Build Programming Language Runtime with LLVM
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The document discusses LLVM and its use in building programming language compilers and runtimes. It provides an overview of LLVM, including its core components like its intermediate representation (IR), optimizations, and code generation capabilities. It also discusses how LLVM is used in various applications like Android, browsers, and graphics processing. Examples are given of using Clang and LLVM to compile and run a simple C program.
![Compilers on Rails 的時代
[ 詞彙 ] on the rails: 正常運行 ; 在正常軌道
[ 啟發 ] Ruby on Rails:
(1) convention over configuration
(2) less software
(3) programmer happiness ultimately leads to better productivity](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-8-320.jpg)
![Clang 與 LLVM 的關聯
libClang libLLVM
[C] BitCode
main.c main.bc
x86 組語
main.s
[C] Source → BitCode Code
Optimizer
mod.c BitCode mod.bc Generator](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-25-320.jpg)
![Clang 功能示意
[C] libClang BitCode
main.c main.bc
lex
codegen
[C] AST BitCode
mod.c mod.bc
parse
Analysis
Serialize/
semantics Deserialize
Checker Indexer
AST AST IDE 整合
main.ast mod.ast 輸出 / 解析 (Xcode)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-26-320.jpg)
![LLVM Code Generation
libLLVM
BitCode Machine
main.lto.bc Analysis x86 組語
BitCode Machine main.s
BitCode
parser Instr
Machine Asm
Transforms Emitter
Execution Transform
Transform Register
Engine CodeGen Machine
SDNode Allocation
InterPreter Instr
ARM.td
InstrInfo
Register
Instruction Instruction X86.td
Subtarget
[C++] Selection Scheduler InstrInfo
Frame
Register
main.cpp [C] Lowering x86
Subtarget CallbackUtils
main.c SDNode CallingConv
Frame Transforms
Lowering
Selection DAG CallingConv
Selection DAG](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-28-320.jpg)
![#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
{
printf("Hello world!n");
printf("Hello world!n");
return 0;
return 0;
}
}
函式 printf() 後方僅有一個
函式 printf() 後方僅有一個 • 反組譯 BitCode
字串參數，前端預設將其
字串參數，前端預設將其
轉換為 puts() $ llvmdis < hello.bc
轉換為 puts()
; ModuleID = '<stdin>'
; ModuleID = '<stdin>'
target datalayout = "ep:32:32:32...
target datalayout = "ep:32:32:32...
target triple = "i386pclinuxgnu"
target triple = "i386pclinuxgnu"
@str = internal constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world!00"
@str = internal constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world!00"
define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** nocapture %argv) nounwind {
define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** nocapture %argv) nounwind {
entry:
entry:
%puts = tail call i32 @puts(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @str, i32 0, i32 0))
%puts = tail call i32 @puts(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @str, i32 0, i32 0))
ret i32 0
ret i32 0
}
}
Declare i32 @puts(i8* nocapture) nounwind
Declare i32 @puts(i8* nocapture) nounwind
• 輸出 x86 後端組合語言
$ llc hello.bc o hello.s](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-30-320.jpg)
![LLVM in Google Android 3.0 SDK
$ ./llvmrscc help
OVERVIEW: RenderScript source compiler
USAGE: llvmrscc [options] <inputs>
• OPTIONS:
I <directory> Add directory to include search path
additionaldeptarget <value>
Additional targets to show up in dependencies output
allowrsprefix Allow userdefined function prefixed with 'rs'
bitcodestorage <value>
<value> should be 'ar' or 'jc'
emitasm Emit target assembly files
