C programming tutorial
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This document provides an overview of C programming, including getting started, keywords, identifiers, variables, constants, and data types. It explains that C is an efficient programming language widely used for system and application software. It also covers the basics of compilers, keywords, variables, constants, and different data types like integers, floats, characters, and more. The document is intended for beginners to provide a solid foundation of C programming concepts.
![C Programming Tutorial
C programming is a popular computer programming language which is widely used for system and application
software. Despite being fairly old programming language, C programming is widely used because of its
efficiency and control. This tutorial is intended for beginners who does not have any prior knowledge or have
very little knowledge of computer programming. All basic features of C programming language are included in
detail with explanation and output to give you solid platform to understand C programming.
Getting Started With C..
In order to run a C program, you need a compiler. Compiler change source code(code written by programmer)
to object code(code that computer understands) and creates executable file. There are many free and
professional compilers available. For the sake of this course, GNU GCC compiler is used. All the examples in
this course are tested and verified in GNU GCC compiler.
C Programming Keywords and Identifiers
Character set
Character set are the set of alphabets, letters and some special characters that are valid in C language.
Alphabets:
Uppercase: A B C .................................... X Y Z
Lowercase: a b c ...................................... x y z
Digits:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Special Characters:
Special Characters in C language
, < > . _ ( ) ; $ : % [ ] # ?
' & { } " ^ ! * / | - ~ +
White space Characters:
Blank space, new line, horizontal tab, carriage return and form feed
Keywords:
Keywords are the reserved words used in programming. Each keywords has fixed meaning and that cannot be
changed by user. For example:
int money;
Here, int is a keyword that indicates, 'money' is of type integer.
As, C programming is case sensitive, all keywords must be written in lowercase. Here is the list of all keywords
predefined by ASCII C.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-1-320.jpg)
![All source codes above displays the same output.
Output
Enter two integers: 14
35
HCF of 14 and 35 is 7
C Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd
Numbers perfectly divisible by 2 are known even numbers and numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called
odd numbers.
This program takes an integer from user and checks whether that number is even or odd and displays the result.
Source Code to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd
/*C program to check whether a number entered by user is even or odd. */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int num;
printf("Enter an integer you want to check: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
if((num%2)==0) /* Checking whether remainder is 0 or not. */
printf("%d is even.",num);
else
printf("%d is odd.",num);
return 0;
}
Output 1
Enter an integer you want to check: 25
25 is odd.
Output 2
Enter an integer you want to check: 12
12 is even.
In this program, user is asked to enter an integer which is stored in variable num. Then, the remainder is found
when that number is divided by 2 and checked whether remainder is 0 or not. If remainder is 0 then, that
number is even otherwise that number is odd. This task is performed using if...else statement in C programming
and the result is displayed accordingly.
This program also can be solved using conditional operator[ ?: ] which is the shorthand notation for if...else
statement.
/* C program to check whether an integer is odd or even using conditional operator */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int num;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-41-320.jpg)
![case '-':
printf("%.1f - %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2);
break;
case '*':
printf("%.1f * %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2);
break;
case '/':
printf("%.1f / %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2);
break;
default:
/* If operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown */
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
break;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter operator either + or - or * or divide : -
Enter two operands: 3.4
8.4
3.4 - 8.4 = -5.0
Explanation
This program takes an operator and two operands from user. The operator is stored in variable operator and two
operands are stored in num1 and num2 respectively. Then, switch...case statement is used for checking the
operator entered by user. If user enters + then, statements for case: '+' is executed and program is terminated. If
user enters - then, statements for case: '-' is executed and program is terminated. This program works similarly
for * and / operator. But, if the operator doesn't
matches any of the four character [ +, -, * and / ], default statement is executed which displays error message.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-64-320.jpg)
![This program takes a sentence from user and reverses that sentence using recursion. This program does not use
string to reverse the sentence or store the sentence.
Source code to reverse a sentence using recursion.
/* Example to reverse a sentence entered by user without using strings. */
#include <stdio.h>
void Reverse();
int main()
{
printf("Enter a sentence: ");
Reverse();
return 0;
}
void Reverse()
{
char c;
scanf("%c",&c);
if( c != 'n')
{
Reverse();
printf("%c",c);
}
}
Output
Enter a sentence: margorp emosewa
awesome program
Explanation
This program prints "Enter a sentence: " then, Reverse() function is called. This function stores the first letter
entered by user and stores in variable c. If that variable is other than 'n' [ enter character] then, again Reverse()
function is called. Don't assume this Reverse() function and the Reverse() function before is same although they
both have same name. Also, the variables are also different, i.e., c variable in both functions are also different.
Then, the second character is stored in variable c of second Reverse function. This process goes on until user
enters 'n'. When, user enters 'n', the last function Reverse() function returns to second last Reverse() function
and prints the last character. Second last Reverse() function returns to the third last Reverse() function and
prints second last character. This process goes on and the final output will be the reversed sentence.
C program to Calculate the Power of a Number Using Recursion
This program takes two integers from user ( base number and a exponent) and calculates the power. Instead of
using loops to calculate power, this program uses recursion to calculate the power of a number.
Source code to calculate power using recursion
/* Source Code to calculate power using recursive function */
#include <stdio.h>
int power(int n1,int n2);
int main()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-76-320.jpg)
![if(n!=0)
return n+add(n-1); /* recursive call */
}
Output
Enter an positive integer: 10
Sum = 210
C Programming Arrays
In C programming, one of the frequently arising problem is to handle similar types of data. For example: If the
user want to store marks of 100 students. This can be done by creating 100 variable individually but, this
process is rather tedious and impracticable. These type of problem can be handled in C programming using
arrays.
An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous value(same type).
Arrays are of two types:
1. One-dimensional arrays
2. Multidimensional arrays( will be discussed in next chapter )
Declaration of one-dimensional array
data_type array_name[array_size];
For example:
int age[5];
Here, the name of array is age. The size of array is 5,i.e., there are 5 items(elements) of array age. All element
in an array are of the same type (int, in this case).
Array elements
Size of array defines the number of elements in an array. Each element of array can be accessed and used by
user according to the need of program. For example:
int age[5];
Note that, the first element is numbered 0 and so on.
Here, the size of array age is 5 times the size of int because there are 5 elements.
Suppose, the starting address of age[0] is 2120d and the size of int be 4 bytes. Then, the next address (address
of a[1]) will be 2124d, address of a[2] will be 2128d and so on.
Initialization of one-dimensional array:
Arrays can be initialized at declaration time in this source code as:
int age[5]={2,4,34,3,4};
It is not necessary to define the size of arrays during initialization.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-86-320.jpg)
![int age[]={2,4,34,3,4};
In this case, the compiler determines the size of array by calculating the number of elements of an array.
Accessing array elements
In C programming, arrays can be accessed and treated like variables in C.
For example:
scanf("%d",&age[2]);
/* statement to insert value in the third element of array age[]. */
scanf("%d",&age[i]);
/* Statement to insert value in (i+1)th element of array age[]. */
/* Because, the first element of array is age[0], second is age[1], ith is age[i-1] and (i+1)th is age[i]. */
printf("%d",age[0]);
/* statement to print first element of an array. */
printf("%d",age[i]);
/* statement to print (i+1)th element of an array. */
Example of array in C programming
/* C program to find the sum marks of n students using arrays */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int marks[10],i,n,sum=0;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i){
printf("Enter marks of student%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&marks[i]);
sum+=marks[i];
}
printf("Sum= %d",sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter number of students: 3
Enter marks of student1: 12
Enter marks of student2: 31
Enter marks of student3: 2
sum=45](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-87-320.jpg)
![Important thing to remember in C arrays
Suppose, you declared the array of 10 students. For example: arr[10]. You can use array members from arr[0]
to arr[9]. But, what if you want to use element arr[10], arr[13] etc. Compiler may not show error using these
elements but, may cause fatal error during program execution.
C Programming Multidimensional Arrays
C programming language allows programmer to create arrays of arrays known as multidimensional arrays. For
example:
float a[2][6];
Here, a is an array of two dimension, which is an example of multidimensional array. This array has 2 rows and
6 columns
For better understanding of multidimensional arrays, array elements of above example can be thinked of as
below:
Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays
In C, multidimensional arrays can be initialized in different number of ways.
int c[2][3]={{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}};
OR
int c[][3]={{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}};
OR
int c[2][3]={1,3,0,-1,5,9};
Initialization Of three-dimensional Array
double cprogram[3][2][4]={
{{-0.1, 0.22, 0.3, 4.3}, {2.3, 4.7, -0.9, 2}},
{{0.9, 3.6, 4.5, 4}, {1.2, 2.4, 0.22, -1}},
{{8.2, 3.12, 34.2, 0.1}, {2.1, 3.2, 4.3, -2.0}}
};
Suppose there is a multidimensional array arr[i][j][k][m]. Then this array can hold i*j*k*m numbers of data.
Similarly, the array of any dimension can be initialized in C programming.
Example of Multidimensional Array In C
Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of order 2*2 using multidimensional arrays where,
elements of matrix are entered by user.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-88-320.jpg)
![float a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2];
int i,j;
printf("Enter the elements of 1st matrixn");
/* Reading two dimensional Array with the help of two for loop. If there was an array of 'n' dimension, 'n'
numbers of loops are needed for inserting data to array.*/
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j){
printf("Enter a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%f",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter the elements of 2nd matrixn");
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j){
printf("Enter b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%f",&b[i][j]);
}
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j){
/* Writing the elements of multidimensional array using loop. */
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; /* Sum of corresponding elements of two arrays. */
}
printf("nSum Of Matrix:");
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j){
printf("%.1ft",c[i][j]);
if(j==1) /* To display matrix sum in order. */
printf("n");
}
return 0;
}
Ouput
Enter the elements of 1st matrix
Enter a11: 2;
Enter a12: 0.5;
Enter a21: -1.1;
Enter a22: 2;
Enter the elements of 2nd matrix
Enter b11: 0.2;
Enter b12: 0;
Enter b21: 0.23;
Enter b22: 23;
Sum Of Matrix:
2.2 0.5
-0.9 25.0
C Programming Arrays and Functions
In C programming, a single array element or an entire array can be passed to a function. Also, both one-
dimensional and multi-dimensional array can be passed to function as argument.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-89-320.jpg)
![Passing One-dimensional Array In Function
C program to pass a single element of an array to function
#include <stdio.h>
void display(int a)
{
printf("%d",a);
}
int main(){
int c[]={2,3,4};
display(c[2]); //Passing array element c[2] only.
return 0;
}
Output
4
Single element of an array can be passed in similar manner as passing variable to a function.
Passing entire one-dimensional array to a function
While passing arrays to the argument, the name of the array is passed as an argument(,i.e, starting address of
memory area is passed as argument).
