![OVERLOADING AND TEMPLATES 853
Why Operator Overloading Is Needed 854
Operator Overloading 855
Syntax for Operator Functions 856
Overloading an Operator: Some Restrictions 856
Pointer this 857
Friend Functions of Classes 861
Operator Functions as Member Functions and Nonmember
Functions 864
Overloading Binary Operators 867
Overloading the Stream Insertion () and Extraction ()
Operators 873
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=) 878
Overloading Unary Operators 886
Operator Overloading: Member versus Nonmember 892
Classes and Pointer Member Variables (Revisited) 893
Operator Overloading: One Final Word 893
Programming Example: clockType 893
Programming Example: Complex Numbers 902
Overloading the Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([]) 907
Programming Example: newString 909
Function Overloading 915
Templates 916
Function Templates 916
Class Templates 918
Quick Review 926
Exercises 928
Programming Exercises 934
13
Table of Contents | xix](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-25-320.jpg)
![THE END
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson Co.
Edinburgh London
NOTES
[1]
Norreys and Surreis, that service aught the
kyng,
With horse and harneis at Carlele, made
samning.
See Langtoft's Chronicle treating of the Wars of Edward I.
against the Scots.
Bot Sir John de Waleis taken was, in a pleyne,
Throgh Spring of Norreis men that were
certeyn.
Ibid., Australes se Norensibus opposuerunt. M. Oaris, under
the year 1237.
[2] Robertson's Index to Missing Charters.
[3] Here lieth Sir John D'Aubernoun, knight. On his soul
may God have mercy.
[4] Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, by C. T.
Davis. London: Phillimore Co., 1899.
[5] The arms are quoted by Mr. Davis from Bigland's
Gloucestershire, p. 539.
[6] The arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie: Parted per bend
sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bendwise
argent. Mantling gules doubled argent; and upon a wreath](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-81-320.jpg)
![of the liveries is set for crest, an arm holding an Imperial
crown proper; and in an escroll over the same, this motto,
Corde et animo. Matriculated in Lyon Office circa 1672.
[7] Armorial bearings of Sir Henry Seymour King, K.C.I.E.:
Quarterly, argent and azure, in the second and third
quarters a quatrefoil of the first, over all a bend barry of six
of the second, charged with a quatrefoil also of the first,
and gules.
[8] Armorial bearings of William Warde-Aldam, Esq.:
Quarterly, 1 and 4, party per fesse azure and ermine, in the
sinister chief and dexter base an eagle displayed or, in the
dexter canton issuant towards the sinister base seven rays,
the centre one gold, the others argent (for Aldam); 2 and 3
(for Warde).
[9] Armorial bearings of Isham: Gules, a fesse wavy, and in
chief three piles in point also wavy, the points meeting in
fesse argent.
[10] Collectanea, ed. 1774, ii. 611.
[11] In M. Victor Bouton's edition of the Armorial de Gelre
(Paris 1881) the bonnet is described as a mount.
[12] Arms of Rutherglen: Argent, in a sea proper an ancient
galley sable, flagged gules, therein two men proper, one
rowing, the other furling the sail. Above the shield is placed
a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, doubled argent;
and on a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, a
demi-figure of the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in
her arms proper; and on a compartment below the shield,
on which is an escroll containing this motto, Ex fumo
fama, are placed for supporters, two angels proper, winged
or.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-82-320.jpg)
![[13] Arms of Sandwich: Party per pale gules and azure,
three demi-lions passant guardant or, conjoined to the
hulks of as many ships argent.
[14] Arms of Hastings: Party per pale gules and azure, a
lion passant guardant or, between in chief and in base a
lion passant guardant or, dimidiated with the hulk of a ship
argent.
[15] Arms of Ramsgate: Quarterly gules and azure, a cross
parted and fretty argent between a horse rampant of the
last in the first quarter, a demi-lion passant guardant of the
third conjoined to the hulk of a ship or in the second, a
dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a lymphad also or in
the fourth. Crest: a naval crown or, a pier-head, thereon a
lighthouse, both proper. Motto: Salus naufragis salus
ægris.
[16] Arms of Yarmouth: Party per pale gules and azure,
three demi-lions passant guardant or, conjoined to the
bodies of as many herrings argent. Motto: Rex et nostra
jura.
[17] Armorial bearings of Dodge: Barry of six or and sable,
on a pale gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of milk
proper. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog
azure, collared, maned, and finned or.
[18] Armorial bearings of James Joseph Louis Ratton, Esq.:
Azure, in base the sea argent, and thereon a tunny sable,
on a chief of the second a rat passant of the third. Upon
the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with
a mantling azure and argent; and for his crest, upon a
wreath of the colours, an ibex statant guardant proper,
charged on the body with two fleurs-de-lis fesswise azure,
and resting the dexter foreleg on a shield argent charged
with a passion cross sable. Motto: In Deo spero.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-83-320.jpg)
![[19] Upon a wreath of the colours, from a plume of five
ostrich feathers or, gules, azure, vert, and argent, a falcon
rising of the last; with the motto, Malo mori quam fœdari.
[20] Armorial bearings of Peebles (official blazon): Gules,
three salmon naiant in pale, the centre towards the dexter,
the others towards the sinister. Motto: Contra nando
incrementum.
[21] Arms of Accrington: Gules, on a fess argent, a shuttle
fesswise proper, in base two printing cylinders, issuant
therefrom a piece of calico (parsley pattern) also proper, on
a chief per pale or and vert, a lion rampant purpure and a
stag current or; and for the crest, an oak-branch bent
chevronwise, sprouting and leaved proper, fructed or.
Motto: Industry and prudence conquer.
[22] Out of a ducal coronet gules, a lion's head ermine
(Nicholson).
[23] Crest of Bentinck: Out of a marquess's coronet proper,
two arms counter-embowed, vested gules, on the hands
gloves or, and in each hand an ostrich feather argent.
[24] Plate XI. Fig. 10, Laing's Catalogue, No. 29. At each
side of the King's seated figure on the counter-seal of
Robert II. (1386) the arms of Scotland are supported from
behind by a skeleton within an embattled buttress
(Catalogue, No. 34).
[25] Armorial bearings of William Speke, Esq.: Argent, two
bars azure, over all an eagle displayed with two heads
gules, and as an honourable augmentation (granted by
Royal Licence, dated July 26, 1867, to commemorate the
discoveries of the said John Hanning Speke), a chief azure,
thereon a representation of flowing water proper,
superinscribed with the word Nile in letters gold. Upon
the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-84-320.jpg)
![a mantling azure and argent; and for his crests: 1. (of
honourable augmentation) upon a wreath of the colours, a
crocodile proper; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a
porcupine proper; and as a further augmentation for
supporters (granted by Royal Licence as above to the said
William Speke, Esq., for and during his life)—on the dexter
side, a crocodile; and on the sinister side, a hippopotamus,
both proper; with the motto, Super æthera virtus.
[26] Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a mount in base vert an
oak-tree proper, the stem at the base thereof surmounted
by a salmon on its back also proper, with a signet-ring in its
mouth or, on the top of the tree a redbreast, and in the
sinister fess point an ancient hand-bell, both also proper.
Above this shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath
of the proper liveries is set for crest, the half-length figure
of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right hand
raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand
a crosier, all proper. On a compartment below the shield are
placed for supporters, two salmon proper, each holding in
its mouth a signet-ring or, and in an escroll entwined with
the compartment this motto, Let Glasgow flourish.
[27] Supporters of Lord Hawke: Dexter, Neptune, his
mantle of a sea-green colour, edged argent, crowned with
an Eastern coronet or, his dexter arm erect, darting
downwards his trident sable, headed silver, resting his
sinister foot on a dolphin, also sable; sinister a sea-horse or,
sustaining in his forefins a banner argent the staff broken
proper.
[28] Arms of Boston: Sable, three coronets composed of
crosses patté and fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A woolpack
charged with a ram couchant all proper, ducally crowned
azure.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-85-320.jpg)
![[29] The caltrap was an instrument thrown on the ground
to injure the feet of horses, and consisted of four iron
spikes, of which one always pointed upwards.
[30] Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy.
[31] Gutté-de-poix.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED ORIGINAL
Page 6. herald (κηρυξ) corrected from herald (κηργξ)
Page 47. The reverse exhibits the arms of the Office of Ulster
corrected from The reserve exhibits ...
Page 327. Then it was found that corrected from Then it was
found than
Page 482. the bearer was not the person chiefly entitled corrected
from the hearer ...