emitbc Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, emit .bc file
emitllvm Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, emit .ll file
emitnothing Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, but emit nothing
help Print this help text
javareflectionpackagename <value>
Specify the package name that reflected Java files belong to
javareflectionpathbase <directory>
Base directory for output reflected Java files
32](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-32-320.jpg)
![LLVM 與程式語言實做
• LLVM 在 bitcode 層面即考慮到動態語言的需求
• VMKit: Java, .Net
• 允許多個階段的優化 : profiler, offline optimizing
• 提供 Accurate Garbage Collection
• 在移動裝置上的 JIT compiler
• [RenderScript] Android 3.0: 實做 code
cache ，試圖降低編譯的成本
• 目前 LLVM 的效能仍無法趕上若干特製的
VM 。案例： IcedTea/Shark, Dalvik
49](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-49-320.jpg)
![Brainfuck
• 對應到 C 語言：若 char *p 指向記憶體區塊的
話， Brainfuck 語言的八個指令可對照為以下：
• Brainfuck C
> ++p;
< p;
+ ++*p;
*p;
. putchar(*p);
, *p = getchar();
[ while (*p) {
] } 52](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-52-320.jpg)
![Brainfuck
• Brainfuck 語言
+++++[] Brainfuck C
• 等價於 C 語言 > ++p;
< p;
*p+=5; + ++*p;
while(*p != 0){ *p;
. putchar(*p);
*p; , *p = getchar();
} [ while (*p) {
] }
53](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-53-320.jpg)
![#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void foo(char c) { putchar(c); }
void foo(char c) { putchar(c); }
define void @foo(i8 signext %c) nounwind {
define void @foo(i8 signext %c) nounwind {
%1 = alloca i8, align 1 ; <i8*> [#uses=2]
%1 = alloca i8, align 1 ; <i8*> [#uses=2]
store i8 %c, i8* %1
store i8 %c, i8* %1
%2 = load i8* %1 ; <i8> [#uses=1]
%2 = load i8* %1 ; <i8> [#uses=1]
%3 = sext i8 %2 to i32 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
%3 = sext i8 %2 to i32 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
%4 = call i32 @putchar(i32 %3) ; <i32> [#uses=0]
%4 = call i32 @putchar(i32 %3) ; <i32> [#uses=0]
ret void
ret void
}
}
declare i32 @putchar(i32)
declare i32 @putchar(i32)
// declare i32 @putchar(i32)
Function* putchar = cast<Function>(
module>getOrInsertFunction(
"putchar", voidType, cellType, NULL));
putchar>setCallingConv(CallingConv::C);
54
呼叫底層系統 libc 的 putchar 函式](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-54-320.jpg)
![Function* makeFunc(Module* module,
const char* source,
int tapeSize = 400) {
...
// Close the function
IRBuilder<> builder(block);
builder.CreateRetVoid();
return main;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
...
// Setup a module and engine for JITing
std::string error;
InitializeNativeTarget();
Module* module = new Module("bfcode", getGlobalContext());
ExecutionEngine *engine = EngineBuilder(module)
.setErrorStr(&error)
.setOptLevel(CodeGenOpt::Aggressive)
.create(); 59
開啟進階優化的 ExecutionEngine (JIT)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-59-320.jpg)
![Function *makeFunc(Module *module,
const char *source,
int tapeSize = 400) {
...
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
...
// Compile the Brainfuck to IR
std::cout << "Parsing..." << std::flush;
Function* func = makeFunc(module, source.c_str());
// Run optimization passes
std::cout << "Optimizing..." << std::flush;
FunctionPassManager pm(module);
pm.add(new TargetData(
*(engine>getTargetData())));
pm.add(createVerifierPass());
pm.run(*func);
... 60
讓 LLVM 串起整個編譯器架構](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-60-320.jpg)
![int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
...