Write a C program to pass an array containing age of person to a function. This function should find
average age and display the average age in main function.
#include <stdio.h>
float average(float a[]);
int main(){
float avg, c[]={23.4, 55, 22.6, 3, 40.5, 18};
avg=average(c); /* Only name of array is passed as argument. */
printf("Average age=%.2f",avg);
return 0;
}
float average(float a[]){
int i;
float avg, sum=0.0;
for(i=0;i<6;++i){
sum+=a[i];
}
avg =(sum/6);
return avg;
}
Output
Average age=27.08
Passing Multi-dimensional Arrays to Function
To pass two-dimensional array to a function as an argument, starting address of memory area reserved is passed
as in one dimensional array](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-90-320.jpg)
![Example to pass two-dimensional arrays to function
#include
void Function(int c[2][2]);
int main(){
int c[2][2],i,j;
printf("Enter 4 numbers:n");
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j){
scanf("%d",&c[i][j]);
}
Function(c); /* passing multi-dimensional array to function */
return 0;
}
void Function(int c[2][2]){
/* Instead to above line, void Function(int c[][2]){ is also valid */
int i,j;
printf("Displaying:n");
for(i=0;i<2;++i)
for(j=0;j<2;++j)
printf("%dn",c[i][j]);
}
Output
Enter 4 numbers:
2
3
4
5
Displaying:
2
3
4
5
C Programming String
In C programming, array of character are called strings. A string is terminated by null character /0. For
example:
"c string tutorial"
Here, "c string tutorial" is a string. When, compiler encounters strings, it appends null character at the end of
string.
Declaration of strings
Strings are declared in C in similar manner as arrays. Only difference is that, strings are of char type.
char s[5];](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-91-320.jpg)
![Strings can also be declared using pointer.
char *p
Initialization of strings
In C, string can be initialized in different number of ways.
char c[]="abcd";
OR,
char c[5]="abcd";
OR,
char c[]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
OR;
char c[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
String can also be initialized using pointers
char *c="abcd";
Reading Strings from user.
Reading words from user.
char c[20];
scanf("%s",c);
String variable c can only take a word. It is beacause when white space is encountered, the scanf() function
terminates.
Write a C program to illustrate how to read string from terminal.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[20];
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Your name is %s.",name);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter name: Dennis Ritchie
Your name is Dennis.
Here, program will ignore Ritchie because, scanf() function takes only string before the white space.
Reading a line of text
C program to read line of text manually.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[30],ch;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-92-320.jpg)
![int i=0;
printf("Enter name: ");
while(ch!='n') // terminates if user hit enter
{
ch=getchar();
name[i]=ch;
i++;
}
name[i]='0'; // inserting null character at end
printf("Name: %s",name);
return 0;
}
This process to take string is tedious. There are predefined functions gets() and puts in C language to read and
display string respectively.
int main(){
char name[30];
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(name); //Function to read string from user.
printf("Name: ");
puts(name); //Function to display string.
return 0;
}
Both, the above program has same output below:
Output
Enter name: Tom Hanks
Name: Tom Hanks
Passing Strings to Functions
String can be passed to function in similar manner as arrays as, string is also an array. Learn more about passing
array to a function.
#include <stdio.h>
void Display(char ch[]);
int main(){
char c[50];
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(c);
Display(c); // Passing string c to function.
return 0;
}
void Display(char ch[]){
printf("String Output: ");
puts(ch);
}
Here, string c is passed from main() function to user-defined function Display(). In function declaration, ch[] is
the formal argument.
String handling functions
You can perform different type of string operations manually like: finding length of string,
concatenating(joining) two strings etc. But, for programmers ease, many library function are defined under](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-93-320.jpg)
![header file <string.h> to handle these commonly used talk in C programming. You will learn more about string
hadling function in next chapter.
String Manipulations In C Programming Using Library Functions
Strings are often needed to be manipulated by programmer according to the need of a problem. All string
manipulation can be done manually by the programmer but, this makes programming complex and large. To
solve this, the C supports a large number of string handling functions.
There are numerous functions defined in "string.h" header file. Few commonly used string handling functions
are discussed below:
Function Work of Function
strlen() Calculates the length of string
strcpy() Copies a string to another string
strcat() Concatenates(joins) two strings
strcmp() Compares two string
strlwr() Converts string to lowercase
strupr() Converts string to uppercase
Strings handling functions are defined under "string.h" header file, i.e, you have to include the code below to
run string handling functions.
#include <string.h>
gets() and puts()
Functions gets() and puts() are two string functions to take string input from user and display string respectively
as mentioned in previous chapter.
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[30];
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(name); //Function to read string from user.
printf("Name: ");
puts(name); //Function to display string.
return 0;
}
Though, gets() and puts() function handle string, both these functions are defined in "stdio.h" header file.
C Programming Array and Pointer Examples
This page contains examples and source code on arrays and pointers. To understand all program on this page,
you should have knowledge of following array and pointer topics:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-94-320.jpg)
![1. Arrays
2. Multi-dimensional Arrays
3. Pointers
4. Array and Pointer Relation
5. Call by Reference
6. Dynamic Memory Allocation
C Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays
This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user), stores data in an array and
calculates the average of those numbers.
Source Code to Calculate Average Using Arrays
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int n, i;
float num[100], sum=0.0, average;
printf("Enter the numbers of data: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
while (n>100 || n<=0)
{
printf("Error! number should in range of (1 to 100).n");
printf("Enter the number again: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
}
for(i=0; i<n; ++i)
{
printf("%d. Enter number: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&num[i]);
sum+=num[i];
}
average=sum/n;
printf("Average = %.2f",average);
return 0;
}
Output
This program calculates the average if the number of data are from 1 to 100. If user enters value of n above 100
or below 100 then, while loop is executed which asks user to enter value of n until it is between 1 and 100.
C Program to Find Largest Element of an Array](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-95-320.jpg)
![This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user) and stores data in an array.
Then, this program displays the largest element of that array using loops.
Source Code to Display Largest Element of an array
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int i,n;
float arr[100];
printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("n");
for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */
{
printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number to arr[0] */
{
if(arr[0]<arr[i]) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest element*/
arr[0]=arr[i];
}
printf("Largest element = %.2f",arr[0]);
return 0;
}
Output
Explanation
This program takes n number of elements from user and stores it in array arr[]. To find the largest element, the
first two elements of array are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. Then, the first and
third elements are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. This process continues until and
first and last elements are checked. After this process, the largest element of an array will be in arr[0] position.
C Program to Calculate Standard Deviation
This program calculates the standard deviation of individual series using arrays. If you don't know how to
calculate the standard deviation, visit this page.
In this program, elements of arrays are used for storing the data and this array is passed to function which
calculates standard deviation and finally the result(standard deviation) is displayed in main() function.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-96-320.jpg)
![Source Code to Calculate Standard Deviation by Passing it to Function
/* Source code to calculate standard deviation. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n);
int main()
{
int n, i;
float data[100];
printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(i=0; i<n; ++i)
scanf("%f",&data[i]);
printf("n");
printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n));
return 0;
}
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n)
{
float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0;
int i;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
{
mean+=data[i];
}
mean=mean/n;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean);
return sqrt(sum_deviation/n);
}
Output](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-97-320.jpg)
![C Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
This program asks user to enter two matrices and this program multiplies these two matrix and displays it. If
you don't know matrix multiplication, visit this page to learn, how two matrix can be multiplied.
Source code to multiply to matrix in C programming
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
/* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */
while (c1!=r2)
{
printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
}
/* Storing elements of first matrix. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-98-320.jpg)
![/* Storing elements of second matrix. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
/* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
/* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
/* Displaying the multiplication of two matrix. */
printf("nOutput Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("nn");
}
return 0;
}
Output](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-99-320.jpg)
![In this program, user is asked to enter the size of two matrix at first. The column of first matrix should be equal
to row of second matrix for multiplication. If this condition is not satisfied then, the size of matrix is again
asked using while loop. Then, user is asked to enter two matrix and finally the output of two matrix is
calculated and displayed.
This program is little bit larger and it is better to solve this program by passing it to a function. Visit this page to
learn about multiplying matrices by passing arrays to a function.
C Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix
This program asks user to enter a matrix (size of matrix is specified by user) and this program finds the
transpose of that matrix and displays it.
Source Code to Find Transpose of a Matrix
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i, j;
printf("Enter rows and column of matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r, &c);
/* Storing element of matrix entered by user in array a[][]. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
/* Displaying the matrix a[][] */
printf("nEntered Matrix: n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-100-320.jpg)
![for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
if(j==c-1)
printf("nn");
}
/* Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it in array trans[][]. */
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
trans[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
/* Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array trans[][]. */
printf("nTranspose of Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<c; ++i)
for(j=0; j<r; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",trans[i][j]);
if(j==r-1)
printf("nn");
}
return 0;
}
Output
C Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to Function](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-101-320.jpg)
![This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the
elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result. To perform this task three
functions are made:
1. To takes matrix elements from user
2. To multiply two matrix
3. To display the resultant matrix after multiplication
Source Code to Multiply Matrix by Passing it to a Function
#include <stdio.h>
void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2);
void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2);
void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2);
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
/* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */
while (c1!=r2)
{
printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
}
take_data(a,b,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to take matices data */
multiplication(a,b,mult,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to multiply two matrices. */
display(mult,r1,c2); /* Function to display resultant matrix after multiplication. */
return 0;
}
void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2)
{
int i,j;
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-102-320.jpg)
![printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2)
{
int i,j,k;
/* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
/* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2)
{
int i, j;
printf("nOutput Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("nn");
}
}
Output](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-103-320.jpg)
![Here, there are 5 elements to the sorted. So, there are 4 steps.
Program To Sort Elements using Bubble Sort Algorithm
/*C Program To Sort data in ascending order using bubble sort.*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int data[100],i,n,step,temp;
printf("Enter the number of elements to be sorted: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("%d. Enter element: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&data[i]);
}
for(step=0;step<n-1;++step)
for(i=0;i<n-step-1;++i)
{
if(data[i]>data[i+1]) /* To sort in descending order, change > to < in this line. */
{
temp=data[i];
data[i]=data[i+1];
data[i+1]=temp;
}
}
printf("In ascending order: ");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
printf("%d ",data[i]);
return 0;
}
Enter the number of elements to be sorted: 6
1. Enter element: 12
2. Enter element: 3
3. Enter element: 0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-105-320.jpg)
![4. Enter element: -3
5. Enter element: 1
6. Enter element: -9
In ascending order: -9 -3 0 1 3 13
Note: Though this code is in C programming, this technique can be applied in any programming to sort
elements of an array.
Though bubble sort algorithm is quite popular, there are many other better algorithm than bubble sort.
Specially, bubble sort should be used to sort large data if performance matters in that program.