Index Layland-Barratt corrected from Llanday-Burratt to match
text, and placed in correct sequence](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2167336-250518093524-3826754c/85/C-Programming-From-Problem-Analysis-To-Program-Design-6th-Edition-D-S-Malik-86-320.jpg)
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- 6. C++ PROGRAMMING: FROM PROBLEM ANALYSIS TO PROGRAM DESIGN SIXTH EDITION D.S. MALIK Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
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- 8. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition D.S. Malik Executive Editor: Marie Lee Acquisitions Editor: Brandi Shailer Senior Product Manager: Alyssa Pratt Associate Product Manager: Stephanie Lorenz Content Project Manager: Matthew Hutchinson Art Director: Faith Brosnan Print Buyer: Julio Esperas Cover Designer: Roycroft Design/ www.roycroftdesign.com Cover Photo: ª Masterfile Royalty Free Proofreader: Andrea Schein Indexer: Elizabeth Cunningham Compositor: Integra Software Services ª Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section or of the United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer Sales Support, www.cengage.com/support For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN- : - - - - Cengage Learning Channel Center Street Boston, MA USA Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers. Any fictional data related to persons or companies or URLs used throughout this book is intended for instructional purposes only. At the time this book was printed, any such data was fictional and not belonging to any real persons or companies. Cengage Learning reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content without notice. The programs in this book are for instructional purposes only. They have been tested with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular intent beyond educational purposes. The author and the publisher do not offer any warranties or representations, nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to the programs. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 17 16 15 14 13 12
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- 11. PREFACE xxix 1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1 2. Basic Elements of C++ 27 3. Input/Output 121 4. Control Structures I (Selection) 183 5. Control Structures II (Repetition) 259 6. User-Defined Functions 335 7. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type 451 8. Arrays and Strings 505 9. Records (structs) 591 10. Classes and Data Abstraction 629 11. Inheritance and Composition 709 12. Pointers, Classes, Virtual Functions, and Abstract Classes 781 13. Overloading and Templates 853 14. Exception Handling 943 15. Recursion 985 16. Searching, Sorting, and the vector Type 1015 17. Linked Lists 1057 18. Stacks and Queues 1149 BRIEF CONTENTS
- 12. APPENDIX A Reserved Words 1249 APPENDIX B Operator Precedence 1251 APPENDIX C Character Sets 1253 APPENDIX D Operator Overloading 1257 APPENDIX E Additional C++ Topics 1259 APPENDIX F Header Files 1281 APPENDIX G Memory Size on a System and Random Number Generator 1291 APPENDIX H Standard Template Library (STL) 1293 APPENDIX I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1335 INDEX 1371 vi | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 13. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xxix AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Overview of the History of Computers 2 Elements of a Computer System 3 Hardware 4 Central Processing Unit and Main Memory 4 Input /Output Devices 5 Software 6 The Language of a Computer 6 The Evolution of Programming Languages 8 Processing a C++ Program 10 Programming with the Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle 12 Programming Methodologies 20 Structured Programming 20 Object-Oriented Programming 20 ANSI/ISO Standard C++ 22 Quick Review 22 Exercises 24 1
- 14. BASIC ELEMENTS OF C++ 27 A Quick Look at a C++ Program 28 The Basics of a C++ Program 34 Comments 34 Special Symbols 35 Reserved Words (Keywords) 36 Identifiers 36 Whitespaces 37 Data Types 37 Simple Data Types 38 Floating-Point Data Types 41 Data Types and Variables 42 Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, and Expressions 43 Order of Precedence 46 Expressions 48 Mixed Expressions 49 Type Conversion (Casting) 51 string Type 53 Variables, Assignment Statements, and Input Statements 54 Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables 54 Putting Data into Variables 57 Assignment Statement 57 Saving and Using the Value of an Expression 61 Declaring and Initializing Variables 62 Input (Read) Statement 63 Variable Initialization 66 Increment and Decrement Operators 70 Output 72 Preprocessor Directives 79 namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program 80 Using the string Data Type in a Program 81 2 viii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 15. Creating a C++ Program 81 Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors 85 Program Style and Form 89 Syntax 89 Use of Blanks 90 Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas 90 Semantics 90 Naming Identifiers 90 Prompt Lines 91 Documentation 92 Form and Style 92 More on Assignment Statements 94 Programming Example: Convert Length 96 Programming Example: Make Change 99 Quick Review 103 Exercises 105 Programming Exercises 114 INPUT/OUTPUT 121 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 122 cin and the Extraction Operator 123 Using Predefined Functions in a Program 128 cin and the get Function 131 cin and the ignore Function 133 The putback and peek Functions 134 The Dot Notation between I/O Stream Variables and I/O Functions: A Precaution 137 Input Failure 138 The clear Function 140 3 Table of Contents | ix
- 16. Output and Formatting Output 142 setprecision Manipulator 142 fixed Manipulator 143 showpoint Manipulator 144 setw 147 Additional Output Formatting Tools 149 setfill Manipulator 149 left and right Manipulators 151 Input/Output and the string Type 153 Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors and Debugging with cout Statements 154 File Input/Output 157 Programming Example: Movie Tickets Sale and Donation to Charity 161 Programming Example: Student Grade 167 Quick Review 170 Exercises 171 Programming Exercises 177 CONTROL STRUCTURES I (SELECTION) 183 Control Structures 184 Relational Operators 185 Relational Operators and Simple Data Types 186 Comparing Characters 187 Relational Operators and the string Type 188 Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 190 Order of Precedence 192 int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 195 bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 196 Selection: if and if...else 196 One-Way Selection 197 Two-Way Selection 200 4 x | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 17. Compound (Block of) Statements 203 Multiple Selections: Nested if 204 Comparing if...else Statements with a Series of if Statements 206 Short-Circuit Evaluation 207 Comparing Floating-Point Numbers for Equality: A Precaution 208 Associativity of Relational Operators: A Precaution 209 Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood Concepts and Techniques 211 Input Failure and the if Statement 214 Confusion between the Equality Operator (==) and the Assignment Operator (=) 217 Conditional Operator (?:) 219 Program Style and Form (Revisited): Indentation 219 Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program 220 switch Structures 223 Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood Concepts and Techniques (Revisited) 229 Terminating a Program with the assert Function 231 Programming Example: Cable Company Billing 233 Quick Review 239 Exercises 240 Programming Exercises 251 CONTROL STRUCTURES II (REPETITION) 259 Why Is Repetition Needed? 260 while Looping (Repetition) Structure 261 Designing while Loops 263 Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops 264 Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops 268 Telephone Digits 271 5 Table of Contents | xi
- 18. Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops 273 Number Guessing Game 274 Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops 277 eof Function 277 More on Expressions in while Statements 282 Programming Example: Fibonacci Number 283 for Looping (Repetition) Structure 287 Programming Example: Classifying Numbers 295 do...while Looping (Repetition) Structure 298 Divisibility Test by 3 and 9 301 Choosing the Right Looping Structure 303 break and continue Statements 303 Nested Control Structures 305 Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches 310 Debugging Loops 313 Quick Review 314 Exercises 315 Programming Exercises 328 USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 335 Predefined Functions 336 User-Defined Functions 340 Value-Returning Functions 341 Syntax: Value-Returning function 343 Syntax: Formal Parameter List 343 Function Call 343 Syntax: Actual Parameter List 344 return Statement 344 Syntax: return Statement 344 Function Prototype 348 Syntax: Function Prototype 349 6 xii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 19. Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarities 350 More Examples of Value-Returning Functions 352 Flow of Execution 361 Void Functions 364 Value Parameters 370 Reference Variables as Parameters 371 Calculate Grade 372 Value and Reference Parameters and Memory Allocation 376 Reference Parameters and Value-Returning Functions 386 Scope of an Identifier 386 Global Variables, Named Constants, and Side Effects 390 Static and Automatic Variables 395 Debugging: Using Drivers and Stubs 396 Function Overloading: An Introduction 399 Functions with Default Parameters 400 Programming Example: Classify Numbers 403 Programming Example: Data Comparison 408 Quick Review 418 Exercises 422 Programming Exercises 436 USER-DEFINED SIMPLE DATA TYPES, NAMESPACES, AND THE STRING TYPE 451 Enumeration Type 452 Declaring Variables 454 Assignment 454 Operations on Enumeration Types 455 Relational Operators 455 Input /Output of Enumeration Types 456 7 Table of Contents | xiii
- 20. Functions and Enumeration Types 459 Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type 460 Anonymous Data Types 461 typedef Statement 461 Programming Example: The Game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors 463 Namespaces 471 string Type 476 Additional string Operations 480 Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings 490 Quick Review 494 Exercises 496 Programming Exercises 501 ARRAYS AND STRINGS 505 Arrays 507 Accessing Array Components 509 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays 511 Array Index Out of Bounds 515 Array Initialization During Declaration 516 Partial Initialization of Arrays During Declaration 516 Some Restrictions on Array Processing 517 Arrays as Parameters to Functions 518 Constant Arrays as Formal Parameters 519 Base Address of an Array and Array in Computer Memory 521 Functions Cannot Return a Value of the Type Array 524 Integral Data Type and Array Indices 526 Other Ways to Declare Arrays 527 Searching an Array for a Specific Item 527 Selection Sort 530 C-Strings (Character Arrays) 535 String Comparison 537 Reading and Writing Strings 539 8 xiv | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 21. String Input 539 String Output 540 Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time 541 string Type and Input/Output Files 541 Parallel Arrays 542 Two- and Multidimensional Arrays 543 Accessing Array Components 545 Two-Dimensional Array Initialization During Declaration 546 Two-Dimensional Arrays and Enumeration Types 546 Initialization 549 Print 550 Input 550 Sum by Row 550 Sum by Column 551 Largest Element in Each Row and Each Column 551 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Parameters to Functions 552 Arrays of Strings 555 Arrays of Strings and the string Type 555 Arrays of Strings and C-Strings (Character Arrays) 555 Another Way to Declare a Two-Dimensional Array 556 Multidimensional Arrays 557 Programming Example: Code Detection 559 Programming Example: Text Processing 565 Quick Review 572 Exercises 573 Programming Exercises 584 RECORDS (STRUCTS) 591 Records (structs) 592 Accessing struct Members 594 Assignment 596 Comparison (Relational Operators) 597 Input /Output 598 9 Table of Contents | xv