// Compile
std::cout << "Compiling..." << std::flush;
void (*bf)() = (void (*)())
engine>getPointerToFunction(func);
std::cout << " done" << std::endl;
// and run! 讓 function pointer 指向經由 JIT
bf(); 編譯過的機械碼
return 0;
}
61](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/build-lang-runtime-llvm-110327035940-phpapp02/85/Build-Programming-Language-Runtime-with-LLVM-61-320.jpg)
Build Programming Language Runtime with LLVM
- 1. Build Programming Language Runtime with LLVM Jim Huang ( 黃敬群 ) Developer & Co-founder, 0xlab [email protected] @ 1500 / March 27, 2011
- 2. 150010 = 05DC16 • OSDC ! • Open Source Developer Conference • 0x05DC • About 0xlab • The meaning of open • 0x1ab16 = 42710 → 2009/04/27 • About me • http://about.me/jserv • 最大的專長就是培養興趣
- 3. Rights to copy © Copyright 2011 0xlab http://0xlab.org/ [email protected] Attribution – ShareAlike 3.0 You are free Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work to make derivative works Latest update:March 27, 2011 to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions Attribution. You must give the original author credit. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. License text: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode
- 4. 姊妹議程： 〈窮得只剩下 Compiler 〉 OSDC.tw 2009 http://www.slideshare.net/jserv/what-can-compilers-do-for-us
- 5. 姊妹議程： 〈身騎 LLVM , 過三關： 淺談編譯器技術的嶄新應用〉 TOSSUG 2009 http://www.slideshare.net/jserv/llvm-introduction 姊妹議程： 〈 Applied Computer Science Concepts in Android 〉 台大資訊系 2010 http://www.slideshare.net/jserv/applied-computer-science-concepts-in-android 姊妹議程： 〈 from Source to Binary -- How GNU Toolchain Works 〉 臺北科技大學資訊工程所 2011/03/31
- 6. 提綱 (1) Compilers on Rails 的時代 (2) 探索 LLVM (3) 程式語言的變遷 (Low-Level 觀點 ) 傳統 -> 動態 -> 移動運算 (4) LLVM 實例
- 7. Compilers on Rails 的時代
- 8. Compilers on Rails 的時代 [ 詞彙 ] on the rails: 正常運行 ; 在正常軌道 [ 啟發 ] Ruby on Rails: (1) convention over configuration (2) less software (3) programmer happiness ultimately leads to better productivity
- 9. 隱藏在我們身邊的 Compiler • Java / .Net ( 虛擬機器 +Just-In-Time compiler) • 網路瀏覽器 • Mozilla/Firefox (ActionMonkey/Tamarin) • WebKit (SquirrelFish) • Google Chrome (V8 engine) • Web 應用程式： JSP/Servlet, SilverLight/.Net • 移動通訊平台： Java ME, Android, iPhone, Portable Native Client • 繪圖軟體： Adobe PixelBender, Shader • 3D 高品質圖形處理： Gallium3D / OpenGL / Direct3D / RenderScript (Android)
- 10. 傳統的 Compiler 流程 Source Code Assembly Code Runnable Code Compiler Assembler Loader System User Intermediate Code Binary Code DATA IR (Intermediate Representation) 可說是 Compiler 的心臟 LLVM = Low Level Virtual Machine
- 11. 以 color space 轉換來說，執行 以 color space 轉換來說，執行 Specialize 技巧 時期得負擔大量且繁瑣的運算， 時期得負擔大量且繁瑣的運算， 如 BGRA 444R→ RGBA 8888 如 BGRA 444R→ RGBA 8888 Speedup depends on src/dest format: Speedup depends on src/dest format: –– 5.4x speedup average, 19.3x speedup max 5.4x speedup average, 19.3x speedup max (13.3MB/s to 257.7MB/s) (13.3MB/s to 257.7MB/s)
- 12. Compiler 領導技術的時代 • 運算模式已大幅改觀 • Framework-driven • SIMD/vectorization, Cell, SMP/multi-core • 虛擬化 (Virtualization) 技術的時代 → 更多元、更安全、更有效率地使用硬體 • 資訊技術的雜交 (cross-over) • LLVM 的大一統宏願 案例： Portable Native Client, OpenCL (GPGPU)
- 13. 到處都有 VM Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Tamarin (ActionScript) .NET Common Language Valgrind (C++) Runtime (CLR) Lua Smalltalk TrueType Squeak Dalvik Parrot (Perl 6) Adobe Flash (AVM2) Python p-code (USCD Pascal) YARV (Ruby 1.9) Zend Rubinius 13 LLVM 可作為上述的編譯器應用的根基
- 14. 探索 LLVM