C Program to Access Elements of an Array Using Pointer
This program declares the array of five element and the elements of that array are accessed using pointer.
Source Code to Access Array Elements Using Pointer
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int data[5], i;
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
scanf("%d",data+i);
printf("You entered: ");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
printf("%dn",*(data+i));
return 0;
}
Output
Enter elements: 1
2
3
5
4
You entered: 1
2
3
5
4
C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference
This program takes three enters from user which is stored in variable a, b and c respectively. Then, these
variables are passed to function using call by reference. This function swaps the value of these elements in
cyclic order.
C Program to Swap Elements Using Call by Reference
#include<stdio.h>
void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c);
int main(){
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter value of a, b and c respectively: ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-106-320.jpg)
![}
for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number at address data */
{
if(*data<*(data+i)) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest number */
*data=*(data+i);
}
printf("Largest element = %.2f",*data);
return 0;
}
Output
String Examples in C Programming
This page contains examples and source code on strings in C programming. To understand all the example on
this page, you should have basic knowledge of string, passing string to function and few commonly used
standard library functions to manipulate strings.
C Program to Find the Frequency of Characters in a String
This program asks user to enter a string and a character and this program checks how many times that character
is repeated in the string entered by user.
Source Code to Find the Frequency of Characters
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char c[1000],ch;
int i,count=0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(c);
printf("Enter a characeter to find frequency: ");
scanf("%c",&ch);
for(i=0;c[i]!='0';++i)
{
if(ch==c[i])
++count;
}
printf("Frequency of %c = %d", ch, count);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-108-320.jpg)
![return 0;
}
Output
Enter a string: This website is awesome.
Enter a frequency to find frequency: e
Frequency of e = 4
C Program to Find the Number of Vowels, Consonants, Digits and White space in a String
This program takes a string from user and finds the total number of vowels, consonants, digits and white space
present in that string.
Source Code to Find Number of Vowels, Consonants, Digits and White Space Character
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char line[150];
int i,v,c,ch,d,s,o;
o=v=c=ch=d=s=0;
printf("Enter a line of string:n");
gets(line);
for(i=0;line[i]!='0';++i)
{
if(line[i]=='a' || line[i]=='e' || line[i]=='i' || line[i]=='o' || line[i]=='u' || line[i]=='A' || line[i]=='E' || line[i]=='I'
|| line[i]=='O' || line[i]=='U')
++v;
else if((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&& line[i]<='Z'))
++c;
else if(line[i]>='0'&&c<='9')
++d;
else if (line[i]==' ')
++s;
}
printf("Vowels: %d",v);
printf("nConsonants: %d",c);
printf("nDigits: %d",d);
printf("nWhite spaces: %d",s);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a line of string:
This program is easy 2 understand
Vowels: 9
Consonants: 18
Digits: 1
White spaces: 5
C Program to Reverse a String by Passing it to Function
This program asks user to enter a string. Then, that string is passed to a function which reverses the string and
finally the reversed string is displayed in the main( ) function.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-109-320.jpg)
![Source Code to Reverse String
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void Reverse(char str[]);
int main(){
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string to reverse: ");
gets(str);
Reverse(str);
printf("Reversed string: ");
puts(str);
return 0;
}
void Reverse(char str[]){
int i,j;
char temp[100];
for(i=strlen(str)-1,j=0; i+1!=0; --i,++j)
{
temp[j]=str[i];
}
temp[j]='0';
strcpy(str,temp);
}
Output
Enter a string to reverse: zimargorp
Reversed string: programiz
To solve this problem, two standard library functions strlen() and strcpy() are used to calculate length and to
copy string respectively.
C Program to Find the Length of a String
You can use standard library function strlen( ) to find the length of a string but, this program computes the
length of a string manually without using strlen( ) funtion.
Source Code to Calculated Length without Using strlen() Function
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s[1000],i;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s",s);
for(i=0; s[i]!='0'; ++i);
printf("Length of string: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a string: Programiz
Length of string: 9
This program asks user to enter a string and computes the length of string manually using for loop.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-110-320.jpg)
![C program to Concatenate Two Strings
You can concatenate two strings easily using standard library function strcat( ) but, this program concatenates
two strings manually without using strcat( ) function.
Source Code to Concatenate Two Strings Manually
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s1[100], s2[100], i, j;
printf("Enter first string: ");
scanf("%s",s1);
printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf("%s",s2);
for(i=0; s1[i]!='0'; ++i); /* i contains length of string s1. */
for(j=0; s2[j]!='0'; ++j, ++i)
{
s1[i]=s2[j];
}
s1[i]='0';
printf("After concatenation: %s",s1);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter first string: lol
Enter second string: :)
After concatenation: lol:)
C Program to Copy a String
You can use the strcpy( ) function to copy the content of one string to another but, this program copies the
content of one string to another manually without using strcpy( ) function.
Source Code to Copy String Manually
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s1[100], s2[100], i;
printf("Enter string s1: ");
scanf("%s",s1);
for(i=0; s1[i]!='0'; ++i)
{
s2[i]=s1[i];
}
s2[i]='0';
printf("String s2: %s",s2);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter String s1: programiz
String s2: programiz](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-111-320.jpg)
![This above program copies the content of string s1 to string s2 manually.
C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabet
This program takes a strings from user and removes all characters in that string except alphabets.
Source Code to Remove Characters in String Except Alphabets
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char line[150];
int i,j;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(line);
for(i=0; line[i]!='0'; ++i)
{
while (!((line[i]>='a'&&line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&&line[i]<='Z' || line[i]=='0')))
{
for(j=i;line[j]!='0';++j)
{
line[j]=line[j+1];
}
line[j]='0';
}
}
printf("Output String: ");
puts(line);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a string: p2'r"o@gram84iz./
Output String: programiz
This program takes a string from user and for loop executed until all characters of string is checked. If any
character inside a string is not a alphabet, all characters after it including null character is shifted by 1 position
backwards.
C Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary Order)
This program takes 10 words from user and sorts elements in lexicographical order. To perform this task, two
dimensional string is used.
Source Code to Sort Words in Dictionary Order
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
int i,j;
char str[10][50],temp[50];
printf("Enter 10 words:n");
for(i=0;i<10;++i)
gets(str[i]);
for(i=0;i<9;++i)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-112-320.jpg)
![for(j=i+1;j<10 ;++j){
if(strcmp(str[i],str[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,str[i]);
strcpy(str[i],str[j]);
strcpy(str[j],temp);
}
}
printf("In lexicographical order: n");
for(i=0;i<10;++i){
puts(str[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
C Program to Change Decimal to Hexadecimal Number and Vice Versa
This program converts either hexadecimal number entered by user to decimal number or decimal number
entered by user to hexadecimal number in accordance with the character entered by user.
Source Code to Decimal to Hexadecimal Number and Hexadecimal to Decimal
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
void decimal_hex(int n, char hex[]);
int hex_decimal(char hex[]);
int main()
{
char hex[20],c;
int n;
printf("Instructions:n");
printf("Enter h to convert decimal to hexadecimal:n");
printf("Enter d to hexadecimal number to decimal:n");
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-113-320.jpg)
![if (c=='h' || c=='H')
{
printf("Enter decimal number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
decimal_hex(n,hex);
printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex);
}
if (c=='d' || c=='D')
{
printf("Enter hexadecimal number: ");
scanf("%s",hex);
printf("Decimal number: %d",hex_decimal(hex));
}
return 0;
}
void decimal_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert decimal to hexadecimal. */
{
int i=0,rem;
while (n!=0)
{
rem=n%16;
switch(rem)
{
case 10:
hex[i]='A';
break;
case 11:
hex[i]='B';
break;
case 12:
hex[i]='C';
break;
case 13:
hex[i]='D';
break;
case 14:
hex[i]='E';
break;
case 15:
hex[i]='F';
break;
default:
hex[i]=rem+'0';
break;
}
++i;
n/=16;
}
hex[i]='0';
strrev(hex); /* Reverse string */
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-114-320.jpg)
![int hex_decimal(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to decimal. */
{
int i, length, sum=0;
for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length);
for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length)
{
if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9')
sum+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F')
sum+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f')
sum+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1);
}
return sum;
}
Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own.
Output
This program asks user to enter alphabet 'd' to convert hexadecimal number to binary or alphabet 'h' to convert
decimal number to hexadecimal number. In accordance with the character entered, user is asked to enter either
hexadecimal value to convert to decimal or decimal value to convert to hexadecimal.
To perform conversion, two functions are made decimal_hex(); to convert decimal to hexadecimal and
hex_decimal(); to convert hexadecimal to decimal. Hexadecimal number entered by user is passed to
hex_decimal() and this function computes the decimal value of that hexadecimal number. Similarly, decimal
number is passed to function decimal_hex() and this function computes hexadecimal number of that decimal
number.
Displaying and Reading Hexadecimal Number using %x
In C programming, you can read hexadecimal number directly from user and display decimal in hexadecimal
directly using %x format string. This program will demonstrate the working of %x.
/* C program to take and display number in hexadecimal */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter a decimal number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
/* %x will display the integer in corresponding hexadecimal value */
printf("%d in decimal = %x in hexadecimal", n, n);
printf("nEnter an hexadecimal number: ");
scanf("%x",&n); /* Takes number in hexadecimal.*/
printf("%x in octal = %d in decimal", n, n);
return 0;
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-115-320.jpg)
![C Program to Convert Hexadecimal to Octal and Vice Versa
You can directly take octal value from user or display the given number in octal format using %o string format.
Similarly, you can directly takes hexadecimal value from user or display the number in hexadecimal format
using %x string. This can be demonstrated by an example:
/* C program to take and display number in hexadecimal format and octal format. */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an octal number: ");
scanf("%o",&n); /*Takes number in octal format. */
/* %o and %x will display the number is octal format and hexadecimal form respectively. */
printf("%o in octal = %x in hexadecimal", n, n);
printf("nEnter an hexadecimal number: ");
scanf("%x",&n); /* Takes number in hexadecimal format.*/
printf("%x in hexadecimal = %o in octal", n, n);
return 0;
}
Conversion from Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Octal Manually
This program converts either hexadecimal number entered by user to octal format or octal number entered by
user to hexadecimal format in accordance with the character entered by user.