- 22. struct Variables and Functions 598 Arrays versus structs 599 Arrays in structs 600 structs in Arrays 602 structs within a struct 604 Programming Example: Sales Data Analysis 608 Quick Review 622 Exercises 622 Programming Exercises 626 CLASSES AND DATA ABSTRACTION 629 Classes 630 Unified Modeling Language Class Diagrams 634 Variable (Object) Declaration 634 Accessing Class Members 635 Built-in Operations on Classes 636 Assignment Operator and Classes 637 Class Scope 637 Functions and Classes 638 Reference Parameters and Class Objects (Variables) 638 Implementation of Member Functions 639 Accessor and Mutator Functions 644 Order of public and private Members of a Class 647 Constructors 649 Invoking a Constructor 651 Invoking the Default Constructor 651 Invoking a Constructor with Parameters 651 Constructors and Default Parameters 654 Classes and Constructors: A Precaution 654 Arrays of Class Objects (Variables) and Constructors 655 Destructors 657 Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types 658 A struct Versus a class 660 10 xvi | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 23. Information Hiding 661 Executable Code 665 More Examples of Classes 667 Static Members of a Class 673 Programming Example: Juice Machine 679 Quick Review 693 Exercises 695 Programming Exercises 703 INHERITANCE AND COMPOSITION 709 Inheritance 710 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class 713 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes 720 Destructors in a Derived Class 729 Multiple Inclusions of a Header File 730 C++ Stream Classes 731 Protected Members of a Class 733 Inheritance as public, protected, or private 733 (Accessing protected Members in the Derived Class) 734 Composition (Aggregation) 737 Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 742 Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations 744 Programming Example: Grade Report 745 Quick Review 766 Exercises 767 Programming Exercises 776 11 Table of Contents | xvii
- 24. POINTERS, CLASSES, VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS, AND ABSTRACT CLASSES 781 Pointer Data Type and Pointer Variables 782 Declaring Pointer Variables 782 Address of Operator () 783 Dereferencing Operator (*) 784 Classes, Structs, and Pointer Variables 789 Initializing Pointer Variables 792 Dynamic Variables 792 Operator new 793 Operator delete 794 Operations on Pointer Variables 798 Dynamic Arrays 800 Functions and Pointers 803 Pointers and Function Return Values 803 Dynamic Two-Dimensional Arrays 804 Shallow versus Deep Copy and Pointers 807 Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities 809 Destructor 809 Assignment Operator 811 Copy Constructor 812 Inheritance, Pointers, and Virtual Functions 819 Classes and Virtual Destructors 826 Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 826 Address of Operator and Classes 835 Quick Review 837 Exercises 840 Programming Exercises 849 12 xviii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 25. OVERLOADING AND TEMPLATES 853 Why Operator Overloading Is Needed 854 Operator Overloading 855 Syntax for Operator Functions 856 Overloading an Operator: Some Restrictions 856 Pointer this 857 Friend Functions of Classes 861 Operator Functions as Member Functions and Nonmember Functions 864 Overloading Binary Operators 867 Overloading the Stream Insertion () and Extraction () Operators 873 Overloading the Assignment Operator (=) 878 Overloading Unary Operators 886 Operator Overloading: Member versus Nonmember 892 Classes and Pointer Member Variables (Revisited) 893 Operator Overloading: One Final Word 893 Programming Example: clockType 893 Programming Example: Complex Numbers 902 Overloading the Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([]) 907 Programming Example: newString 909 Function Overloading 915 Templates 916 Function Templates 916 Class Templates 918 Quick Review 926 Exercises 928 Programming Exercises 934 13 Table of Contents | xix
- 26. EXCEPTION HANDLING 943 Handling Exceptions within a Program 944 C++ Mechanisms of Exception Handling 948 try/catch Block 948 Using C++ Exception Classes 955 Creating Your Own Exception Classes 959 Rethrowing and Throwing an Exception 968 Exception-Handling Techniques 972 Terminate the Program 972 Fix the Error and Continue 972 Log the Error and Continue 974 Stack Unwinding 974 Quick Review 978 Exercises 980 Programming Exercises 984 RECURSION 985 Recursive Definitions 986 Direct and Indirect Recursion 988 Infinite Recursion 988 Problem Solving Using Recursion 989 Tower of Hanoi: Analysis 999 Recursion or Iteration? 999 Programming Example: Converting a Number from Binary to Decimal 1001 Programming Example: Converting a Number from Decimal to Binary 1005 Quick Review 1008 Exercises 1009 Programming Exercises 1012 14 15 xx | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 27. SEARCHING, SORTING, AND THE VECTOR TYPE 1015 List Processing 1016 Searching 1016 Bubble Sort 1017 Insertion Sort 1021 Binary Search 1025 Performance of Binary Search 1028 vector Type (class) 1029 Programming Example: Election Results 1034 Quick Review 1049 Exercises 1050 Programming Exercises 1053 LINKED LISTS 1057 Linked Lists 1058 Linked Lists: Some Properties 1059 Deletion 1065 Building a Linked List 1066 Linked List as an ADT 1071 Structure of Linked List Nodes 1072 Member Variables of the class linkedListType 1072 Linked List Iterators 1073 Print the List 1079 Length of a List 1079 Retrieve the Data of the First Node 1080 Retrieve the Data of the Last Node 1080 Begin and End 1080 Copy the List 1081 Destructor 1082 Copy Constructor 1082 Overloading the Assignment Operator 1083 16 17 Table of Contents | xxi
- 28. Unordered Linked Lists 1083 Search the List 1084 Insert the First Node 1085 Insert the Last Node 1086 Header File of the Unordered Linked List 1091 Ordered Linked Lists 1092 Search the List 1093 Insert a Node 1094 Insert First and Insert Last 1098 Delete a Node 1099 Header File of the Ordered Linked List 1100 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (Recursion Revisited) 1103 printListReverse 1105 Doubly Linked Lists 1106 Default Constructor 1109 isEmptyList 1109 Destroy the List 1109 Initialize the List 1110 Length of the List 1110 Print the List 1110 Reverse Print the List 1110 Search the List 1111 First and Last Elements 1111 Circular Linked Lists 1117 Programming Example: DVD Store 1118 Quick Review 1138 Exercises 1138 Programming Exercises 1144 xxii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 29. STACKS AND QUEUES 1149 Stacks 1150 Stack Operations 1152 Implementation of Stacks as Arrays 1154 Initialize Stack 1157 Empty Stack 1158 Full Stack 1158 Push 1158 Return the Top Element 1160 Pop 1160 Copy Stack 1162 Constructor and Destructor 1162 Copy Constructor 1163 Overloading the Assignment Operator (=) 1163 Stack Header File 1164 Programming Example: Highest GPA 1168 Linked Implementation of Stacks 1172 Default Constructor 1175 Empty Stack and Full Stack 1175 Initialize Stack 1176 Push 1176 Return the Top Element 1178 Pop 1178 Copy Stack 1180 Constructors and Destructors 1181 Overloading the Assignment Operator (=) 1181 Stack as Derived from the class unorderedLinkedList 1184 Application of Stacks: Postfix Expressions Calculator 1185 Main Algorithm 1188 Function evaluateExpression 1188 Function evaluateOpr 1190 Function discardExp 1192 Function printResult 1192 18 Table of Contents | xxiii
- 30. Removing Recursion: Nonrecursive Algorithm to Print a Linked List Backward 1195 Queues 1199 Queue Operations 1200 Implementation of Queues as Arrays 1202 Linked Implementation of Queues 1211 Queue Derived from the class unorderedLinkedListType 1216 Application of Queues: Simulation 1217 Designing a Queuing System 1218 Customer 1219 Server 1222 Server List 1225 Waiting Customers Queue 1230 Main Program 1232 Quick Review 1237 Exercises 1238 Programming Exercises 1245 APPENDIX A: RESERVED WORDS 1249 APPENDIX B: OPERATOR PRECEDENCE 1251 APPENDIX C: CHARACTER SETS 1253 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 1253 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) 1254 APPENDIX D: OPERATOR OVERLOADING 1257 xxiv | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 31. APPENDIX E: ADDITIONAL C++ TOPICS 1259 Binary (Base 2) Representation of a Nonnegative Integer 1259 Converting a Base 10 Number to a Binary Number (Base 2) 1259 Converting a Binary Number (Base 2) to Base 10 1261 Converting a Binary Number (Base 2) to Octal (Base 8) and Hexadecimal (Base 16) 1262 More on File Input/Output 1264 Binary Files 1264 Random File Access 1270 Naming Conventions of Header Files in ANSI/ISO Standard C++ and Standard C++ 1278 APPENDIX F: HEADER FILES 1281 Header File cassert (assert.h) 1281 Header File cctype (ctype.h) 1282 Header File cfloat (float.h) 1283 Header File climits (limits.h) 1284 Header File cmath (math.h) 1286 Header File cstddef (stddef.h) 1287 Header File cstring (string.h) 1287 APPENDIX G: MEMORY SIZE ON A SYSTEM AND RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR 1291 Random Number Generator 1292 APPENDIX H: STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY (STL) 1293 Components of the STL 1293 Container Types 1294 Sequence Containers 1294 Sequence Container: Vectors 1294 Table of Contents | xxv
- 32. Member Functions Common to All Containers 1303 Member Functions Common to Sequence Containers 1305 copy Algorithm 1306 Sequence Container: deque 1310 Sequence Container: list 1313 Iterators 1318 IOStream Iterators 1319 Container Adapters 1319 Algorithms 1323 STL Algorithm Classification 1323 STL Algorithms 1326 Functions fill and fill_n 1326 Functions find and find_if 1328 Functions remove and replace 1329 Functions search, sort, and binary_search 1331 APPENDIX I: ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 1335 Chapter 1 1335 Chapter 2 1338 Chapter 3 1340 Chapter 4 1341 Chapter 5 1344 Chapter 6 1347 Chapter 7 1350 Chapter 8 1351 Chapter 9 1353 Chapter 10 1354 Chapter 11 1358 Chapter 12 1360 xxvi | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 33. Chapter 13 1361 Chapter 14 1362 Chapter 15 1364 Chapter 16 1364 Chapter 17 1366 Chapter 18 1367 INDEX 1371 Table of Contents | xxvii
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- 35. WELCOME TO THE SIXTH EDITION OF C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design. Designed for a first Computer Science (CS1) C++ course, this text provides a breath of fresh air to you and your students. The CS1 course serves as the cornerstone of the Computer Science curriculum. My primary goal is to motivate and excite all CS1 students, regardless of their level. Motivation breeds excitement for learning. Motivation and excitement are critical factors that lead to the success of the programming student. This text is a culmination and development of my classroom notes throughout more than fifty semesters of teaching successful programming to Computer Science students. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design started as a collection of brief examples, exercises, and lengthy programming examples to supplement the books that were in use at our university. It soon turned into a collection large enough to develop into a text. The approach taken in this book is, in fact, driven by the students’ demand for clarity and readability. The material was written and rewritten until the students felt comfortable with it. Most of the examples in this book resulted from student interaction in the classroom. As with any profession, practice is essential. Cooking students practice their recipes. Budding violinists practice their scales. New programmers must practice solving problems and writing code. This is not a C++ cookbook. We do not simply list the C++ syntax followed by an example; we dissect the ‘‘why’’ behind all the concepts. The crucial question of ‘‘why?’’ is answered for every topic when first introduced. This technique offers a bridge to learning C++. Students must understand the ‘‘why?’’ in order to be motivated to learn. Traditionally, a C++ programming neophyte needed a working knowledge of another programming language. This book assumes no prior programming experience. However, some adequate mathematics background, such as college algebra, is required. PREFACE Warning: This text can be expected to create a serious reduction in the demand for programming help during your office hours. Other side effects include significantly diminished student dependency on others while learning to program.