- 15. LLVM • Low-Level VM → bit-code • 完整的編譯器基礎建設 • 可重用的、用以建構編譯器的軟體元件 • 允許更快更完整的打造新的編譯器 • static compiler, JIT, trace-based optimizer, … • 開放的編譯器框架 • 多種程式語言支援 • 高彈性的自由軟體授權模式 (BSD License) • 活躍的開發 (50% 開發者來自 Apple Inc.) • 豐富的編譯輸出： C, ARM, x86, PowerPC, …
- 16. 豐富的工具集 Assemblers, automatic debugger, linker, code generator, compiler driver, modular optimizer, … Eric Schmidt 是 UNIX lex 共同作者 Eric Schmidt 是 UNIX lex 共同作者
- 17. GCC vs. LLVM GCC LLVM C, C++, Obj-C, Fortran, Java, Ada, ... C, C++, Obj-C x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, … binutils (ld as) BSD-Style License JIT/Interpreter Compiler Driver
- 18. Frontend LLVM IR Backend
- 19. Frontend LLVM IR Backend
- 20. CodeMark 參考數據 Pentium4 3.0GHz Ubuntu: -Os -O3 -fast size: kbytes 10000 40 9000 LLVM GCC Intel CC 35 8000 30 7000 25 6000 5000 20 4000 15 3000 10 2000 5 1000 0 0 clang-2.8 Os clang-2.6 O3 clang-2.8 fast gcc-4.4.3 Os gcc-4.4.3 O3 gcc-4.4.3 fast icc-12 Os icc-12 O3 icc-12 fast
- 21. 看起來， LLVM 效能還不是最好， 那為何我們還要關注？
- 23. 美妙的 LLVM + Clang
- 24. Clang: LLVM 的程式語言前端 C x86 機械碼 Clang C++ $ clang main.c mod.c ARM 機械碼 Obj-C Clang driver libClang ld libLLVM as
- 25. Clang 與 LLVM 的關聯 libClang libLLVM [C] BitCode main.c main.bc x86 組語 main.s [C] Source → BitCode Code Optimizer mod.c BitCode mod.bc Generator
- 26. Clang 功能示意 [C] libClang BitCode main.c main.bc lex codegen [C] AST BitCode mod.c mod.bc parse Analysis Serialize/ semantics Deserialize Checker Indexer AST AST IDE 整合 main.ast mod.ast 輸出 / 解析 (Xcode)
- 27. BitCode + Optimizer LTO: Link-Time Optimization LTO: Link-Time Optimization BitCode main.bc Inter-precedual BitCode Linker BitCode Analysis Transforms mod.bc BitCode BitCode BitCode parser writer main.lto.bc BitCode Analysis Transforms BitCode BitCode main.opt.bc mod.opt.bc
- 28. LLVM Code Generation libLLVM BitCode Machine main.lto.bc Analysis x86 組語 BitCode Machine main.s BitCode parser Instr Machine Asm Transforms Emitter Execution Transform Transform Register Engine CodeGen Machine SDNode Allocation InterPreter Instr ARM.td InstrInfo Register Instruction Instruction X86.td Subtarget [C++] Selection Scheduler InstrInfo Frame Register main.cpp [C] Lowering x86 Subtarget CallbackUtils main.c SDNode CallingConv Frame Transforms Lowering Selection DAG CallingConv Selection DAG
- 29. 先從 Hello World 開始 • 完整的 Compiler Driver $ clang hello.c o hello • 生成 IR $ clang O3 emitllvm hello.c c o hello.bc • 以 Just-In-Time compiler 模式執行 BitCode $ lli hello.bc Getting Started with the LLVM System Getting Started with the LLVM System http://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html http://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html
- 30. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { { printf("Hello world!n"); printf("Hello world!n"); return 0; return 0; } } 函式 printf() 後方僅有一個 函式 printf() 後方僅有一個 • 反組譯 BitCode 字串參數，前端預設將其 字串參數，前端預設將其 轉換為 puts() $ llvmdis < hello.bc 轉換為 puts() ; ModuleID = '<stdin>' ; ModuleID = '<stdin>' target datalayout = "ep:32:32:32... target datalayout = "ep:32:32:32... target triple = "i386pclinuxgnu" target triple = "i386pclinuxgnu" @str = internal constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world!00" @str = internal constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world!00" define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** nocapture %argv) nounwind { define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** nocapture %argv) nounwind { entry: entry: %puts = tail call i32 @puts(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @str, i32 0, i32 0)) %puts = tail call i32 @puts(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @str, i32 0, i32 0)) ret i32 0 ret i32 0 } } Declare i32 @puts(i8* nocapture) nounwind Declare i32 @puts(i8* nocapture) nounwind • 輸出 x86 後端組合語言 $ llc hello.bc o hello.s
