 145 Digging through Modules 146 Creating Modules and Packages 150 Try It Out: Creating a Module with Functions 150 Working with Classes 151 Defining Object-Oriented Programming 151 Creating Classes 151 Try It Out: Creating a Meal Class 152 Extending Existing Classes 153
- 25. xvii Contents Finishing Your Modules 154 Defining Module-Specific Errors 154 Choosing What to Export 155 Documenting Your Modules 156 Try It Out: Viewing Module Documentation 157 Testing Your Module 162 Running a Module as a Program 164 Try It Out: Running a Module 164 Creating a Whole Module 165 Try It Out: Finishing a Module 165 Try It Out: Smashing Imports 169 Installing Your Modules 170 Try It Out: Creating an Installable Package 171 Summary 174 Exercises 174 Chapter 11: Text Processing 175 Why Text Processing Is So Useful 175 Searching for Files 176 Clipping Logs 177 Sifting through Mail 178 Navigating the File System with the os Module 178 Try It Out: Listing Files and Playing with Paths 180 Try It Out: Searching for Files of a Particular Type 181 Try It Out: Refining a Search 183 Working with Regular Expressions and the re Module 184 Try It Out: Fun with Regular Expressions 186 Try It Out: Adding Tests 187 Summary 189 Exercises 189 Chapter 12: Testing 191 Assertions 191 Try It Out: Using Assert 192 Test Cases and Test Suites 193 Try It Out: Testing Addition 194 Try It Out: Testing Faulty Addition 195 Test Fixtures 196 Try It Out: Working with Test Fixtures 197
- 26. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 27. chapter may not forestall one single scientific discovery. It may not tally with one axiom or dogma of geology. Nevertheless, it remains a unique, undeniable, and glorious monument of revelation, second only in worth and splendour to the record of God's incarnation of His whole heart and being in the person of Jesus Christ, our Lord and Redeemer. Consider what this chapter has actually accomplished in the world, and set that against all theories of what it ought to be doing. For our knowledge of the true God and the realisation of mankind's higher life it has done a work beside which any question of correspondence or non-correspondence with science sinks into unmentionable insignificance. Place side by side with it the chiefest and best of the Pagan cosmogonies, and appreciate its sweetness, purity, and elevation over against their grotesqueness, their shallowness, and their degradation alike of the human and the Divine. Realise the world whose darkness they re-echo, the world into which emerged this radiant picture of God's glory and man's dignity, and think what it has done for that poor world. It found heaven filled with a horde of gods, monstrous, impure, and horrible, gigantic embodiments of brute force and lust, or at best cold abstractions of cosmical principles, whom men could fear, but not love, honour, or revere. It found man in a world dark and unhomelike, bowing down in abject worship to beasts and birds, and stocks and stones, trembling with craven cowardice before the elements and forces of Nature, enslaved in a degrading bondage of physical superstition, fetishism, and polytheism. With one sweep of inspired might the truth enshrined in this chapter has changed all that, wherever it has come. It has cleansed the heaven of those foul gods and monstrous worships, and leaves men on bended knees in the presence of the one true God, their Father in heaven, who made the world for their use, and them for Himself, and whose tender mercies are over all His works. From moral and mental slavery it has emancipated man, for it has taken the physical objects of his fear and worship, and dashing them down from their usurped pre- eminence, has put them all under his feet, to be his ministers and servants in working out on earth his eternal destiny. These conceptions of God, Man, and Nature have been the regeneration of
- 28. humanity; the springs of progress in science, invention, and civilisation; the charter of the dignity of human life, and the foundation of liberty, virtue, and religion. The man who, in view of such a record, can ask with anxious concern whether a revelation carrying in its bosom such a wealth of heavenly truth does not also have concealed in its shoe a bird's-eye view of geology must surely be a man blind to all literary likelihood, destitute of any sense of congruity and the general fitness of things, and cannot but seem to us as one that mocks. The chapter's title to be reckoned a revelation rests on no such magical and recondite quality, but is stamped four- square on the face of its essential character and contents. Whence could this absolutely unique conception of God, in His relation to the world and man, have been derived, except from God Himself? Whence into a world so dark, and void, and formless did it emerge fair and radiant? There is no answer but one. God said, "Let there be light; and there was light." The specific revelation of the 1st chapter of Genesis must be sought in its moral and spiritual contents. But may there not be, in addition, worked into its material framework, some anticipation of scientific truths that have since come to light? What were the good of it, when the Divine message could be wholly and better expressed by the sole use of popular language, intelligible in every age and by all classes? Is it dignified to depict the Spirit of Inspiration standing on tiptoe, and straining to speak, across the long millenniums and over the head of the world's childhood, to the wise and learned scientists of the nineteenth century? It is never the manner of Scripture to anticipate natural research or to forestall human industry. God means men to discover physical truth from the great book of Nature. What truth of science, what mechanical invention, what beneficent discovery in medicine, agriculture, navigation, or any other art or industry, has ever been gleaned from study of the Bible? Not one. These things lie outside the scope of revelation, and God is the God of order. Moreover, in Scripture itself the framework of the chapter is not counted dogmatic nor uniformly adhered to. In the 2nd chapter of Genesis, in Job, in the Psalms, and in Proverbs