- 36. Changes in the Sixth Edition The sixth edition contains 200 new exercises, and more than 25 new programming exercises. Earlier editions contain two chapters on user-defined functions. In this edition, without sacrificing the rigor, these chapters are combined into one chapter so that user-defined functions can be learned without interruption. Since Chapters 6 and 7 of earlier editions have been combined into one chapter, the sixth edition contains one less chapter than the earlier editions. The first part of Chapter 2 is rewritten and reorganized. Chapter 10, on searching and sorting algorithms and the class vector is now Chapter 16. However, the selection sorting algorithm is moved from Chapter 10 to Chapter 8 (arrays and string). So in addition to learning about array and strings, the reader can also study a sequential search algorithm and a selection sort algorithm. Even though additional searching and sorting algorithms are covered in Chapter 16, Chapter 16 can be studied right after studying Chapter 8. This edition also includes various new examples, such as Examples 3-4, 3-8, 3-9, 4-8, 5-3, 5-4, 6-1, 8-4, 10-8, 11-2, 12-5, and 14-14. Approach The programming language C++, which evolved from C, is no longer considered an industry-only language. Numerous colleges and universities use C++ for their first program- ming language course. C++ is a combination of structured programming and object-oriented programming, and this book addresses both types. This book can be easily divided into two parts: structured programming and object-oriented programming. The first 9 chapters form the structured programming part; Chapters 10 through 14, 17, and 18 form the object-oriented part. However, only the first six chapters are essential to move on to the object-oriented portion. In July 1998, ANSI/ISO Standard C++ was officially approved. This book focuses on ANSI/ ISO Standard C++. Even though the syntax of Standard C++ and ANSI/ISO Standard C++ is very similar, Chapter 7 discusses some of the features of ANSI/ISO Standard C++ that are not available in Standard C++. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the history of computers and programming languages. The reader can quickly skim through this chapter and become familiar with some of the hardware components and the software parts of the computer. This chapter contains a section on processing a C++ program. This chapter also describes structured and object-oriented programming. Chapter 2 discusses the basic elements of C++. After completing this chapter, students become familiar with the basics of C++ and are ready to write programs that are complicated enough to do some computations. Input/output is fundamental to any programming language. It is introduced early, in Chapter 3, and is covered in detail. Chapters 4 and 5 introduce control structures to alter the sequential flow of execution. Chapter 6 studies user-defined functions. It is recommended that readers with no prior programming background spend extra time on Chapter 6. Several examples are provided to help readers understand the concepts of parameter passing and the scope of an identifier. xxx | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 37. Chapter 7 discusses the user-defined simple data type (enumeration type), the namespace mechanism of ANSI/ISO Standard C++, and the string type. The earlier versions of C did not include the enumeration type. Enumeration types have very limited use; their main purpose is to make the program readable. This book is organized such that readers can skip the section on enumeration types during the first reading without experiencing any disconti- nuity, and then later go through this section. Chapter 8 discusses arrays in detail. This chapter also discusses a sequential search algorithm and a selection sort algorithm. Chapter 9 introduces records (structs). The introduction of structs in this book is similar to C structs. This chapter is optional; it is not a prerequisite for any of the remaining chapters. Chapter 10 begins the study of object-oriented programming (OOP) and introduces classes. The first half of this chapter shows how classes are defined and used in a program. The second half of the chapter introduces abstract data types (ADTs). This chapter shows how classes in C++ are a natural way to implement ADTs. Chapter 11 continues with the fundamentals of object-oriented design (OOD) and OOP and discusses inheritance and composition. It explains how classes in C++ provide a natural mechanism for OOD and how C++ supports OOP. Chapter 11 also discusses how to find the objects in a given problem. Chapter 12 studies pointers in detail. After introducing pointers and how to use them in a program, this chapter highlights the peculiarities of classes with pointer data members and how to avoid them. Moreover, this chapter also discusses how to create and work with dynamic two-dimensional arrays. Chapter 12 also discusses abstract classes and a type of polymorphism accomplished via virtual functions. Chapter 13 continues the study of OOD and OOP. In particular, it studies polymorphism in C++. The chapter specifically discusses two types of polymorphism—overloading and templates. Chapter 14 discusses exception handling in detail. Chapter 15 introduces and discusses recursion. Moreover, this is a stand-alone chapter, so it can be studied anytime after Chapter 9. Chapter 16 describes various searching and sorting algorithms as well as an introduction to the vector class. Chapters 17 and 18 are devoted to the study of data structures. Discussed in detail are linked lists in Chapter 17 and stacks and queues in Chapter 18. The programming code developed in these chapters is generic. These chapters effectively use the fundamentals of OOD. Appendix A lists the reserved words in C++. Appendix B shows the precedence and associativity of the C++ operators. Appendix C lists the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) character sets. Appendix D lists the C++ operators that can be overloaded. Appendix E has three objectives. First, we discuss how to convert a number from decimal to binary and binary to decimal. We then discuss binary and random access files in detail. Finally, we describe the naming conventions of the header files in both ANSI/ISO Standard C++ and Standard C++. Appendix F discusses some of the most widely used library routines, and includes the names of the standard C++ header files. The programs in Appendix G show how to print the memory size for the built-in data types on your system as well as how to use a random number generator. Appendix H gives an introduction to Preface | xxxi
- 38. the Standard Template Library, and Appendix I provides the answers to odd-numbered exercises in the book. How to Use the Book This book can be used in various ways. Figure 1 shows the dependency of the chapters. Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8* Chapter 16 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 FIGURE 1 Chapter dependency diagram xxxii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition
- 39. In Figure 1, dotted lines mean that the preceding chapter is used in one of the sections of the chapter and is not necessarily a prerequisite for the next chapter. For example, Chapter 8 covers arrays in detail. In Chapters 9 and 10, we show the relationship between arrays and structs and arrays and classes, respectively. However, if Chapter 10 is studied before Chapter 8, then the section dealing with arrays in Chapter 10 can be skipped without any discontinuation. This particular section can be studied after studying Chapter 8. It is recommended that the first six chapters be covered sequentially. After covering the first six chapters, if the reader is interested in learning OOD and OOP early, then Chapter 10 can be studied right after Chapter 6. Chapter 7 can be studied anytime after Chapter 6. After studying the first six chapters in sequence, some of the approaches are: 1. Study chapters in the sequence: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 2. Study chapters in the sequence: 8, 10, 12, 13, 11, 15, 17, 18, 16, 15. 3. Study chapters in the sequence: 10, 8, 16, 12, 13, 11, 15, 17, 18, 14. 4. Study chapters in the sequence: 10, 8, 12, 13, 11, 15, 17, 18, 16, 14. Preface | xxxiii
- 40. FEATURES OF THE BOOK One video is available for each chapter on the optional CourseMate that accompanies this text. Each video is designed to explain how a program works. Four-color interior design shows accurate C++ code and related comments.
- 41. More than 300 visual diagrams, both extensive and exhaustive, illustrate difficult concepts.
- 42. Numbered Examples illustrate the key concepts with their relevant code. The programming code in these examples is followed by a Sample Run. An explanation then follows that describes what each line in the code does. Notes highlight important facts about the concepts introduced in the chapter.
- 43. Programming Examples are where everything in the chapter comes together. These examples teach problem-solving skills and include the concrete stages of input, output, problem analysis and algorithm design, class design, and a program listing. All programs are designed to be methodical, consistent, and user-friendly. Each Programming Example starts with a problem analysis that is followed by the algorithm design and/or class design, and every step of the algorithm is coded in C++. In addition to helping students learn problem- solving techniques, these detailed programs show the student how to implement concepts in an actual C++ program. We strongly recommend that students study the Programming Examples carefully in order to learn C++ effectively. Students typically learn much from completely worked-out programs. Further, programming examples considerably reduce the students’ need for help outside the classroom and bolster the students’ self-confidence.
- 44. Exercises further reinforce learning and ensure that students have, in fact, mastered the material.
- 45. Programming Exercises challenge students to write C++ programs with a specified outcome.