- 31. LLVM in Google Android 3.0 SDK $ cd androidsdklinux_x86/platformtools $ ./llvmrscc version Low Level Virtual Machine (http://llvm.org/): llvm version 2.8svn Optimized build. Built Feb 16 2011 (19:26:29). Host: i386unknownlinux Host CPU: penryn Android SDK (3.0 = API version 11) Android SDK (3.0 = API version 11) http://developer.android.com/sdk/ http://developer.android.com/sdk/ Registered Targets: arm ARM thumb Thumb x86 32bit X86: PentiumPro and above x8664 64bit X86: EM64T and AMD64 $ ./llvmrscc help OVERVIEW: RenderScript source compiler 31
- 32. LLVM in Google Android 3.0 SDK $ ./llvmrscc help OVERVIEW: RenderScript source compiler USAGE: llvmrscc [options] <inputs> • OPTIONS: I <directory> Add directory to include search path additionaldeptarget <value> Additional targets to show up in dependencies output allowrsprefix Allow userdefined function prefixed with 'rs' bitcodestorage <value> <value> should be 'ar' or 'jc' emitasm Emit target assembly files emitbc Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, emit .bc file emitllvm Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, emit .ll file emitnothing Build ASTs then convert to LLVM, but emit nothing help Print this help text javareflectionpackagename <value> Specify the package name that reflected Java files belong to javareflectionpathbase <directory> Base directory for output reflected Java files 32
- 33. 測試 SDK 內建範例 RenderScript androidsdklinux_x86/platformtools$ ./llvmrscc ../samples/android11/ RenderScript/HelloWorld/src/com/android/rs/helloworld/helloworld.rs I ../platforms/android11/renderscript/include I ../platforms/android11/renderscript/clanginclude // helloworld.rs // helloworld.rs // This is invoked automatically // This is invoked automatically // when the script is created // when the script is created void init() { void init() { gTouchX = 50.0f; gTouchX = 50.0f; gTouchY = 50.0f; gTouchY = 50.0f; } } llvmdis < helloworld.bc @gTouchX = common global i32 0, align 4 @gTouchX = common global i32 0, align 4 @gTouchY = common global i32 0, align 4 @gTouchY = common global i32 0, align 4 define void @init() nounwind { define void @init() nounwind { store i32 50, i32* @gTouchX, align 4 store i32 50, i32* @gTouchX, align 4 store i32 50, i32* @gTouchY, align 4 store i32 50, i32* @gTouchY, align 4 ret void 33 ret void } }
- 34. LLVM 給予無限可能 C/C++/ libClang AST Obj-C BitCode LibLLVM Optimizer BitCode Arch.td libLLVM xxx.s CodeGenerator
- 35. 提供 IDE 的模組化 有了 AST 後，即可針對 靜態編譯解析器 可用許多程式語言 語言特性，做出特定的應用 撰寫 BitCode 生成 器 ( 前端編譯器 ) C/C++/ libClang ，如 PerlObj-C module AST BitCode 其他語言 系統優化處理 LibLLVM Optimizer 作為其他語言的 Source-to-source 特定的後端架構。 轉換器 可以是硬體或軟體 其他語言 BitCode Arch.td LibLLVM xxx.s CodeGenerator 可增添其他模組，如 Polyhedral optimization 針對後端硬體的 Selection DAG
- 36. Xcode OpenCL Compiler OpenCL → Haskell → Clay → C/C++/ libClang AST Obj-C Crack → StrengthReduction BitCode Profile-gen/use 其他語言 AliasAnalysis LibLLVM Optimizer → JavaScript FPGA; → Java ByteCode GPGPU 其他語言 BitCode → CLI → PTX Arch.td LibLLVM regaloc=Pazzle|Graph xxx.s CodeGenerator ObjectCodeEmitter Polly