Source Code to Convert Hexadecimal to Octal and Octal to Hexadecimal
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
void octal_hex(int n, char hex[]);
int hex_octal(char hex[]);
int main()
{
char hex[20],c;
int n;
printf("Instructions:n");
printf("Enter h to convert octal to hexadecimal:n");
printf("Enter o to hexadecimal number to octal:n");
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='h' || c=='H')
{
printf("Enter octal number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
octal_hex(n,hex);
printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex);
}
if (c=='o' || c=='O')
{
printf("Enter hexadecimal number: ");](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-116-320.jpg)
![scanf("%s",hex);
printf("Octal number: %d",hex_octal(hex));
}
return 0;
}
void octal_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert octal to hexadecimal. */
{
int i=0,decimal=0, rem;
while (n!=0)
{
rem = n%10;
n/=10;
decimal += rem*pow(8,i);
++i;
}
/* At this point, decimal contains the decimal value of given octal number. */
i=0;
while (decimal!=0)
{
rem=decimal%16;
switch(rem)
{
case 10:
hex[i]='A';
break;
case 11:
hex[i]='B';
break;
case 12:
hex[i]='C';
break;
case 13:
hex[i]='D';
break;
case 14:
hex[i]='E';
break;
case 15:
hex[i]='F';
break;
default:
hex[i]=rem+'0';
break;
}
++i;
decimal/=16;
}
hex[i]='0';
strrev(hex); /* Function to reverse string. */
}
int hex_octal(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to octal. */](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-117-320.jpg)
![{
int i, length, decimal=0, octal=0;
for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length);
for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length)
{
if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9')
decimal+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F')
decimal+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f')
decimal+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1);
}
/* At this point decimal contains the decimal value of given hexadecimal number. */
i=1;
while (decimal!=0)
{
octal+=(decimal%8)*i;
decimal/=8;
i*=10;
}
return octal;
}
Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own.
Output
This program asks user to enter a character and in accordance with that character user is asked to enter either
octal number or hexadecimal number to convert it. In this program, two user defined functions are defined:
octal_hex() to convert number in octal format to hexadecimal and hex_octal to convert number in hexadecimal
format to octal.
C Program to Convert Binary Number to Hexadecimal Vice Versa
This program converts either binary number entered by user to hexadecimal format or hexadecimal number
entered by user to binary format in accordance with the character entered by user.
Source Code to Convert Hexadecimal to Binary and Vice Versa
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
void binary_hex(int n, char hex[]);
int hex_binary(char hex[]);
int main()
{
char hex[20],c;
int n;
printf("Instructions:n");
printf("Enter h to convert binary to hexadecimal:n");](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-118-320.jpg)
![printf("Enter b to hexadecimal number to binary:n");
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c=='h' || c=='H')
{
printf("Enter binary number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
binary_hex(n,hex);
printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex);
}
if (c=='b' || c=='B')
{
printf("Enter hexadecimal number: ");
scanf("%s",hex);
printf("Binary number: %d",hex_binary(hex));
}
return 0;
}
void binary_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert binary to hexadecimal. */
{
int i=0,decimal=0, rem;
while (n!=0)
{
decimal += (n%10)*pow(2,i);
n/=10;
++i;
}
/* At this point, variable decimal contains binary number in decimal format. */
i=0;
while (decimal!=0)
{
rem=decimal%16;
switch(rem)
{
case 10:
hex[i]='A';
break;
case 11:
hex[i]='B';
break;
case 12:
hex[i]='C';
break;
case 13:
hex[i]='D';
break;
case 14:
hex[i]='E';
break;
case 15:
hex[i]='F';](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-119-320.jpg)
![break;
default:
hex[i]=rem+'0';
break;
}
++i;
decimal/=16;
}
hex[i]='0';
strrev(hex); /* Function to reverse string. */
}
int hex_binary(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to binary. */
{
int i, length, decimal=0, binary=0;
for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length);
for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length)
{
if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9')
decimal+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F')
decimal+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1);
if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f')
decimal+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1);
}
/* At this point, variable decimal contains the hexadecimal number in decimal format. */
i=1;
while (decimal!=0)
{
binary+=(decimal%2)*i;
decimal/=2;
i*=10;
}
return binary;
}
Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own.
Output
This program asks user to enter a character and in accordance with that character, user is asked to enter either
hexadecimal number or binary number to convert it. In this program, two user defined functions are defined:
binary_hex() to convert number in binary format to hexadecimal and hex_binary to convert number in
hexadecimal format to binary.
C Programming Pointers](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-120-320.jpg)
![Arrays are closely related to pointers in C programming but the important difference between them is that, a
pointer variable can take different addresses as value whereas, in case of array it is fixed. This can be
demonstrated by an example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char c[4];
int i;
for(i=0;i<4;++i){
printf("Address of c[%d]=%xn",i,&c[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Address of c[0]=28ff44
Address of c[1]=28ff45
Address of c[2]=28ff46
Address of c[3]=28ff47
Notice, that there is equal difference (difference of 1 byte) between any two consecutive elements of array.
Note: You may get different address of an array.
Relation between Arrays and Pointers
Consider and array:
int arr[4];
In arrays of C programming, name of the array always points to the first element of an array. Here, address of
first element of an array is &arr[0]. Also, arr represents the address of the pointer where it is pointing. Hence,
&arr[0] is equivalent to arr.
Also, value inside the address &arr[0] and address arr are equal. Value in address &arr[0] is arr[0] and value in
address arr is *arr. Hence, arr[0] is equivalent to *arr.
Similarly,
&a[1] is equivalent to (a+1) AND, a[1] is equivalent to *(a+1).
&a[2] is equivalent to (a+2) AND, a[2] is equivalent to *(a+2).
&a[3] is equivalent to (a+1) AND, a[3] is equivalent to *(a+3).
.
.
&a[i] is equivalent to (a+i) AND, a[i] is equivalent to *(a+i).
In C, you can declare an array and can use pointer to alter the data of an array.
//Program to find the sum of six numbers with arrays and pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-123-320.jpg)
![int i,class[6],sum=0;
printf("Enter 6 numbers:n");
for(i=0;i<6;++i){
scanf("%d",(class+i)); // (class+i) is equivalent to &class[i]
sum += *(class+i); // *(class+i) is equivalent to class[i]
}
printf("Sum=%d",sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter 6 numbers:
2
3
4
5
3
4
Sum=21
C Programming Pointers and Functions - Call by Reference
When, argument is passed using pointer, address of the memory location is passed instead of value.
Example of Pointer And Functions
Program to swap two number using call by reference.
/* C Program to swap two numbers using pointers and function. */
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *a,int *b);
int main(){
int num1=5,num2=10;
swap(&num1,&num2); /* address of num1 and num2 is passed to swap function */
printf("Number1 = %dn",num1);
printf("Number2 = %d",num2);
return 0;
}
void swap(int *a,int *b){ /* pointer a and b points to address of num1 and num2 respectively */
int temp;
temp=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=temp;
}
Output
Number1 = 10
Number2 = 5
Explanation
The address of memory location num1 and num2 are passed to function and the pointers *a and *b accept those
values. So, the pointer a and b points to address of num1 and num2 respectively. When, the value of pointer are
changed, the value in memory location also changed correspondingly. Hence, change made to *a and *b was
reflected in num1 and num2 in main function.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-124-320.jpg)
![float num[100], sum=0.0, average;
printf("Enter the numbers of data: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
while (n>100 || n<=0)
{
printf("Error! number should in range of (1 to 100).n");
printf("Enter the number again: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
}
for(i=0; i<n; ++i)
{
printf("%d. Enter number: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&num[i]);
sum+=num[i];
}
average=sum/n;
printf("Average = %.2f",average);
return 0;
}
Output
This program calculates the average if the number of data are from 1 to 100. If user enters value of n above 100
or below 100 then, while loop is executed which asks user to enter value of n until it is between 1 and 100.
C Program to Find Largest Element of an Array
This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user) and stores data in an array.
Then, this program displays the largest element of that array using loops.
Source Code to Display Largest Element of an array
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int i,n;
float arr[100];
printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("n");
for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */
{
printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&arr[i]);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-128-320.jpg)
![}
for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number to arr[0] */
{
if(arr[0]<arr[i]) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest element*/
arr[0]=arr[i];
}
printf("Largest element = %.2f",arr[0]);
return 0;
}
Output
Explanation
This program takes n number of elements from user and stores it in array arr[]. To find the largest element, the
first two elements of array are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. Then, the first and
third elements are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. This process continues until and
first and last elements are checked. After this process, the largest element of an array will be in arr[0] position.
C Program to Calculate Standard Deviation
This program calculates the standard deviation of individual series using arrays. If you don't know how to
calculate the standard deviation, visit this page.
In this program, elements of arrays are used for storing the data and this array is passed to function which
calculates standard deviation and finally the result(standard deviation) is displayed in main() function.
Source Code to Calculate Standard Deviation by Passing it to Function
/* Source code to calculate standard deviation. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n);
int main()
{
int n, i;
float data[100];
printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(i=0; i<n; ++i)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-129-320.jpg)
![scanf("%f",&data[i]);
printf("n");
printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n));
return 0;
}
float standard_deviation(float data[], int n)
{
float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0;
int i;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
{
mean+=data[i];
}
mean=mean/n;
for(i=0; i<n;++i)
sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean);
return sqrt(sum_deviation/n);
}
Output
C Program to Add Two Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arryas
This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the
elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result.
Source Code to Add Two Matrix in C programming
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int r,c,a[100][100],b[100][100],sum[100][100],i,j;
printf("Enter number of rows (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter number of columns (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d",&c);
printf("nEnter elements of 1st matrix:n");
/* Storing elements of first matrix entered by user. */
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-130-320.jpg)
![/* Storing elements of second matrix entered by user. */
printf("Enter elements of 2nd matrix:n");
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
/*Adding Two matrices */
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
sum[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
/* Displaying the resultant sum matrix. */
printf("nSum of two matrix is: nn");
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("%d ",sum[i][j]);
if(j==c-1)
printf("nn");
}
return 0;
}
Output
C Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
This program asks user to enter two matrices and this program multiplies these two matrix and displays it. If
you don't know matrix multiplication, visit this page to learn, how two matrix can be multiplied.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-131-320.jpg)
![Source code to multiply to matrix in C programming
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
/* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */
while (c1!=r2)
{
printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
}
/* Storing elements of first matrix. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
/* Storing elements of second matrix. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
/* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
/* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-132-320.jpg)
![/* Displaying the multiplication of two matrix. */
printf("nOutput Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("nn");
}
return 0;
}
Output
In this program, user is asked to enter the size of two matrix at first. The column of first matrix should be equal
to row of second matrix for multiplication. If this condition is not satisfied then, the size of matrix is again
asked using while loop. Then, user is asked to enter two matrix and finally the output of two matrix is
calculated and displayed.
This program is little bit larger and it is better to solve this program by passing it to a function. Visit this page to
learn about multiplying matrices by passing arrays to a function.
C Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix
This program asks user to enter a matrix (size of matrix is specified by user) and this program finds the
transpose of that matrix and displays it.