- 46. CourseMate Make the most of your study time with everything you need to succeed in one place. Read your textbook, highlight and take notes, review flashcards, watch videos, and take practice quizzes online. Learn more at www.cengage.com/coursemate. The C++ Programming CourseMate includes the following features: • Videos step you through programs in each chapter, while integrated quizzes provide immediate feedback to gauge your understanding. • Lab Manual lets you apply material with a wealth of practical, hands-on exercises. • Interactive Quizzes and Study Games drill key chapter concepts, while open- ended Assignments develop critical thinking skills. • Interactive eBook, flashcards, and more! Instructors may add CourseMate to the textbook package, or students may purchase CourseMate directly through www.cengagebrain.com. Source Code The source code, in ANSI/ISO Standard C++, is available for students to download at www.cengagebrain.com and through the CourseMate available for this text. These files are also available to instructors on the Instructor Resources CD and at login.cengage.com. The input files needed to run some of the programs are also included with the source code. Instructor Resources The following supplemental materials are available when this book is used in a classroom setting. All instructor teaching tools are available with this book on a single CD-ROM. Many are also available for download at login.cengage.com. SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES
- 47. Electronic Instructor’s Manual The Instructor’s Manual follows the text chapter-by-chapter and includes material to assist in planning and organizing an effective, engaging course. The Manual includes Overviews, Chapter Objectives, Teaching Tips, Quick Quizzes, Class Discussion Topics, Additional Projects, Additional Resources, and Key Terms. A Sample Syllabus is also available. ExamViewâ This textbook is accompanied by ExamView, a powerful testing software package that allows instructors to create and administer printed, computer (LAN-based), and Internet exams. ExamView includes hundreds of questions that correspond to the topics covered in this text, enabling students to generate detailed study guides that include page references for further review. These computer-based and Internet testing components allow students to take exams at their computers, and save the instructor time because each exam is graded automatically. The test banks are also available in Blackboard, WebCT, and Angel compatible formats. PowerPoint Presentations This book comes with PowerPoint slides to accompany each chapter. Slides may be used to guide classroom presentation, to make available to students for chapter review, or to print as classroom handouts. Instructors can add their own slides for additional topics that they introduce to the class, as well as customize the slides with the complete Figure Files from the text. Solution Files The solution files for all Programming Exercises, in ANSI/ISO C++, are available at login.cengage.com, and are also available on the Instructor Resources CD-ROM. The input files needed to run some of the Programming Exercises are also included with the solution files. Supplemental Resources | xli
- 48. There are many people that I must thank who, one way or another, contributed to the success of this book. First, I would like to thank all the students who, during the preparation, were spontaneous in telling me if certain portions needed to be reworded for better understanding and clearer reading. Next, I would like to thank those who e-mailed numerous comments to help improve upon the next edition. I am thankful to Professors S.C. Cheng and Randall Crist for constantly supporting this project. I am also very grateful to the reviewers who reviewed earlier versions of this book and offered many critical suggestions on how to improve it. I owe a great deal to the following reviewers who made helpful, critical suggestions for improving this edition of the text: Gary Bricher, Lane Community College; Cliff Brozo, Monroe College; and Marie Pullan, Farmingdale State College. Next, I express thanks to Brandi Shailer, Acquisition Editor, for recognizing the importance and uniqueness of this project. All this would not have been possible without the careful planning of Senior Product Manager, Alyssa Pratt. I extend my sincere thanks to Alyssa, as well as to Content Project Manager, Mathew Hutchinson. My special thanks are to Stephanie Lorenz for using her expertise in carefully editing the videos. I also thank Sreemannarayana Reddy of Integra Software Services for assisting us in keeping the project on schedule. I would like to thank Chris Scriver and Serge Palladino of the QA department at Cengage Learning for patiently and carefully testing the code and discovering typos and errors. I am thankful to my parents for their blessings. Finally, I am thankful for the support of my wife Sadhana and especially my daughter, Shelly, to whom this book is dedicated. They cheered me up whenever I was overwhelmed during the writing of this book. I welcome any comments concerning the text. Comments may be forwarded to the following e-mail address: [email protected] D. S. Malik ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- 49. AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL: . Learn about different types of computers . Explore the hardware and software components of a computer system . Learn about the language of a computer . Learn about the evolution of programming languages . Examine high-level programming languages . Discover what a compiler is and what it does . Examine a C++ program . Explore how a C++ program is processed . Learn what an algorithm is and explore problem-solving techniques . Become aware of structured design and object-oriented design programming methodologies . Become aware of Standard C++ and ANSI/ISO Standard C++ 1 C H A P T E R
- 50. Introduction Terms such as ‘‘the Internet,’’ which were unfamiliar just 20 years ago are now common. Students in elementary school regularly ‘‘surf ’’ the Internet and use computers to design their classroom projects. Many people use the Internet to look for information and to commu- nicate with others. This is all made possible by the availability of different software, also known as computer programs. Without software, a computer is useless. Software is devel- oped by using programming languages. The programming language C++ is especially well suited for developing software to accomplish specific tasks. Our main objective is to help you learn how to write programs in the C++ programming language. Before you begin programming, it is useful to understand some of the basic terminology and different components of a computer. We begin with an overview of the history of computers. A Brief Overview of the History of Computers The first device known to carry out calculations was the abacus. The abacus was invented in Asia but was used in ancient Babylon, China, and throughout Europe until the late middle ages. The abacus uses a system of sliding beads in a rack for addition and subtraction. In 1642, the French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the calculating device called the Pascaline. It had eight movable dials on wheels and could calculate sums up to eight figures long. Both the abacus and Pascaline could perform only addition and subtrac- tion operations. Later in the 17th century, Gottfried von Leibniz invented a device that was able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In 1819, Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, discovered that the weaving instructions for his looms could be stored on cards with holes punched in them. While the cards moved through the loom in sequence, needles passed through the holes and picked up threads of the correct color and texture. A weaver could rearrange the cards and change the pattern being woven. In essence, the cards programmed a loom to produce patterns in cloth. The weaving industry may seem to have little in common with the computer industry. However, the idea of storing information by punching holes on a card proved to be of great importance in the later development of computers. In the early and mid-1800s, Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and physical scientist, designed two calculating machines: the difference engine and the analytical engine. The difference engine could perform complex operations such as squaring numbers automatically. Babbage built a prototype of the difference engine, but did not build the actual device. The first complete difference engine was completed in London in 2002, 153 years after it was designed. It consists of 8,000 parts, weighs five tons, and measures 11 feet long. A replica of the difference engine was completed in 2008 and is on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California (http://www.computerhistory.org/ babbage/). Most of Babbage’s work is known through the writings of his colleague Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace. Augusta is considered the first computer programmer. At the end of the 19th century, U.S. Census officials needed help in accurately tabulating the census data. Herman Hollerith invented a calculating machine that ran on electricity and used punched cards to store data. Hollerith’s machine was immensely successful. 2 | Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages
- 51. Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became the computer and technology corporation known as IBM. The first computer-like machine was the Mark I. It was built, in 1944, jointly by IBM and Harvard University under the leadership of Howard Aiken. Punched cards were used to feed data into the machine. The Mark I was 52 feet long, weighed 50 tons, and had 750,000 parts. In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania. It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed some 30 tons. The computers that we know today use the design rules given by John von Neumann in the late 1940s. His design included components such as an arithmetic logic unit, a control unit, memory, and input/output devices. These components are described in the next section. Von Neumann’s computer design makes it possible to store the programming instructions and the data in the same memory space. In 1951, the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was built and sold to the U.S. Census Bureau. In 1956, the invention of transistors resulted in smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy-efficient computers. This era also saw the emergence of the software development industry, with the introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL, two early programming languages. In the next major technological advancement, transistors were replaced by tiny integrated circuits, or ‘‘chips.’’ Chips are smaller and cheaper than transistors and can contain thousands of circuits on a single chip. They give computers tremendous processing speed. In 1970, the microprocessor, an entire CPU on a single chip, was invented. In 1977, Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs designed and built the first Apple computer in their garage. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC). In the 1980s, clones of the IBM PC made the personal computer even more affordable. By the mid-1990s, people from many walks of life were able to afford them. Computers continue to become faster and less expensive as technology advances. Modern-day computers are powerful, reliable, and easy to use. They can accept spoken-word instructions and imitate human reasoning through artificial intelligence. Expert systems assist doctors in making diagnoses. Mobile computing applications are growing significantly. Using hand-held devices, delivery drivers can access global positioning satellites (GPS) to verify customer locations for pickups and deliveries. Cell phones permit you to check your e-mail, make airline reservations, see how stocks are performing, and access your bank accounts. Although there are several categories of computers, such as mainframe, midsize, and micro, all computers share some basic elements, described in the next section. Elements of a Computer System A computer is an electronic device capable of performing commands. The basic commands that a computer performs are input (get data), output (display result), storage, and perfor- mance of arithmetic and logical operations. There are two main components of a computer system: hardware and software. In the next few sections, we give a brief overview of these components. Let’s look at hardware first. 1 Elements of a Computer System | 3
- 52. Hardware Major hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU); main memory (MM), also called random access memory (RAM); input/output devices; and secondary storage. Some examples of input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage. Examples of output devices are the screen, printer, and secondary storage. Let’s look at each of these components in greater detail. Central Processing Unit and Main Memory The central processing unit is the ‘‘brain’’ of the computer and the single most expensive piece of hardware in a computer. The more powerful the CPU, the faster the computer. Arithmetic and logical operations are carried out inside the CPU. Figure 1-1(a) shows some hardware components. Main memory, or random access memory, is connected directly to the CPU. All programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed. Similarly, all data must be brought into main memory before a program can manipulate it. When the computer is turned off, everything in main memory is lost. Main memory is an ordered sequence of cells, called memory cells. Each cell has a unique location in main memory, called the address of the cell. These addresses help you access the information stored in the cell. Figure 1-1(b) shows main memory with some data. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Main Memory Secondary Storage Input Device Output Device (b) (a) 2001 2000 1001 1000 54 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Memory FIGURE 1-1 Hardware components of a computer and main memory 4 | Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages
- 53. Today’s computers come with main memory consisting of millions to billions of cells. Although Figure 1-1(b) shows data stored in cells, the content of a cell can be either a programming instruction or data. Moreover, this figure shows the data as numbers and letters. However, as explained later in this chapter, main memory stores everything as sequences of 0s and 1s. The memory addresses are also expressed as sequences of 0s and 1s. SECONDARY STORAGE Because programs and data must be stored in main memory before processing and because everything in main memory is lost when the computer is turned off, information stored in main memory must be transferred to some other device for permanent storage. The device that stores information permanently (unless the device becomes unusable or you change the information by rewriting it) is called secondary storage. To be able to transfer information from main memory to secondary storage, these components must be directly connected to each other. Examples of secondary storage are hard disks, flash drives, floppy disks, ZIP disks, CD-ROMs, and tapes. Input /Output Devices For a computer to perform a useful task, it must be able to take in data and programs and display the results of calculations. The devices that feed data and programs into computers are called input devices. The keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage are examples of input devices. The devices that the computer uses to display results are called output devices. A monitor, printer, and secondary storage are examples of output devices. Figure 1-2 shows some input and output devices. 1 Input devices Output devices FIGURE 1-2 Some input and output devices Elements of a Computer System | 5
- 54. Software Software are programs written to perform specific tasks. For example, word processors are programs that you use to write letters, papers, and even books. All software is written in programming languages. There are two types of programs: system programs and application programs. System programs control the computer. The system program that loads first when you turn on your PC is called the operating system. Without an operating system, the computer is useless. The operating system monitors the overall activity of the computer and provides services. Some of these services include memory management, input/output activities, and storage management. The operating system has a special program that organizes secondary storage so that you can conveniently access information. Application programs perform a specific task. Word processors, spreadsheets, and games are examples of application programs. The operating system is the program that runs application programs. The Language of a Computer When you press A on your keyboard, the computer displays A on the screen. But what is actually stored inside the computer’s main memory? What is the language of the computer? How does it store whatever you type on the keyboard? Remember that a computer is an electronic device. Electrical signals are used inside the computer to process information. There are two types of electrical signals: analog and digital. Analog signals are continuous wave forms used to represent such things as sound. Audio tapes, for example, store data in analog signals. Digital signals represent information with a sequence of 0s and 1s. A 0 represents a low voltage, and a 1 represents a high voltage. Digital signals are more reliable carriers of information than analog signals and can be copied from one device to another with exact precision. You might have noticed that when you make a copy of an audio tape, the sound quality of the copy is not as good as the original tape. On the other hand, when you copy a CD, the copy is as good as the original. Computers use digital signals. Because digital signals are processed inside a computer, the language of a computer, called machine language, is a sequence of 0s and 1s. The digit 0 or 1 is called a binary digit, or bit. Sometimes a sequence of 0s and 1s is referred to as a binary code or a binary number. Bit: A binary digit 0 or 1. A sequence of eight bits is called a byte. Moreover, 210 bytes = 1024 bytes is called a kilobyte (KB). Table 1-1 summarizes the terms used to describe various numbers of bytes. 6 | Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages
- 55. Another Random Document on Scribd Without Any Related Topics
- 56. Skeleton, 166 Skull, 171 Slack, crest, 258 Sledge, 456 Slipped, 265, 267, 269; leaved, 269 Slips, 265 Smallshaw, arms, 270 Smert, John, 28, 41 Smith, 68, 202, 288; arms, 289; crest, 245 Smith-Cunningham, 426 Smitheman, arms, 238 Smyth, arms, 272 Snail, 258 Sneds, 298 Sneyd, arms, 298 Snowdon, 39 Sodor and Man, 160, 285 Soldanieri, arms, 83 Soles, 256 Sollerets, 55 Soluthurn, supporters, 409 Somers, crest, 263, 293 Somerscales, arms, 261 Somerset, 520; Duke of, Henry Fitzroy, 37; Duke of, John Beaufort, Garter plate, 416; arms, 466; Dukes of, 513; Herald, 37, 620 Sophia, Princess, label, 499 Soudan, de la Tran, K.G., Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, arms, crest,
- 57. mantling, 387 Southampton, arms, 270; city of, arms, crest, supporters and compartment, 445 Southwark, borough of, 605 Southwell, See of, 160; Viscount, supporters, 437 Soutiens, 407 Sovereign, helmet of, 318 Sovereign's Privy Seals, 467; grand-children of, coronets, 363; sons and daughters or brothers and sisters of a, coronets of, 363 Spain, 61, 81, 83; crests, 343; marks of cadency, 482; Queen Victoria Eugenie of, 139, 474, 596; Philip of, 607; quarterings of, 543 Sparlings, 256 Spear and spear-head, 285 Specified, number, 89 Speke, crest and supporters, 217; augmentation, 420, 595 Spelman, Sir Henry, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Spener, 324, 481 Spenser, 221 Sphinx, 4, 9, 171, 228 Spider, 261 Spikes, 223 Spokes, arms, 291 Springbok, 208, 217; as supporters, 436 Sprot, 255 Spry, arms, 124
- 58. Spur-nowels, or Spur-revels, 286, 296 Spurs, 54, 286 Squirrel, 214, 430 SS, collar of, 44 St. Adrian, 162 St. Ægidius, 162 St. Albans, Boke of, 2; Duke of, 515; monastery, 143 St. Andrew, 47, 160, 162, 614 St. Andrew, Saltire of, 25; Cross of, 131; flag of, 472 St. Anthony's Cross, 129 St. Asaph, Bishop of, 78 St. Aubin, cloister of, 228 St. Boniface, 164 St. Britius, 160 St. Bryse, 160 St. Catherine, wheel of, 473, 606 St. Columba, 162 St. Cricq, Comtes de, arms, 281 St. Cuthbert, cross of, 606 St. David's, 588 St. Denis, 165, 220, 473; Abbey of, 16, 219 St. Duthacus, 162 St. Edmund, cross and martlets of, 473 St. Edward, 360 St. Edward the Confessor, 596, 607; arms, 244 St. Edward's Crown, 358 St. Elizabeth, 62 St. Etheldreda, 298 St. Etienne, Abbey of, 525 St. George, 162, 614;
- 59. arms of, 46; banner of, 471; Cross of, 25, 38; flag of, 472; Chapel, 78, 149, 505; stall plates, 559 St. Giles, 162 St. Helens, borough of, arms, 292 St. Ives (Cornwall), arms, 264 St. John the Baptist, 165 St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the Hospital of, 568; Knights of Justice of the Order, insignia of, 585 St. John of Malta, Celibate Order of, 569 St. Kentigern, 163 St. Lawrence, 550 St. Leonards, Lord, 68 St. Mark, 185, 186, 220 St. Martin, 162, 164 St. Mary, lily of, 473; the Virgin, College of, arms, 271 St. Maur, arms, 239 St. Michael, 162, 163; and All Angels, 54; St George, Most Distinguished Order of, 29, 566, 584 St. Mungo, 163 St. Neots, 75 St. Ninian, 162 St. Oswald, Lord, supporters, 437 St. Patrick, 614; Order of, 46; Knights of, rules, 563; supporters, 563; insignia of, 584;