- 37. 將 LLVM 應用在非編譯器領域
- 38. LLVM 力： 「不是為了取悅硬體而寫編譯器，而為自己寫編譯器」 • LLVM + Gallium3D: Mixing a Compiler With a Graphics Framework • http://people.freedesktop.org/~marcheu/fosdem09-g3dllvm.pdf • Runtime Code Generation for Huffman Decoders • “The speedup improvement is 23.2% at average and ranges from 32.2% to 14.2%.” http://solar.cslab.ece.ntua.gr/~kkourt/papers/huff-jit-report.pdf • A method for JIT’ing algorithms and data structures with LLVM • “For small AVL Trees (with less than ~3.000 nodes), we can get an average performance of 26% over traditional method” • http://pyevolve.sourceforge.net/wordpress/?p=914
- 40. 程式語言的變遷 ( 低階觀點 ) • 職業無貴賤，程式語言是提出來解決人類面臨的 問題之用 System Bus DMA CPU DSP CPU DMA DSP Memory Memory Interconnection network (BUS) Bridge controller DSP Dedicated I/O IP Peripherals Peripheral Bus Programming Language
- 41. Indirection “All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection." ~ Butler Lampson, 1972 ~ • UNIX v6 (1976) 提供以 C 語言重寫的作業系統 • 需求驅使的發展模式 • 數學 / 工程 → Lisp → Lisp machine (?) • 軟體工程 → Smalltalk • 網際網路 → Java
- 42. 遊戲產業驅使 Programming Language 1972 Pong ( 硬體 ) 1980 Zork ( 高階直譯語言 ) 1993 DOOM (C) 1998 Unreal (C++, Java-style scripting) 2005-6 Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 with 6-8 hardware threads 2009 Next console generation. Unification of the CPU, GPU. Massive multi-core, data parallelism, etc.
- 43. 今日的 Indirection 以 VM 形式存在 Charles Oliver Nutter (JRuby) “Building a Multilanguage VM” (2009) • Today, it is silly for a compiler to target actual hardware • Much more effective to target a VM • Writing a native compiler is lots more work! • Languages need runtime support • C runtime is tiny and portable (and wimpy) • More sophisticated language runtimes need • Memory management • Security • Reflection • Concurrency control • Libraries • Tools (debuggers, profilers, etc) • Many of these features are baked into VMs
- 45. JVM vs. Java Language vs. Ruby Java language Ruby language Checked exceptions Open classes Generics Dynamic typing Enums 'eval' JVM 特徵 Overloading Closures Constructor chaining Mixins Program analysis Rich set of literals Primitive types+ops Primitive types+ops Primitive types+ops Object model Object model Object model Memory model Memory model Memory model Dynamic linking Dynamic linking Dynamic linking Access control Access control Access control GC GC GC Unicode Unicode Unicode 45
- 46. 在 JVM 上實做 Ruby 語言 (JRuby) • 好處： • 利用既有 JVM 在平台優化的效能與彈性 • 存取豐富的 Java 資源 • 難處： • Dynamic typing 讓已有優化技術變得難以發揮 • JRuby 必須維護自己的 type system • Reflection overhead • 無法以有效率且健全的方式來實做 Ruby ”eval” The Da Vinci Machine Project The Da Vinci Machine Project http://openjdk.java.net/projects/mlvm/ http://openjdk.java.net/projects/mlvm/ 46 OpenJDK Multi-language VM OpenJDK Multi-language VM
- 47. 在 LLVM 上實做 Ruby 語言 • 開放實做： • MacRuby : http://www.macruby.org/ • Rubinius : http://rubini.us/ • 若充分對應到 LLVM 的設計，應可發揮若干效能 的改善與 runtime support • Out-source'd JIT Runtime • Why MacRuby Matters (Present & Future) http://programmingzen.com/2009/03/29/why-macruby-matters/ 47
- 49. LLVM 與程式語言實做 • LLVM 在 bitcode 層面即考慮到動態語言的需求 • VMKit: Java, .Net • 允許多個階段的優化 : profiler, offline optimizing • 提供 Accurate Garbage Collection • 在移動裝置上的 JIT compiler • [RenderScript] Android 3.0: 實做 code cache ，試圖降低編譯的成本 • 目前 LLVM 的效能仍無法趕上若干特製的 VM 。案例： IcedTea/Shark, Dalvik 49
- 50. Build Programming Language Runtime with LLVM 實例