Source Code to Find Transpose of a Matrix
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i, j;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-133-320.jpg)
![printf("Enter rows and column of matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r, &c);
/* Storing element of matrix entered by user in array a[][]. */
printf("nEnter elements of matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
/* Displaying the matrix a[][] */
printf("nEntered Matrix: n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
if(j==c-1)
printf("nn");
}
/* Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it in array trans[][]. */
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
trans[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
/* Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array trans[][]. */
printf("nTranspose of Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<c; ++i)
for(j=0; j<r; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",trans[i][j]);
if(j==r-1)
printf("nn");
}
return 0;
}
Output](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-134-320.jpg)
![C Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to Function
This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the
elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result. To perform this task three
functions are made:
1. To takes matrix elements from user
2. To multiply two matrix
3. To display the resultant matrix after multiplication
Source Code to Multiply Matrix by Passing it to a Function
#include <stdio.h>
void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2);
void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2);
void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2);
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
/* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */
while (c1!=r2)
{
printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-135-320.jpg)
![printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
}
take_data(a,b,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to take matices data */
multiplication(a,b,mult,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to multiply two matrices. */
display(mult,r1,c2); /* Function to display resultant matrix after multiplication. */
return 0;
}
void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2)
{
int i,j;
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2)
{
int i,j,k;
/* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
/* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2)
{
int i, j;
printf("nOutput Matrix:n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-136-320.jpg)
![{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("nn");
}
}
Output
Bubble Sort Algorithm in Programming
Among variaous other sorting algorithm, bubble sort algorithm is one of the popular and frequently used
algorithm to sort elements either in ascending or descending order.
Bubble sort algorithm starts by comparing the first two elements of an array and swapping if necessary, i.e., if
you want to sort the elements of array in ascending order and if the first element is greater than second then,
you need to swap the elements but, if the first element is smaller than second, you mustn't swap the element.
Then, again second and third elements are compared and swapped if it is necessary and this process go on until
last and second last element is compared and swapped. This completes the first step of bubble sort.
If there are n elements to be sorted then, the process mentioned above should be repeated n-1 times to get
required result. But, for better performance, in second step, last and second last elements are not compared
becuase, the proper element is automatically placed at last after first step. Similarly, in third step, last and
second last and second last and third last elements are not compared and so on.
A figure is worth a thousand words so, acknowledge this figure for better understanding of bubble sort.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-137-320.jpg)
![Here, there are 5 elements to the sorted. So, there are 4 steps.
Program To Sort Elements using Bubble Sort Algorithm
/*C Program To Sort data in ascending order using bubble sort.*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int data[100],i,n,step,temp;
printf("Enter the number of elements to be sorted: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("%d. Enter element: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&data[i]);
}
for(step=0;step<n-1;++step)
for(i=0;i<n-step-1;++i)
{
if(data[i]>data[i+1]) /* To sort in descending order, change > to < in this line. */
{
temp=data[i];
data[i]=data[i+1];
data[i+1]=temp;
}
}
printf("In ascending order: ");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
printf("%d ",data[i]);
return 0;
}
Enter the number of elements to be sorted: 6
1. Enter element: 12
2. Enter element: 3
3. Enter element: 0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-138-320.jpg)
![4. Enter element: -3
5. Enter element: 1
6. Enter element: -9
In ascending order: -9 -3 0 1 3 13
Note: Though this code is in C programming, this technique can be applied in any programming to sort
elements of an array.
Though bubble sort algorithm is quite popular, there are many other better algorithm than bubble sort.
Specially, bubble sort should be used to sort large data if performance matters in that program.
C Program to Access Elements of an Array Using Pointer
This program declares the array of five element and the elements of that array are accessed using pointer.
Source Code to Access Array Elements Using Pointer
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int data[5], i;
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
scanf("%d",data+i);
printf("You entered: ");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
printf("%dn",*(data+i));
return 0;
}
Output
Enter elements: 1
2
3
5
4
You entered: 1
2
3
5
4
C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference
This program takes three enters from user which is stored in variable a, b and c respectively. Then, these
variables are passed to function using call by reference. This function swaps the value of these elements in
cyclic order.
C Program to Swap Elements Using Call by Reference
#include<stdio.h>
void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c);
int main(){
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter value of a, b and c respectively: ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-139-320.jpg)
![}
for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number at address data */
{
if(*data<*(data+i)) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest number */
*data=*(data+i);
}
printf("Largest element = %.2f",*data);
return 0;
}
Output
C Programming Structure
Structure is the collection of variables of different types under a single name for better handling. For example:
You want to store the information about person about his/her name, citizenship number and salary. You can
create these information separately but, better approach will be collection of these information under single
name because all these information are related to person.
Structure Definition in C
Keyword struct is used for creating a structure.
Syntax of structure
struct structure_name
{
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
.
.
data_type memeber;
};
We can create the structure for a person as mentioned above as:
struct person
{
char name[50];
int cit_no;
float salary;
};
This declaration above creates the derived data type struct person.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-141-320.jpg)
![Structure variable declaration
When a structure is defined, it creates a user-defined type but, no storage is allocated. For the above structure of
person, variable can be declared as:
struct person
{
char name[50];
int cit_no;
float salary;
};
Inside main function:
struct person p1, p2, p[20];
Another way of creating sturcture variable is:
struct person
{
char name[50];
int cit_no;
float salary;
}p1 ,p2 ,p[20];
In both cases, 2 variables p1, p2 and array p having 20 elements of type struct person are created.
Accessing members of a structure
There are two types of operators used for accessing members of a structure.
1. Member operator(.)
2. Structure pointer operator(->) (will be discussed in structure and pointers chapter)
Any member of a structure can be accessed as: structure_variable_name.member_name
Suppose, we want to access salary for variable p2. Then, it can be accessed as:
p2.salary
Example of structure
Write a C program to add two distances entered by user. Measurement of distance should be in inch and
feet.(Note: 12 inches = 1 foot)
#include <stdio.h>
struct Distance{
int feet;
float inch;
}d1,d2,sum;
int main(){
printf("1st distancen");
printf("Enter feet: ");
scanf("%d",&d1.feet); /* input of feet for structure variable d1 */
printf("Enter inch: ");
scanf("%f",&d1.inch); /* input of inch for structure variable d1 */
printf("2nd distancen");
printf("Enter feet: ");](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-142-320.jpg)
![struct name {
int a;
float b;
char c[30];
};
int main(){
struct name *ptr;
int i,n;
printf("Enter n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr=(struct name*)malloc(n*sizeof(struct name));
/* Above statement allocates the memory for n structures with pointer ptr pointing to base address */
for(i=0;i<n;++i){
printf("Enter string, integer and floating number respectively:n");
scanf("%s%d%f",&(ptr+i)->c,&(ptr+i)->a,&(ptr+i)->b);
}
printf("Displaying Infromation:n");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
printf("%st%dt%.2fn",(ptr+i)->c,(ptr+i)->a,(ptr+i)->b);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter n: 2
Enter string, integer and floating number respectively:
Programming
2
3.2
Enter string, integer and floating number respectively:
Structure
6
2.3
Displaying Information
Programming 2 3.20
Structure 6 2.30
C Programming Structure and Function
In C, structure can be passed to functions by two methods:
1. Passing by value (passing actual value as argument)
2. Passing by reference (passing address of an argument)
Passing structure by value
A structure variable can be passed to the function as an argument as normal variable. If structure is passed by
value, change made in structure variable in function definition does not reflect in original structure variable in
calling function.
Write a C program to create a structure student, containing name and roll. Ask user the name and roll of a
student in main function. Pass this structure to a function and display the information in that function.
#include <stdio.h>
struct student{
char name[50];](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-145-320.jpg)
![/*passing structure variables dist1 and dist2 by value whereas passing structure variable dist3 by reference */
printf("nSum of distances = %d'-%.1f"",dist3.feet, dist3.inch);
return 0;
}
void Add(struct distance d1,struct distance d2, struct distance *d3)
{
/* Adding distances d1 and d2 and storing it in d3 */
d3->feet=d1.feet+d2.feet;
d3->inch=d1.inch+d2.inch;
if (d3->inch>=12) { /* if inch is greater or equal to 12, converting it to feet. */
d3->inch-=12;
++d3->feet;
}
}
Output
First distance
Enter feet: 12
Enter inch: 6.8
Second distance
Enter feet: 5
Enter inch: 7.5
Sum of distances = 18'-2.3"
Explaination
In this program, structure variables dist1 and dist2 are passed by value (because value of dist1 and dist2 does
not need to be displayed in main function) and dist3 is passed by reference ,i.e, address of dist3 (&dist3) is
passed as an argument. Thus, the structure pointer variable d3 points to the address of dist3. If any change is
made in d3 variable, effect of it is seed in dist3 variable in main function.
C Programming Unions
Unions are quite similar to the structures in C. Union is also a derived type as structure. Union can be defined in
same manner as structures just the keyword used in defining union in union where keyword used in defining
structure was struct.
union car{
char name[50];
int price;
};
Union variables can be created in similar manner as structure variable.
union car{
char name[50];
int price;
}c1, c2, *c3;
OR;
union car{
char name[50];](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-147-320.jpg)
![int price;
};
-------Inside Function-----------
union car c1, c2, *c3;
In both cases, union variables c1, c2 and union pointer variable c3 of type union car is created.
Accessing members of an union
The member of unions can be accessed in similar manner as that structure. Suppose, we you want to access
price for union variable c1 in above example, it can be accessed as c1.price. If you want to access price for
union pointer variable c3, it can be accessed as (*c3).price or as c3->price.
Difference between union and structure
Though unions are similar to structure in so many ways, the difference between them is crucial to understand.
This can be demonstrated by this example:
#include <stdio.h>
union job { //defining a union
char name[32];
float salary;
int worker_no;
}u;
struct job1 {
char name[32];
float salary;
int worker_no;
}s;
int main(){
printf("size of union = %d",sizeof(u));
printf("nsize of structure = %d", sizeof(s));
return 0;
}
Output
size of union = 32
size of structure = 40
There is difference in memory allocation between union and structure as suggested in above example. The
amount of memory required to store a structure variables is the sum of memory size of all members.
But, the memory required to store a union variable is the memory required for largest element of an union.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-148-320.jpg)
![What difference does it make between structure and union?
As you know, all members of structure can be accessed at any time. But, only one member of union can be
accessed at a time in case of union and other members will contain garbage value.
#include <stdio.h>
union job {
char name[32];
float salary;
int worker_no;
}u;
int main(){
printf("Enter name:n");
scanf("%s",&u.name);
printf("Enter salary: n");
scanf("%f",&u.salary);
printf("DisplayingnName :%sn",u.name);
printf("Salary: %.1f",u.salary);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter name
Hillary
Enter salary
1234.23
Displaying
Name: f%Bary
Salary: 1234.2
Note: You may get different garbage value of name.
Why this output?