- 60. Order of Prelate of the, insignia of, 584; Deans of, insignia of, 584; Chancellor of, insignia of, 584 St. Patrick, flag of, 473 St. Paul, 164; sword of, 473, 606 St. Peter, emblem, 291; keys of, 473, 606 St. Petersburg, 351 St. Stephen of Tuscany, Knights of the, 569 St. Vincent, Lord, crest, 377 Stable, arms, 277 Stafford, 56; crest, 246; knot, 469; Earl of, 73 Stafford, Earl of, supporters, 461; Earl of, Sir Humphrey Stafford, arms, crest, mantling, 388; Lord, badge, 458; crest, 374 Stags, 208, 432 Stains, 72, 73 Stalbridge, Lord, 345 Standard, 28, 59, 474; badges upon, 464; bearer (Würtemburg), hereditary insignia of, 582 Standish, arms, 289 Staniland, arms, 286 Stanley, 209; Lord, badge, 240, 469; Torse, arms, 404 Staple, 302
- 61. Stapleton, Sir Miles, K.G., arms, crest, mantling, 387 Stapylton, supporters, 421 Starckens, 163 Star of India, Most Exalted Order of the, 565, 584 Stars, 11, 295 Statant, 102, 172, 213, 226 State liveries, badges on, 464 Statute of Resumptions, 30 Steamer, 294 Stephen, coins, 354 Stephen de Windesore, 31 Sterling, William, seal, 417 Steuart, Bart., crest, 375 Steward, Lord High, insignia of, 582 Stewart, arms, 86; crest, 164; of Ochiltree, 502, 513 Stilwell, crest, 246 Stirling-Maxwell, supporters, 431 Stirrups, 286 Stoat, 215 Stockfish, 255 Stockings, 293 Stocks of Trees, 264 Stodart, 144, 145, 502, 514 Stoke-Lyne, Lord of the Manor, arms, 413 Stones, 286 Storey, 256 Stork, 247, 440 Stothard, C., 15 Stourton, arms, 152, 153, 294; badge as a crest, 456; barony of, supporters, 205; crest, 341, 385;
- 62. Lord, supporters, 437; seal, 153 Strange, arms of, 175 Strangman, 111 Strathcona, Lord, crest, 263; arms, 216 Stratheden, Baroness, late, 533 Stratherne, Countess of, Muriel, seal, 410 Strigoil and Chepstow, Earls of, 32 Struan, 197 Stuart-French, arms, 254 Stuart-Menteith, 414 Stubbs, arms, 264 Stukele, arms, 277 Sturgeon, 256 Sturzkrückenfeh, 85 Sturzpfahlfeh, 82 Styleman, arms, 222 Styria, arms, 194, 417 Sub-ordinaries, 91, 102, 106, 107, 108, 155, 156; complete list of, 108; sub-quarters, 104, 544 Suchenwirt, 40 Suffolk, 32; Duke of, William de la Pole, badge, 469; Garter plate, 372 Sugar-cane, 263 Sun, 11, 77; burst, badge, 468, 469; in splendour, 296 Sunflower, 272 Superimposed, 86, 554 Supporters, 58, 86, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 185, 186, 193, 201, 204,
- 63. 209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 225, 227, 286, 319, 346, 407, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 428, 475, 519, 532, 533, 564, 572; the first, 432; differencing on, 492; crested, 417; by prescriptive right, 421; in England, right to bear, 419; honourable, 446; origin of, 417; position of, 430; single, 410 Surcoat, 18, 57, 108 Surgeons, College of, arms, 167 Surrey, 50; Duke of (Thomas de Holland), bordure, 596; Earl of, augmentation, 590 Sussex, Duke of, label, 498; Earl of, 32 Sutton, arms, 258 Swaby, crest, 245 Swallow, 244, 245 Swan, 245 Swanne, Adam Fitz, 467 Swansea, Lord, crest, 349 Sweetland, arms, 263 Swindon, arms, crest, 301 Swinton, 503, 504; arms, 453; crest, 199; supporters, 425; Henry de, seal, 504; Captain Archibald, 506; Captain George C., 506;
- 64. Sir John de, 505; John Edulf Blagrave, Laird, 506; arms, 507; Robert, 505 Switzerland, 83 Sword, 5, 11, 286 Swynnerton, 113 Sydenham, arms, 211 Sykes, 207; arms, 151, 280 Symbolism, 5, 11 Symonds-Taylor, arms, 254 Syphium-plant, 272
- 65. Tabard, 41 Table Book, 413 Tacitus, 6, 9 Tain, Royal Burgh of, 162 Talbot, 175, 203, 204, 554; arms of, 70; Earl of, 70; Lord, crest, 341 Tallow Chandlers' Company, 41; arms, 28; crest, 165 Tamworth, seals, 275 Tancred, crest, 263 Tankerville, Earl of (Bennet), arms, 189; (Sir John Grey), Torse, arms, 404 Tannenvels, arms, 188 Tarleton, crest, 374 Tarn or loch, 294 Tarragone, arms, 81 Tarsell, arms, 277 Tartsche, or Tartscher, 64 Tassa, 85 Tasselled Hat, 61 Tatshall, 55 Taunton, 278 Taylor, 193 Tea-plant, 266 Teck, Duke of, 187 Teesdale, arms, 271 Telescope, 297 Temperance, 164 Temple, 282 Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos- Grenville, crests, 348 Templer, arms, 282
- 66. Tenants, 407 Tenné, 72, 74, 76 Tenremonde, arms, 83 Teutonic Order, 63; Masters of the, 569 Teviot, Viscount (Livingstone), 276 Thackeray, 165; arms, 86 Thebes, King of, 6 Theme, arms, 266 Theodosia, Empress, 351 Thierry, 14 Third son, 488 Thistle, 270; Order of the, 271, 561; Knight of the, insignia of, 584; Knights of the, rules, 563; supporters, 563 Thorndyke, crest, 261 Thornhill, crest, 168 Thornton, arms, 250, 263, 597; supporters, 250 Thunderbolt, 295 Thuringia, 63 Thurston, crest, 295 Tichborne, supporters, 421 Tiger, 191; as supporters, 436 Tigress, 192 Tilting-helm, 54 Tinctures, 70, 476, 483, 502; change of, 483 Tindal, 30 Tityron, 231 Tjader, 250 Toad, 258
- 67. Tobacco-Pipe Makers, the Company of, arms, 265 Todmorden, town of, arms, 293 Tokugawa, 13 Toledo, arms of, 298 Tollemache, arms, 149 Topaz, 77 Topsell, 221 Torches, or Firebrands, 287 Torphichen, Lord, arms, 271 Torrington, Lord, supporters, 442 Torse, 287, 402, 403, 406; colours of, 404 Torteau, 151 Tortoise, 217 Tournament helmet, 311 Tournay, 83 Tournebu, Pierre de, supporter, 411 Tourney, 333 Towers, 282, 376 Towns, rules as to supporters, 429 Toymote, 13 Trafford, De, crest, 167; mottoes, 451 Transposed, 103 Trapaud, 124 Trappe, arms, 283 Trasegnies, arms, 188 Trayner, arms, 293 Treacher, arms, 261 Treason, 73 Treasurer, insignia of, 588 Treatise on Heraldry, 14, 16, 69, 74, 318, 399, 407, 410 Trees, 11, 94, 262, 407 Trefoil, 266
- 68. Tregent, arms, 261; crest, 228 Trelawney, arms, 266 Trente Deux Quartiers, 619 Tresmes, Ducs de, supporters, 231 Tressure, 108, 112, 133, 142, 143, 146 Trevelyan, arms, 201; supporters, 254 Treves, Bart., 232; arms, 292; augmentation, 598 Treves, Elector and Archbishop of, 559 Trick, 77, 99 Tricorporate, 180 Triple-towered, 282 Trippant, 102, 208 Trist, crest, 241 Triton, 227 Trononnée, 186 Trotter, arms of, 5 Trotting, 201 Trout, 255 Troutbeck, arms, 255 Trumpeter, costume of, 43 Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 54 Trunk of a tree, 264 Trunked, 96 Trupour, or Trumpour, John, 40 Trussing, 242 Trussley, 214 Trutemne, Banville de, arms, 82 Truth, 164 Tuam, See of, arms, 160 Tucker, Stephen, 620 Tudor, Royal House, badge, 284 Tulips, 272
- 69. Tuns, 301 Tunstall, arms, 299, 404 Tupper, 428 Turbots, 256 Turner, arms, 302 Turnierkragen, 479 Turnip, 268 Tuttebury, Earl of, 32 Tweedy, 249 Tynes, 209 Tynte, crest, 222 Tyrol, 234 Tyrrell, crest, 200, 247 Tyrwhitt, 249; arms, 249 Tyson, crest, 287 Udine, 83 Udney, 204 Ulster, canton of, 136, 137; King of Arms, 29, 33, 46, 47, 421; badges of, 598; arms and insignia of, 587; official arms of, 48; office, 72, 86, 180, 267, 416, 439 Umbo, 64 Umfraville, 89; arms, 268 Undy, 91 Unguled, 207 Unicorn, 39, 202, 219, 220, 221, 232 United Kingdom, Royal Arms, compartment, 444 Union Banner, 611, 614, 615 Union Jack, 471, 611 Unmarried lady, lozenge of, 572
- 70. Unter-Walden, supporter, 409 Uphaugh, Duppa de, arms, 284 Upton, 36 Urbino, Duke of, Frederick, 392; mantling, 388 Urcheon, 216 Urdy, 91, 95; at the foot, 155 Utermarch, arms, 266 Vaile, 113, 207 Vaillant, 34 Vair, 50, 77, 79, 81, 84; appointé, 82; in bend, 82; bellies, 85; ondé, 81; en pal, 82; in pale, 82 Vairé, 79, 81, 94; corrupted form of, 81; en pal, 82 Vairpière, 83 Valence, De, 155; William, 525 Vallary, Coronet, 378 Vambraced, 171 Vambraces, 45 Van Eiden, Sir Jacob, 145 Van Houthem, Barons, arms, 82 Van Schorel, 163 Vane, arms, 171, 293 Varano, 83 Varenchon, 83 Varroux, arms, 82 Varry, tassy, 85; cuppy, 85
- 71. Varus, 79 Vase, 288 Vaughan, 169 Vavasseur, arms, 284 Veitch, arms, 207 Venus, 77 Vera, De, 83 Verden, 49 Verdon, arms, 149 Verdun, Alix de, 410 Vere, arms, 134, 296 Verelst, crest, 214 Veret, 83 Verhammes, 200 Vernon, motto, 451 Verona, 83, 163 Verre, 79 Verschobenes, 85 Vert, 70, 76, 90 Veruled, 292 Vervelled, 241 Vesci, de, Viscount, supporters, 433 Vesentina, 163 Vesili's, Andreas, 439 Vested, 170 Vestments, 5 Vice-Admiral, insignia of, 581 Vice-Connétable, insignia of, 582 Victoria, Queen, 41, 358, 361, 364, 421, 488, 496; seal, 475; Cross, 567; those entitled to the, insignia of, 584; Princess, label, 496, 497; and Albert, Order of, members of, insignia of, 584
- 72. Victorian Order, Royal, 567; insignia of, 584 Victory, 164 Viennois, Dauphin de, Charles, supporter, 411 Vigilance, 247, 286 Vine, 264 Virgil de Solis, 144 Virgin Mary, 159; lilies of the, 606 Virolled, 292 Visconti, arms, 257 Viscountess robe or mantle, 366; coronet, 366 Viscounts, robe or mantle of, 365, 367; coronet of, 365, 368 Visitations, mottoes in, 449 Vivian, crest, 166 Vohlin, arms, 411 Void, 73 Voiders, 150 Vol, 240 Volant, 34, 245; en arrière, 266 Volunteer Officer's Decoration, 568; insignia of, 584 Von, German, 68 Von Burtenback, Captain Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel), arms, 185 Von Dälffin, Grauff, arms, 254 Von Fronberg, Herr, 203 Von Lechsgemünd, Count Heinrich von, seal, 195 Von Pauli, 164 Vree, 84 Vulned, 187, 242
- 73. Vulture, 241 Vyner, Sir Robert, 358 Wade, crest, 217 Wake, knot, 469 Wakefield, crest, 217 Wakefield, town of, arms, 275 Waldeck-Pyrmont, Prince of, crests, 343 Waldegrave, arms of, 69; Lord, arms, 252 Wales, badge of, 38, 225, 457; Herald of, 33, 36; ruddy dragon of, 225; Prince of, 85, 254, 486; coronet, 363; badge, 225, 458; label, 497; mantling, 391, 392; Princess of, coronet, 363 Walker, arms, 281; Sir Edward, 358; Trustees, insignia of, 586 Walkinshaw, arms, 262 Wallenrodt, Counts, arms, 288 Waller, 112; arms, 266; crest, 263, 434; Sir Jonathan Wathen, supporters, 433; Richard, augmentation, 596 Wallop, 111 Walnut-leaves, 266; tree, 263 Walpole, 106 Walrond, arms, 207 Walsh, 86
- 74. Wands, 41 Wandsworth, 294 Wappen und Stammbuch, 185 Wappenbuch, 203, 224, 234 Wappencodex, 28 Wappenkönige, 40 Wappenrolle, von Zurich, 188 Warde-Aldam, arms, 114, 275 Wareham, arms, 275 Warnecke's, 176 Warren, 70; Sir John de, 521; William de, arms, 486; Mantling, 389 Warrington, town of, 174; arms, 288 Warwick, Lord, 458; Earls of, differences, 484; Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 541; Earl of, Waleran, 484; Earl of, Thomas, 484; and Albemarle, Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 540 Water, 88, 94; colour, 74, 76; bougets, 299 Waterford, supporters, 245; Earl of, 70; Marquess of, supporters, 433; city of, supporters, 439 Waterlow, arms, 298 Watermen and Lightermen's Livery Co., supporters, 439 Watkin, Bart., arms, 261 Watney, crest, 205 Watson-Taylor, supporters, 420
- 75. Wattled, 227, 246 Wave, vair, 81 Wavy, 91, 116; or undy, 94 Waye, arms, 119 Weasel, 215 Wechselfeh, 82 Weirwolf, 171, 229 Welby, Lord, 196 Weldon, Sir Anthony, 164 Wellington, Duke of, 541; Duke of, augmentation, 594 Wells, 294 Welsh dragon, 225; arms, 545 Were, arms, 290 West Riding, 56 Westbury, arms of, 188 Westcar, crest, 217 Westmeath, Earl of, supporters, 227, 438 Westminster, Dukes of, arms, 554; crest, 345; Marquess of, augmentation, 598; city of, arms, 554; Abbey, 284, 524, 543; Dean of, 585 Westphalia, 608; arms, 201 Westworth, arms, 296 Whale, 245, 253, 256 Whalley, arms, 245 Wharton, 292 Wheat, 278 Wheel, 302 Whelks, 256 Whitby, arms, 258