- 29. there are manifold deviations and variations. The material setting is handled with the freedom applicable to the pictorial dress of a parable, wherein things transcendental are depicted in earthly symbols. In truth, this is essentially the character of the composition. We have seen that the delineation, classification, and arrangement are not scientific and not philosophical, but popular, practical, and religious. It is everywhere manifest that the interest is not in the process of creation, but in the fact of its origination in God. While science lingers on the physical operation, Genesis designedly overleaps it, for the same reason that the Gospels do not deign to suggest the material substratum of Christ's miracles. Creation is a composite process. It begins in the spiritual world, and terminates in the material. It is in its first stage supernatural, in its second natural. It originates in God desiring, decreeing, issuing formative force; it proceeds in matter moving, cohering, moulding, and shaping. Revelation and science regard it from opposite ends. The one looks at it from its beginning, the other from its termination. The Bible shows us God creating; geology shows us the world being created. Scripture deals solely with the first stage, science solely with the second. Where Scripture stops, there science first begins. Contradiction, conflict, collision are impossible. In the words of the Duke of Argyll, "The 1st chapter of Genesis stands alone among the traditions of mankind in the wonderful simplicity and grandeur of its words. Specially remarkable—miraculous, it really seems to me—is that character of reserve which leaves open to reason all that reason may be able to attain. The meaning of these words seems always to be a meaning ahead of science, not because it anticipates the results of science, but because it is independent of them, and runs, as it were, round the outer margin of all possible discovery." May we not safely extend this finding to the entire Bible, and on these lines define its relation to modern thought? Its supernatural revelation is purely and absolutely ethical and spiritual. In questions physical and metaphysical it has no concern and utters no voice. With the achievements of science it never competes, nor can it be contradicted by them. It encourages its researches, ennobles its
- 30. aspirations, crowns and completes its discoveries. Into the dead body of physical truth it puts the living soul of faith in the Divine Author. Like the blue heaven surrounding and spanning over the green earth, revelation over-arches and encircles science. Within that infinite embrace, beneath that spacious dome, drawing from its azure depths light, and life, and fructifying warmth, science, unhampered and unhindered, works out its majestic mission of blessing to men and glory to God. Collision there can be none till the earth strike the sky. The message of the Bible is a message from God's heart to ours. It cannot be proved by reason, nor can it be disproved. It appeals, not to sight, but to faith, and belongs to the realm of spirit, and not to that of sense. Science may have much to alter in our notions of its earthly embodiment, but its essential contents it cannot touch. That is not theory, but reality. It is not philosophy, but life; not flesh, but spirit. It is the living, breathing, feeling love of God become articulate. It needs no evidence of sense. In the immutable instincts of the human heart it has its attestation, and in a life of responsive love it finds an unfailing verification. It rests on a basis no sane criticism can undermine nor solid science shake. Happy the man whose faith has found this fixed foundation, and whose heart possesses this adamantine certainty: he shall be likened "unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock." Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. In 8vo, with Etched Portrait by Manesse. Price 12s.
- 31. JAMES MACDONELL, JOURNALIST. By W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D. Daily Telegraph. "Sincere, sympathetic, loyal, and artistic.... This masterly monograph." Graphic. "James Macdonell was one of the most accomplished and brilliant journalists of the day.... We have a full record of Macdonell's life, and it forms one of the most interesting of recent books of biography." Academy. "An admirable portrait, ... so carefully and so judiciously written that the example it sets is likely to be followed." Scotsman. "An admirably written life." Star. "The story is told by Mr. Nicoll with admirable perfection and a real sense of the value of such a record." Church Times. "The biographer has performed his task with eminent success." Pall Mall Gazette. "In many ways an attractive biography." Spectator.
- 32. "Interesting and valuable." Guardian. "We are likely to have, for some time to come, no more light thrown upon the mysteries of the 'leading journal' than there is given in this account of James Macdonell.... The life of him which Mr. Nicoll has given to the world is full of interest, and we lay it down with sincere regret for the brilliant career which was cut short midway." London: HODDER & STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster Row.
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