- 51. Brainfuck • Brainfuck 是種極為精簡的程式語言，由 Urban Müller 發展。當初的目標為提出一種簡單的、可 用最小的編譯器來實現、符合 Turing complete 的程式 • Brainfuck 僅有八個指令，其中兩個是 I/O 動作 51
- 52. Brainfuck • 對應到 C 語言：若 char *p 指向記憶體區塊的 話， Brainfuck 語言的八個指令可對照為以下： • Brainfuck C > ++p; < p; + ++*p; *p; . putchar(*p); , *p = getchar(); [ while (*p) { ] } 52
- 53. Brainfuck • Brainfuck 語言 +++++[] Brainfuck C • 等價於 C 語言 > ++p; < p; *p+=5; + ++*p; while(*p != 0){ *p; . putchar(*p); *p; , *p = getchar(); } [ while (*p) { ] } 53
- 55. Function* makeFunc(Module* module, const char* source, int tapeSize = 400) { ... // declare i32 @getchar() Function* getchar = cast<Function>( module>getOrInsertFunction("getchar", cellType, NULL)); getchar>setCallingConv(CallingConv::C); // declare i32 @putchar(i32) Function* putchar = cast<Function>( module>getOrInsertFunction("putchar", voidType, cellType, NULL)); putchar>setCallingConv(CallingConv::C); // Contruct void main(char* tape) Function* main = cast<Function>( module>getOrInsertFunction(“main", voidType, NULL)); main>setCallingConv(CallingConv::C); ... 55 http://0xlab.org/~jserv/llvm/bf-llvm.cpp
- 56. Function* makeFunc(Module* module, const char* source, int tapeSize = 400) { ... Value* zero = ConstantInt::get(cellType, 0); Value* one = ConstantInt::get(cellType, 1); Value* minOne = ConstantInt::get(cellType, 1); ... 在 LLVM IR 中，預先若干定義的常數 zero = 0, one =1, minOne = -1 BasicBlock* block = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "code", main); std::stack<bfLoopInfo> loops; IRBuilder<> codeIR(block); Value *head = codeIR.CreateAlloca(cellType, ConstantInt::get(indexType, tapeSize)); Value *it = head; 建立 LLVM IR for (int i = 0; i < tapeSize; i++) { codeIR.CreateStore(zero, it); it = codeIR.CreateGEP(it, one); 56 }
- 57. Function* makeFunc(Module* module, const char* source, int tapeSize = 400) { ... while(*source) { IRBuilder<> builder(block); 將 brainfuck 轉成 LLVM IR switch(*source++) { case '>': head = builder.CreateGEP(head, one); break; case '<': head = builder.CreateGEP(head, minOne); break; case '+': { Value *headValue = builder.CreateLoad(head); Value *result = builder.CreateAdd(headValue, one); builder.CreateStore(result, head); break; } 57 ...
- 61. int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { ... // Compile std::cout << "Compiling..." << std::flush; void (*bf)() = (void (*)()) engine>getPointerToFunction(func); std::cout << " done" << std::endl; // and run! 讓 function pointer 指向經由 JIT bf(); 編譯過的機械碼 return 0; } 61
- 62. 架構於 LLVM 的程式語言實做 (1) • Unladen Swallow (Google): faster Python $ ./perf.py -r -b call_simple --args "-j always," ../q2/python ../q3/python • Min: 1.618273 -> 0.908331: 78.16% faster • Avg: 1.632256 -> 0.924890: 76.48% faster http://code.google.com/p/unladen-swallow • GHC/Haskell's LLVM codegen • 3x faster in some cases http://donsbot.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/ smoking-fast-haskell-code-using-ghcs-new-llvm-codegen/ • LLVM-Lua : JIT/static Lua compiler • http://code.google.com/p/llvm-lua/ 62
- 63. 架構於 LLVM 的程式語言實做 (2) • IcedTea Version of Sun's OpenJDK (RedHat) • Zero: processor-independent layer that allows OpenJDK to build and run using any processor • Shark: Zero's JIT compiler: uses LLVM to provide native code generation without introducing processor-dependent code. http://icedtea.classpath.org • Emscripten • LLVM-to-JavaScript compiler • It takes LLVM bitcode and compiles that into JavaScript, which can be run on the web (or anywhere else JavaScript can run). http://code.google.com/p/emscripten/ 63