- 76. White, supposed to be, 78; ensign, 471; ermine spots, 78; label, 71; staff, 41 White-Thomson, arms, 270 Whitgreave, crest, 298; augmentation, 592 Widow, arms, 146, 533, 573 Wiergman, 164 Wife, impalements, 535, 536, 537, 538 Wigan, crest, 263, 295 Wilczek, Count Hans, 316 Wild cat, 195 Wildenvels, arms, 188 Wildmen, 433 Wildwerker, 83 Wilkinson, 256 Wilson, 196 William I., 15, 354, 355 William II., seal, 354 William III., 276, 596, 607 William IV., 412, 608; State Crown, 356 Williams, arms, 181 Williams-Drummond, Bart., supporters, 433 Willoughby, 282 Winchester, Bishops of, insignia of, 584; Dean of, 588; Earl of, 32, 148; Earl of, Seiher de Quincy, 147; Marquesses of, 379; Captain Peter, arms, 264 Windsor, 30, 31, 78, 149; badge of, 48;
- 77. Henry of, 469; Dean of, insignia of, 584; Herald, 37; Castle Bookplates, 183; Library, 372 Wingate, arms, 284 Winged, 286 Winged ape, 215; lions, 436; stags, 209 Winlaw, 255; motto, 451 Winnowing fans, 55 Winterstoke, Lord, supporters, 437 Winwick, 50 Wogenfeh, 81, 82 Wolf, 196 Wolf-hunter, Grand, insignia of, 581 Wolfe, 181, 541; crest, 298; Francis, 196, 592 Wolkenfeh, 81 Wolseley, arms, 204; Lord, 196, 204, 594 Wolverhampton, town of, arms, 284, 291 Woman, grant to a, 57, 62, 574; illegitimate, Royal Licence, 554; married, arms, 534 Wood, 165; late Sir Albert, 264; crests granted, 339; Sir William, 349 Woodbine-leaves, 266 Woodman, 433 Wood-pigeon, 244 Woodstock, borough of, arms, 264
- 78. Woodstock, De, 56; Thomas of, 494 Woodward, 14, 75, 80, 83, 85, 90, 136, 150, 162, 185, 188, 197, 200, 250, 253, 254, 255, 261, 318, 324, 343, 399, 405, 467, 469, 513, 514, 598; and Burnett, 69, 74, 94, 95, 407; arms, 261, 266 Woollan, 292 Woolpack, 5 Worcester, 78 Wordsworth, 287 Workes of Armorie, 489 Worms, Baron de, supporters, 444 Wortford, arms, 266 Wreath, 157 Wright, 126 Wriothesley, 41 Wursters, arms, 200 Wurtemburg, supporters, 187; Queen of, label, 498 Wyatt, arms, 287 Wylcote, Sir John, brass, 389 Wyndham, crest, 291 Wyndham-Campbell-Pleydell-Bouverie, crests, 348 Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 198 Wyon, 353 Wyvern, 186, 225, 226, 227; as supporters, 437, 438 Xantoigne, 34 Yacht, 294 Yarborough, Earl of, 205, 590;
- 79. badge, 288, 458; supporter, 437 Yarmouth, 525; arms, 182 Yeates, 255 Yeatman-Biggs, arms, 141 Yellow, 70 Yerburgh, crest, 242 Yeropkin, 250 Yockney, arms, 266 Yonge, crest, 222 York, 588; Archbishop of, 127; arms, 297, 601, 602; pallium, 583; Cardinal, 359; Herald, 37; badge of, 48; Duke of, 37, 488; Duke of, label, 498; Duke of (Edward), seal, 466; blazing sun of, badge, 468; white rose of, badge, 468; and Lancaster, badges, 468 Yorke, 112; crest, 215 Youghal, Provosts of, seal, 525 Young, Sir Charles, crest, 226, 348 Zachary, 514 Zebra, 217, 438 Zobel, 77 Zoë, Queen, 351 Zorke, 112 Zorn, crests, 344 Zug, supporters, 409
- 81. THE END Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson Co. Edinburgh London NOTES [1] Norreys and Surreis, that service aught the kyng, With horse and harneis at Carlele, made samning. See Langtoft's Chronicle treating of the Wars of Edward I. against the Scots. Bot Sir John de Waleis taken was, in a pleyne, Throgh Spring of Norreis men that were certeyn. Ibid., Australes se Norensibus opposuerunt. M. Oaris, under the year 1237. [2] Robertson's Index to Missing Charters. [3] Here lieth Sir John D'Aubernoun, knight. On his soul may God have mercy. [4] Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, by C. T. Davis. London: Phillimore Co., 1899. [5] The arms are quoted by Mr. Davis from Bigland's Gloucestershire, p. 539. [6] The arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie: Parted per bend sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bendwise argent. Mantling gules doubled argent; and upon a wreath
- 82. of the liveries is set for crest, an arm holding an Imperial crown proper; and in an escroll over the same, this motto, Corde et animo. Matriculated in Lyon Office circa 1672. [7] Armorial bearings of Sir Henry Seymour King, K.C.I.E.: Quarterly, argent and azure, in the second and third quarters a quatrefoil of the first, over all a bend barry of six of the second, charged with a quatrefoil also of the first, and gules. [8] Armorial bearings of William Warde-Aldam, Esq.: Quarterly, 1 and 4, party per fesse azure and ermine, in the sinister chief and dexter base an eagle displayed or, in the dexter canton issuant towards the sinister base seven rays, the centre one gold, the others argent (for Aldam); 2 and 3 (for Warde). [9] Armorial bearings of Isham: Gules, a fesse wavy, and in chief three piles in point also wavy, the points meeting in fesse argent. [10] Collectanea, ed. 1774, ii. 611. [11] In M. Victor Bouton's edition of the Armorial de Gelre (Paris 1881) the bonnet is described as a mount. [12] Arms of Rutherglen: Argent, in a sea proper an ancient galley sable, flagged gules, therein two men proper, one rowing, the other furling the sail. Above the shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, doubled argent; and on a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, a demi-figure of the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in her arms proper; and on a compartment below the shield, on which is an escroll containing this motto, Ex fumo fama, are placed for supporters, two angels proper, winged or.
- 83. [13] Arms of Sandwich: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions passant guardant or, conjoined to the hulks of as many ships argent. [14] Arms of Hastings: Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant guardant or, between in chief and in base a lion passant guardant or, dimidiated with the hulk of a ship argent. [15] Arms of Ramsgate: Quarterly gules and azure, a cross parted and fretty argent between a horse rampant of the last in the first quarter, a demi-lion passant guardant of the third conjoined to the hulk of a ship or in the second, a dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a lymphad also or in the fourth. Crest: a naval crown or, a pier-head, thereon a lighthouse, both proper. Motto: Salus naufragis salus ægris. [16] Arms of Yarmouth: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions passant guardant or, conjoined to the bodies of as many herrings argent. Motto: Rex et nostra jura. [17] Armorial bearings of Dodge: Barry of six or and sable, on a pale gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of milk proper. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, collared, maned, and finned or. [18] Armorial bearings of James Joseph Louis Ratton, Esq.: Azure, in base the sea argent, and thereon a tunny sable, on a chief of the second a rat passant of the third. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, an ibex statant guardant proper, charged on the body with two fleurs-de-lis fesswise azure, and resting the dexter foreleg on a shield argent charged with a passion cross sable. Motto: In Deo spero.
- 84. [19] Upon a wreath of the colours, from a plume of five ostrich feathers or, gules, azure, vert, and argent, a falcon rising of the last; with the motto, Malo mori quam fœdari. [20] Armorial bearings of Peebles (official blazon): Gules, three salmon naiant in pale, the centre towards the dexter, the others towards the sinister. Motto: Contra nando incrementum. [21] Arms of Accrington: Gules, on a fess argent, a shuttle fesswise proper, in base two printing cylinders, issuant therefrom a piece of calico (parsley pattern) also proper, on a chief per pale or and vert, a lion rampant purpure and a stag current or; and for the crest, an oak-branch bent chevronwise, sprouting and leaved proper, fructed or. Motto: Industry and prudence conquer. [22] Out of a ducal coronet gules, a lion's head ermine (Nicholson). [23] Crest of Bentinck: Out of a marquess's coronet proper, two arms counter-embowed, vested gules, on the hands gloves or, and in each hand an ostrich feather argent. [24] Plate XI. Fig. 10, Laing's Catalogue, No. 29. At each side of the King's seated figure on the counter-seal of Robert II. (1386) the arms of Scotland are supported from behind by a skeleton within an embattled buttress (Catalogue, No. 34). [25] Armorial bearings of William Speke, Esq.: Argent, two bars azure, over all an eagle displayed with two heads gules, and as an honourable augmentation (granted by Royal Licence, dated July 26, 1867, to commemorate the discoveries of the said John Hanning Speke), a chief azure, thereon a representation of flowing water proper, superinscribed with the word Nile in letters gold. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with
- 85. a mantling azure and argent; and for his crests: 1. (of honourable augmentation) upon a wreath of the colours, a crocodile proper; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a porcupine proper; and as a further augmentation for supporters (granted by Royal Licence as above to the said William Speke, Esq., for and during his life)—on the dexter side, a crocodile; and on the sinister side, a hippopotamus, both proper; with the motto, Super æthera virtus. [26] Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a mount in base vert an oak-tree proper, the stem at the base thereof surmounted by a salmon on its back also proper, with a signet-ring in its mouth or, on the top of the tree a redbreast, and in the sinister fess point an ancient hand-bell, both also proper. Above this shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, the half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a crosier, all proper. On a compartment below the shield are placed for supporters, two salmon proper, each holding in its mouth a signet-ring or, and in an escroll entwined with the compartment this motto, Let Glasgow flourish. [27] Supporters of Lord Hawke: Dexter, Neptune, his mantle of a sea-green colour, edged argent, crowned with an Eastern coronet or, his dexter arm erect, darting downwards his trident sable, headed silver, resting his sinister foot on a dolphin, also sable; sinister a sea-horse or, sustaining in his forefins a banner argent the staff broken proper. [28] Arms of Boston: Sable, three coronets composed of crosses patté and fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A woolpack charged with a ram couchant all proper, ducally crowned azure.
- 86. [29] The caltrap was an instrument thrown on the ground to injure the feet of horses, and consisted of four iron spikes, of which one always pointed upwards. [30] Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy. [31] Gutté-de-poix. CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED ORIGINAL Page 6. herald (κηρυξ) corrected from herald (κηργξ) Page 47. The reverse exhibits the arms of the Office of Ulster corrected from The reserve exhibits ... Page 327. Then it was found that corrected from Then it was found than Page 482. the bearer was not the person chiefly entitled corrected from the hearer ... Index Layland-Barratt corrected from Llanday-Burratt to match text, and placed in correct sequence
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