Initially, Hillary will be stored in u.name and other members of union will contain garbage value. But when
user enters value of salary, 1234.23 will be stored in u.salary and other members will contain garbage value.
Thus in output, salary is printed accurately but, name displays some random string.
Passing Union To a Function
Union can be passed in similar manner as structures in C programming. Visit this page to learn more about:
How structure can be passed to function in C programming?
C Programming Structure Examples](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-149-320.jpg)
![This page contains examples and source code on structures in C programming language. To understand all
examples in this page, you should have knowledge of following structure topics.
1. Structure Introduction
2. Structure and Pointers
3. Passing Structure to Function
C Program to Store Information(name, roll and marks) of a Student Using Structure
In this program, a structure(student) is created which contains name, roll and marks as its data member. Then, a
structure variable( s ) is created. Then, data (name, roll and marks) is taken from user and stored in data
members of structure variable s. Finally, the data entered by user is displayed.
C Program to Store Information of Single Variable
#include <stdio.h>
struct student{
char name[50];
int roll;
float marks;
};
int main(){
struct student s;
printf("Enter information of students:nn");
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",s.name);
printf("Enter roll number: ");
scanf("%d",&s.roll);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%f",&s.marks);
printf("nDisplaying Informationn");
printf("Name: %sn",s.name);
printf("Roll: %dn",s.roll);
printf("Marks: %.2fn",s.marks);
return 0;
}
Output
C Program to Add Two Distances (in inch-feet) System Using Structures
This program takes two distances in inch-feet system and stores in data members of two structure variables.
Then, this program calculates the sum of two distances and displays it.
Source code to add two distance using structure
#include <stdio.h>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-150-320.jpg)
![scanf("%d%d%d",&t2.hours,&t2.minutes,&t2.seconds);
Difference(t1,t2,&diff);
printf("nTIME DIFFERENCE: %d:%d:%d - ",t1.hours,t1.minutes,t1.seconds);
printf("%d:%d:%d ",t2.hours,t2.minutes,t2.seconds);
printf("= %d:%d:%dn",diff.hours,diff.minutes,diff.seconds);
return 0;
}
void Difference(struct TIME t1, struct TIME t2, struct TIME *differ){
if(t2.seconds>t1.seconds){
--t1.minutes;
t1.seconds+=60;
}
differ->seconds=t1.seconds-t2.seconds;
if(t2.minutes>t1.minutes){
--t1.hours;
t1.minutes+=60;
}
differ->minutes=t1.minutes-t2.minutes;
differ->hours=t1.hours-t2.hours;
}
Output
C Program to Store Information of 10 Students Using Structure
In this program, a structure(student) is created which contains name, roll and marks as its data member. Then,
an array of structure of 10 elements is created. Then, data(name, roll and marks) for 10 elements is asked to
user and stored in array of structure. Finally, the data entered by user is displayed.
Source Code to Store Information of 10 students Using Structure
#include <stdio.h>
struct student{
char name[50];
int roll;
float marks;
};
int main(){
struct student s[10];
int i;
printf("Enter information of students:n");
for(i=0;i<10;++i)
{
s[i].roll=i+1;
printf("nFor roll number %dn",s[i].roll);
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-153-320.jpg)
![printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%f",&s[i].marks);
printf("n");
}
printf("Displaying information of students:nn");
for(i=0;i<10;++i)
{
printf("nInformation for roll number %d:n",i+1);
printf("Name: ");
puts(s[i].name);
printf("Marks: %.1f",s[i].marks);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter information of students:
For roll number 1
Enter name: Tom
Enter marks: 98
For roll number 2
Enter name: Jerry
Enter marks: 89
.
.
.
Displaying information of students:
Information for roll number 1:
Name: Tom
Marks: 98
.
.
.
C Program to Store Information Using Structures for n Elements Dynamically
This program asks user to store the value of n and allocates the memory for the n structure variable dynamically
using malloc() function.
Source Code Demonstrate the Dynamic Memory Allocation for Structure
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct name {
int a;
char c[30];
};
int main(){
struct name *ptr;
int i,n;
printf("Enter n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-154-320.jpg)
![Opening modes of binary files
Opening modes of binary files are rb, rb+, wb, wb+,ab and ab+. The only difference between opening modes of
text and binary files is that, b is appended to indicate that, it is binary file.
Reading and writing of a binary file.
Functions fread() and fwrite() are used for reading from and writing to a file on the disk respectively in case of
binary files.
Function fwrite() takes four arguments, address of data to be written in disk, size of data to be written in disk,
number of such type of data and pointer to the file where you want to write.
fwrite(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);
Function fread() also take 4 arguments similar to fwrite() function as above.
File Examples
Examples of files in C Programming
C Program to read name and marks of students and store it in file
C Program to read name and marks of students and store it in file. If file already exists, add
information to it.
C Program to write members of arrays to a file using fwrite()
Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store them in a file
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[50];
int marks,i,n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
FILE *fptr;
fptr=(fopen("C:student.txt","w"));
if(fptr==NULL){
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("For student%dnEnter name: ",i+1);
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
fprintf(fptr,"nName: %s nMarks=%d n",name,marks);
}
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store them in a file.
If the file previously exits, add the information of n students.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-158-320.jpg)
![char name[50];
int marks,i,n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
FILE *fptr;
fptr=(fopen("C:student.txt","a"));
if(fptr==NULL){
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("For student%dnEnter name: ",i+1);
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
fprintf(fptr,"nName: %s nMarks=%d n",name,marks);
}
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
Write a C program to write all the members of an array of strcures to a file using fwrite(). Read the
array from the file and display on the screen.
#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
char name[50];
int height;
};
int main(){
struct s a[5],b[5];
FILE *fptr;
int i;
fptr=fopen("file.txt","wb");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
{
fflush(stdin);
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(a[i].name);
printf("Enter height: ");
scanf("%d",&a[i].height);
}
fwrite(a,sizeof(a),1,fptr);
fclose(fptr);
fptr=fopen("file.txt","rb");
fread(b,sizeof(b),1,fptr);
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
{
printf("Name: %snHeight: %d",b[i].name,b[i].height);
}
fclose(fptr);
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-159-320.jpg)
![#include <stdio.h>
Here, "stdio.h" is a header file and the preprocessor replace the above line with the contents of header file.
Use of #define
Preprocessing directive #define has two forms. The first form is:
#define identifier token_string
token_string part is optional but, are used almost every time in program.
Example of #define
#define c 299792458 /*speed of light in m/s */
The token string in above line 2299792458 is replaced in every occurance of symbolic constant c.
C Program to find area of a cricle. [Area of circle=Ïr2]
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.1415
int main(){
int radius;
float area;
printf("Enter the radius: ");
scanf("%d",&radius);
area=PI*radius*radius;
printf("Area=%.2f",area);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the radius: 3
Area=28.27
Syntactic Sugar
Syntactic sugar is the alteration of programming syntax according to the will of programmer. For example:
#define LT <
Every time the program encounters LT, it will be replaced by <.
Second form of preprocessing directive with #define is:
Macros with argument
Preprocessing directive #define can be used to write macro definitions with parameters as well in the form
below:
#define identifier(identifier 1,.....identifier n) token_string
Again, the token string is optional but, are used in almost every case. Let us consider an example of macro
definition with argument.
#define area(r) (3.1415*r*r)
Here, the argument passed is r. Every time the program encounters area(argument), it will be replace by
(3.1415*argument*argument). Suppose, we passed (r1+5) as argument then, it expands as below:
area(r1+5) expands to (3.1415*(r1+5)(r1+5))
C Program to find area of a circle, passing arguments to macros. [Area of circle=Ïr2]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cprogrammingtutorial-150623091902-lva1-app6891/85/C-programming-tutorial-161-320.jpg)
C programming tutorial
- 1. C Programming Tutorial C programming is a popular computer programming language which is widely used for system and application software. Despite being fairly old programming language, C programming is widely used because of its efficiency and control. This tutorial is intended for beginners who does not have any prior knowledge or have very little knowledge of computer programming. All basic features of C programming language are included in detail with explanation and output to give you solid platform to understand C programming. Getting Started With C.. In order to run a C program, you need a compiler. Compiler change source code(code written by programmer) to object code(code that computer understands) and creates executable file. There are many free and professional compilers available. For the sake of this course, GNU GCC compiler is used. All the examples in this course are tested and verified in GNU GCC compiler. C Programming Keywords and Identifiers Character set Character set are the set of alphabets, letters and some special characters that are valid in C language. Alphabets: Uppercase: A B C .................................... X Y Z Lowercase: a b c ...................................... x y z Digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Special Characters: Special Characters in C language , < > . _ ( ) ; $ : % [ ] # ? ' & { } " ^ ! * / | - ~ + White space Characters: Blank space, new line, horizontal tab, carriage return and form feed Keywords: Keywords are the reserved words used in programming. Each keywords has fixed meaning and that cannot be changed by user. For example: int money; Here, int is a keyword that indicates, 'money' is of type integer. As, C programming is case sensitive, all keywords must be written in lowercase. Here is the list of all keywords predefined by ASCII C.
- 2. Keywords in C Language auto double Int Struct break else Long Switch case enum register Typedef char extern Return Union continue for Signed Void do if static While default goto Sizeof Volatile const float Short Unsigned All these keywords, their syntax and application will be discussed in their respective topics. However, if you want brief information about these keywords without going further visit page: list of all C keywords. Identifiers In C programming, identifiers are names given to C entities, such as variables, functions, structures etc. Identifier are created to give unique name to C entities to identify it during the execution of program. For example: int money; int mango_tree; Here, money is a identifier which denotes a variable of type integer. Similarly, mango_tree is another identifier, which denotes another variable of type integer. Rules for writing identifier 1. An identifier can be composed of letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore '_' only. 2. The first letter of identifier should be either a letter or an underscore. But, it is discouraged to start an identifier name with an underscore though it is legal. It is because, identifier that starts with underscore can conflict with system names. In such cases, compiler will complain about it. Some system names that start with underscore are _fileno, _iob, _wfopen etc. 3. There is no rule for the length of an identifier. However, the first 31 characters of an identifier are discriminated by the compiler. So, the first 31 letters of two identifiers in a program should be different. Tips for Good Programming Practice : Programmer can choose the name of identifier whatever they want. However, if the programmer choose meaningful name for an identifier, it will be easy to understand and work on, particularly in case of large program.
- 3. C Programming Variables and Constants Variables Variables are memory location in computer's memory to store data. To indicate the memory location, each variable should be given a unique name called identifier. Variable names are just the symbolic representation of a memory location. Examples of variable name: sum, car_no, count etc. int num; Here, num is a variable of integer type. Rules for writing variable name in C 1. Variable name can be composed of letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore '_' only. 2. The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an underscore. But, it is discouraged to start variable name with an underscore though it is legal. It is because, variable name that starts with underscore can conflict with system names and compiler may complain. 3. There is no rule for the length of length of a variable. However, the first 31 characters of a variable are discriminated by the compiler. So, the first 31 letters of two variables in a program should be different. In C programming, you have to declare variable before using it in the program. Constants Constants are the terms that can't be changed during the execution of a program. For example: 1, 2.5, "Programming is easy." etc. In C, constants can be classified as: Integer constants Integer constants are the numeric constants(constant associated with number) without any fractional part or exponential part. There are three types of integer constants in C language: decimal constant(base 10), octal constant(base 8) and hexadecimal constant(base 16) . Decimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Octal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hexadecimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F. For example: Decimal constants: 0, -9, 22 etc Octal constants: 021, 077, 033 etc Hexadecimal constants: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc Notes: 1. You can use small caps a, b, c, d, e, f instead of uppercase letters while writing a hexadecimal constant. 2. Every octal constant starts with 0 and hexadecimal constant starts with 0x in C programming. Floating-point constants Floating point constants are the numeric constants that has either fractional form or exponent form. For example: -2.0
- 4. 0.0000234 -0.22E-5 Note:Here, E-5 represents 10-5. Thus, -0.22E-5 = -0.0000022. Character constants Character constants are the constant which use single quotation around characters. For example: 'a', 'l', 'm', 'F' etc. Escape Sequences Sometimes, it is necessary to use newline(enter), tab, quotation mark etc. in the program which either cannot be typed or has special meaning in C programming. In such cases, escape sequence are used. For example: n is used for newline. The backslash( ) causes "escape" from the normal way the characters are interpreted by the compiler. Escape Sequences Escape Sequences Character b Backspace f Form feed n Newline r Return t Horizontal tab v Vertical tab Backslash ' Single quotation mark " Double quotation mark ? Question mark 0 Null character String constants String constants are the constants which are enclosed in a pair of double-quote marks. For example: "good" //string constant "" //null string constant " " //string constant of six white space "x" //string constant having single character. "Earth is roundn" //prints string with newline
- 5. Enumeration constants Keyword enum is used to declare enumeration types. For example: enum color {yellow, green, black, white}; Here, the variable name is color and yellow, green, black and white are the enumeration constants having value 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively by default. For more information about enumeration, visit page: Enumeration Types. C Programming Data Types In C, variable(data) should be declared before it can be used in program. Data types are the keywords, which are used for assigning a type to a variable. Data types in C 1. Fundamental Data Types o Integer types o Floating Type o Character types 2. Derived Data Types o Arrays o Pointers o Structures o Enumeration Syntax for declaration of a variable data_type variable_name; Integer data types Keyword int is used for declaring the variable with integer type. For example: int var1; Here, var1 is a variable of type integer. The size of int is either 2 bytes(In older PC's) or 4 bytes. If you consider an integer having size of 4 byte( equal to 32 bits), it can take 232 distinct states as: -231,-231+1, ...,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., 231-2, 231-1 Similarly, int of 2 bytes, it can take 216 distinct states from -215 to 215-1. If you try to store larger number than 231-1, i.e,+2147483647 and smaller number than -231, i.e, -2147483648, program will not run correctly. Floating types Variables of floating types can hold real values(numbers) such as: 2.34, -9.382 etc. Keywords either float or double is used for declaring floating type variable. For example: float var2; double var3; Here, both var2 and var3 are floating type variables. In C, floating values can be represented in exponential form as well. For example: float var3=22.442e2
- 6. Difference between float and double Generally the size of float(Single precision float data type) is 4 bytes and that of double(Double precision float data type) is 8 bytes. Floating point variables has a precision of 6 digits whereas the the precision of double is 14 digits. Note: Precision describes the number of significant decimal places that a floating values carries. Character types Keyword char is used for declaring the variable of character type. For example: char var4='h'; Here, var4 is a variable of type character which is storing a character 'h'. The size of char is 1 byte. The character data type consists of ASCII characters. Each character is given a specific value. For example: For, 'a', value =97 For, 'b', value=98 For, 'A', value=65 For, '&', value=33 For, '2', value=49 Here is the list of all ASCII characters in C language. Qualifiers Qualifiers alters the meaning of base data types to yield a new data type. Size qualifiers: Size qualifiers alters the size of basic data type. The keywords long and short are two size qualifiers. For example: long int i; The size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword is used, that variable will be either 4 bytes of 8 bytes. Learn more about long keyword in C programming. If the larger size of variable is not needed then, short keyword can be used in similar manner as long keyword. Sign qualifiers: Whether a variable can hold only positive value or both values is specified by sign qualifiers. Keywords signed and unsigned are used for sign qualifiers. unsigned int a; // unsigned variable can hold zero and positive values only It is not necessary to define variable using keyword signed because, a variable is signed by default. Sign qualifiers can be applied to only int and char data types. For a int variable of size 4 bytes it can hold data from - 231 to 231-1 but, if that variable is defined unsigned, it can hold data from 0 to 232 -1.
- 7. Constant qualifiers Constant qualifiers can be declared with keyword const. An object declared by const cannot be modified. const int p=20; The value of p cannot be changed in the program. Volatile qualifiers: A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value can be changed by some external sources outside program. Keyword volatile is used to indicate volatile variable. C Programming Input Output (I/O) ANSI standard has defined many library functions for input and output in C language. Functions printf() and scanf() are the most commonly used to display out and take input respectively. Let us consider an example: #include <stdio.h> //This is needed to run printf() function. int main() { printf("C Programming"); //displays the content inside quotation return 0; } Output C Programming Explanation of How this program works 1. Every program starts from main() function. 2. printf() is a library function to display output which only works if #include<stdio.h>is included at the beginning. 3. Here, stdio.h is a header file (standard input output header file) and #include is command to paste the code from the header file when necessary. When compiler encounters printf() function and doesn't find stdio.h header file, compiler shows error. 4. Code return 0; indicates the end of program. You can ignore this statement but, it is good programming practice to use return 0;. I/O of integers in C #include<stdio.h> int main() { int c=5; printf("Number=%d",c); return 0; } Output Number=5 Inside quotation of printf() there, is a conversion format string "%d" (for integer). If this conversion format string matches with remaining argument,i.e, c in this case, value of c is displayed.
- 8. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int c; printf("Enter a numbern"); scanf("%d",&c); printf("Number=%d",c); return 0; } Output Enter a number 4 Number=4 The scanf() function is used to take input from user. In this program, the user is asked a input and value is stored in variable c. Note the '&' sign before c. &c denotes the address of c and value is stored in that address. I/O of floats in C #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a; printf("Enter value: "); scanf("%f",&a); printf("Value=%f",a); //%f is used for floats instead of %d return 0; } Output Enter value: 23.45 Value=23.450000 Conversion format string "%f" is used for floats to take input and to display floating value of a variable. I/O of characters and ASCII code #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char var1; printf("Enter character: "); scanf("%c",&var1); printf("You entered %c.",var1); return 0; } Output Enter character: g You entered g. Conversion format string "%c" is used in case of characters.
- 9. ASCII code When character is typed in the above program, the character itself is not recorded a numeric value(ASCII value) is stored. And when we displayed that value by using "%c", that character is displayed. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char var1; printf("Enter character: "); scanf("%c",&var1); printf("You entered %c.n",var1); /* n prints the next line(performs work of enter). */ printf("ASCII value of %d",var1); return 0; } Output Enter character: 103 When, 'g' is entered, ASCII value 103 is stored instead of g. You can display character if you know ASCII code only. This is shown by following example. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int var1=69; printf("Character of ASCII value 69: %c",var1); return 0; } Output Character of ASCII value 69: E The ASCII value of 'A' is 65, 'B' is 66 and so on to 'Z' is 90. Similarly ASCII value of 'a' is 97, 'b' is 98 and so on to 'z' is 122. Click here to learn about complete reference of ASCII code. More about Input/Output of floats and Integer Variations in Output for integer an floats Integer and floating-points can be displayed in different formats in C programming as: #include<stdio.h> int main(){ printf("Case 1:%6dn",9876); /* Prints the number right justified within 6 columns */ printf("Case 2:%3dn",9876); /* Prints the number to be right justified to 3 columns but, there are 4 digits so number is not right justified */ printf("Case 3:%.2fn",987.6543); /* Prints the number rounded to two decimal places */ printf("Case 4:%.fn",987.6543); /* Prints the number rounded to 0 decimal place, i.e, rounded to integer */
- 10. printf("Case 5:%en",987.6543); /* Prints the number in exponential notation(scientific notation) */ return 0; } Output Case 1: 9876 Case 2:9876 Case 3:987.65 Case 4:988 Case 5:9.876543e+002 Variations in Input for integer and floats #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a,b; float c,d; printf("Enter two intgers: "); /*Two integers can be taken from user at once as below*/ scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("Enter intger and floating point numbers: "); /*Integer and floating point number can be taken at once from user as below*/ scanf("%d%f",&a,&c); return 0; } Similarly, any number of input can be taken at once from user. C Programming Operators Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable. For example: + is a operator to perform addition. C programming language has wide range of operators to perform various operations. For better understanding of operators, these operators can be classified as: Operators in C programming Arithmetic Operators Increment and Decrement Operators Assignment Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Conditional Operators Bitwise Operators
- 11. Special Operators Arithmetic Operators Operator Meaning of Operator + addition or unary plus - subtraction or unary minus * multiplication / Division % remainder after division( modulo division) Example of working of arithmetic operators /* Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators in C. */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a=9,b=4,c; c=a+b; printf("a+b=%dn",c); c=a-b; printf("a-b=%dn",c); c=a*b; printf("a*b=%dn",c); c=a/b; printf("a/b=%dn",c); c=a%b; printf("Remainder when a divided by b=%dn",c); return 0; } a+b=13 a-b=5 a*b=36 a/b=2 Remainder when a divided by b=1 Explanation Here, the operators +, - and * performed normally as you expected. In normal calculation, 9/4 equals to 2.25. But, the output is 2 in this program. It is because, a and b are both integers. So, the output is also integer and the compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25. And, finally a%b is 1,i.e. ,when a=9 is divided by b=4, remainder is 1. Suppose a=5.0, b=2.0, c=5 and d=2 In C programming, a/b=2.5 a/d=2.5 c/b=2.5
- 12. c/d=2 Note: % operator can only be used with integers. Increment and decrement operators In C, ++ and -- are called increment and decrement operators respectively. Both of these operators are unary operators, i.e, used on single operand. ++ adds 1 to operand and -- subtracts 1 to operand respectively. For example: Let a=5 and b=10 a++; //a becomes 6 a--; //a becomes 5 ++a; //a becomes 6 --a; //a becomes 5 Difference between ++ and -- operator as postfix and prefix When i++ is used as prefix(like: ++var), ++var will increment the value of var and then return it but, if ++ is used as postfix(like: var++), operator will return the value of operand first and then only increment it. This can be demonstrated by an example: #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int c=2,d=2; printf("%dn",c++); //this statement displays 2 then, only c incremented by 1 to 3. printf("%d",++c); //this statement increments 1 to c then, only c is displayed. return 0; } Output 2 4 Assignment Operators The most common assignment operator is =. This operator assigns the value in right side to the left side. For example: var=5 //5 is assigned to var a=c; //value of c is assigned to a 5=c; // Error! 5 is a constant. Operator Example Same as = a=b a=b += a+=b a=a+b -= a-=b a=a-b *= a*=b a=a*b /= a/=b a=a/b
- 13. Operator Example Same as %= a%=b a=a%b Relational Operator Relational operators checks relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns value 1 and if the relation is false, it returns value 0. For example: a>b Here, > is a relational operator. If a is greater than b, a>b returns 1 if not then, it returns 0. Relational operators are used in decision making and loops in C programming. Operator Meaning of Operator Example == Equal to 5==3 returns false (0) > Greater than 5>3 returns true (1) < Less than 5<3 returns false (0) != Not equal to 5!=3 returns true(1) >= Greater than or equal to 5>=3 returns true (1) <= Less than or equal to 5<=3 return false (0) Logical Operators Logical operators are used to combine expressions containing relation operators. In C, there are 3 logical operators: Operator Meaning of Operator Example && Logial AND If c=5 and d=2 then,((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false. || Logical OR If c=5 and d=2 then, ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true. ! Logical NOT If c=5 then, !(c==5) returns false. Explanation
- 14. For expression, ((c==5) && (d>5)) to be true, both c==5 and d>5 should be true but, (d>5) is false in the given example. So, the expression is false. For expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) to be true, either the expression should be true. Since, (c==5) is true. So, the expression is true. Since, expression (c==5) is true, !(c==5) is false. Conditional Operator Conditional operator takes three operands and consists of two symbols ? and : . Conditional operators are used for decision making in C. For example: c=(c>0)?10:-10; If c is greater than 0, value of c will be 10 but, if c is less than 0, value of c will be -10. Bitwise Operators A bitwise operator works on each bit of data. Bitwise operators are used in bit level programming. Operators Meaning of operators & Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR ~ Bitwise complement << Shift left >> Shift right Bitwise operator is advance topic in programming . Learn more about bitwise operator in C programming. Other Operators Comma Operator Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example: int a,c=5,d; The sizeof operator It is a unary operator which is used in finding the size of data type, constant, arrays, structure etc. For example: #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; float b; double c; char d; printf("Size of int=%d bytesn",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of float=%d bytesn",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of double=%d bytesn",sizeof(c)); printf("Size of char=%d byten",sizeof(d)); return 0;
- 15. } Output Size of int=4 bytes Size of float=4 bytes Size of double=8 bytes Size of char=1 byte Conditional operators (?:) Conditional operators are used in decision making in C programming, i.e, executes different statements according to test condition whether it is either true or false. Syntax of conditional operators conditional_expression?expression1:expression2 If the test condition is true, expression1 is returned and if false expression2 is returned. Example of conditional operator #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char feb; int days; printf("Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: "); scanf("%c",&feb); days=(feb=='l')?29:28; /*If test condition (feb=='l') is true, days will be equal to 29. */ /*If test condition (feb=='l') is false, days will be equal to 28. */ printf("Number of days in February = %d",days); return 0; } Output Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter n: l Number of days in February = 29 Other operators such as &(reference operator), *(dereference operator) and ->(member selection) operator will be discussed in pointer chapter. C Programming Introduction Examples This page contains example and source code on very basic features of C programming language. To understand the examples on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics: 1. Variables and Constants 2. Data Types 3. Input and Output in C programming 4. Operators C Introduction Examples C Programming Introduction Examples C Program to Print a Sentence Source Code /* C Program to print a sentence. */
- 16. #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("C Programming"); /* printf() prints the content inside quotation */ return 0; } Output C Programming Explanation Every C program starts executing code from main( ) function. Inside main( ), there is a printf( ) function which prints the content inside the quotation mark which is "C Programming" in this case. Learn more about output in C programming language. C Program to Print a Integer Entered by a User Source Code #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num; printf("Enter a integer: "); scanf("%d",&num); /* Storing a integer entered by user in variable num */ printf("You entered: %d",num); return 0; } Output Enter a integer: 25 You entered: 25 Explanation In this program, a variable num is declared of type integer using keyword int. Then, printf() function prints the content inside quotation mark which is "Enter a integer: ". Then, the scanf() takes integer value from user and stores it in variable num. Finally, the value entered by user is displayed in the screen using printf(). Learn more about how printf() and scanf() works in C programming. C Program to Add Two Integers In this program, user is asked to enter two integers and this program will add these two integers and display it. Source Code /*C programming source code to add and display the sum of two integers entered by user */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) {
- 17. int num1, num2, sum; printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); /* Stores the two integer entered by user in variable num1 and num2 */ sum=num1+num2; /* Performs addition and stores it in variable sum */ printf("Sum: %d",sum); /* Displays sum */ return 0; } Output Enter two integers: 12 11 Sum: 23 Explanation In this program, user is asked to enter two integers. The two integers entered by user will be stored in variables num1 and num2 respectively. This is done using scanf( ) function. Then, + operator is used for adding variables num1 and num2 and this value is assigned to variable sum. Finally, the sum is displayed and program is terminated. There are three variables used for performing this task but, you can perform this same task using 2 variables only. It can done by assiging the sum of num1 and num2 to one of these variables as shown in figure below. /* C programming source code to add and display the sum of two integers entered by user using two variables only. */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { int num1, num2, sum; printf("Enter a two integers: "); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); num1=num1+num2; /* Adds variables num1 and num2 and stores it in num1 */
- 18. printf("Sum: %d",num1); /* Displays value of num1 */ return 0; } This source code calculates the sum of two integers and displays it but, this program uses only two variables. C Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers and this program will mulitply these two numbers and display it. Source Code /*C program to multiply and display the product of two floating point numbers entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { float num1, num2, product; printf("Enter two numbers: "); scanf("%f %f",&num1,&num2); /* Stores the two floating point numbers entered by user in variable num1 and num2 respectively */ product = num1*num2; /* Performs multiplication and stores it */ printf("Product: %f",product); return 0; } Output Enter two numbers: 2.4 1.1 Product: 2.640000 Explanation In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers. These two numbers entered by user will be stored in variables num1 and num2 respectively. This is done using scanf( ) function. Then, * operator is used for multiplying variables and this value is stored in variable product. Then, the product is displayed and program is terminated. C Program to Find ASCII Value of a Character Every character in C programming is given an integer value to represent it. That integer value is known as ASCII value of that character. For example: ASCII value of 'a' is 97. Here is the complete list of ASCII value of characters in C programming. When a character is stored in variable of type char, the ASCII value of character
- 19. is stored instead of that character itself character itself. For example: If you try to store character 'a' in a char type variable, ASCII value of that character is stored which is 97. In, this program user is asked to enter a character and this program will display the ASCII value of that character. Source Code /* Source code to find ASCII value of a character entered by user */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c; printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); /* Takes a character from user */ printf("ASCII value of %c = %d",c,c); return 0; } Output Enter a character: G ASCII value of G = 71 Explanation In this program, user is asked to enter a character and this character will be stored in variable c, i.e., the ASCII value of that character is stored in variable c. When, this value is displayed using conversion format string %c, the actual variable is displayed but, when this variable is displayed using format string %d, the ASCII value of that character is displayed. C Program to Find Quotient and Remainder of Two Integers Entered by User In this program, user is asked to enter two integers(dividend and divisor) and this program will compute the quotient and remainder and display it. Source Code /* C Program to compute remainder and quotient */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder; printf("Enter dividend: "); scanf("%d",÷nd); printf("Enter divisor: "); scanf("%d",&divisor); quotient=dividend/divisor; /* Computes quotient */ remainder=dividend%divisor; /* Computes remainder */ printf("Quotient = %dn",quotient); printf("Remainder = %d",remainder); return 0; } Output
- 20. Enter dividend: 25 Enter divisor: 4 Quotient = 6 Remainder = 1 Explanation This program takes two integers(dividend and divisor) from user and stores it in variable dividend and divisor. Then, quotient and remainder is calculated and stored in variable quotient and remainder. Operator / is used for calculation of quotient and % is used for calculating remainder. Learn more about divison(/) and modulo division(%) operator in C programming You can also program can be performed using only two variables as: /* C Program to compute and display remainder and quotient using only two variables */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int dividend, divisor; printf("Enter dividend: "); scanf("%d",÷nd); printf("Enter divisor: "); scanf("%d",&divisor); printf("Quotient = %dn",dividend/divisor);/* Computes and displays quotient */ printf("Remainder = %d",dividend%divisor); /* Computes and displays remainder */ return 0; } Output of this program is same as program above but, only two variables are used in this case instead of four variables. C Program to Find Size of int, float, double and char of Your System The size of a character is always 1 byte but, size of int, float and double variables differs from system to system. This program will compute the size of int, float, double and char of you system using sizeof operator. The syntax of size of operator is: temp = sizeof(operand); /* Here, temp is a variable of type integer,i.e, sizeof() operator returns integer value. */ Source Code /* This program computes the size of variable using sizeof operator.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; float b; double c; char d; printf("Size of int: %d bytesn",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of float: %d bytesn",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of double: %d bytesn",sizeof(c));
- 21. printf("Size of char: %d byten",sizeof(d)); return 0; } Output Size of int: 4 bytes Size of float: 4 bytes Size of double: 8 bytes Size of char: 1 byte Note: You may get different output depending upon your system. Explanation In this program, 4 variables a, b, c and d are declared of type int, float, double and char respectively. Then, the size of these variables is computed using sizeof operator and displayed. C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long Keyword long is used for altering the size of data type. For example: the size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword is used, the size of long int will be either 4 bytes or 8 bytes. Also, you can use long long int. The size of long long int is generally 8 bytes. This program will demonstrate the size of keyword long for my system. It may be different in your system. Source Code #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; long int b; /* int is optional. */ long long int c; /* int is optional. */ printf("Size of int = %d bytesn",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of long int = %ld bytesn",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of long long int = %ld bytes",sizeof(c)); return 0; } Output Size of int = 4 bytes Size of long int = 4 bytes Size of long long int = 8 bytes In this program, the sizeof operator is used for finding the size of int, long int and long long int. Thus, int and long int for my system can hold values from -231 to 231-1. If I have to work on data outside this range, I have to use long long int, which can hold values from -263 to 263-1 . Similarly, the long keyword can be used double and floats types. C Program to Swap Two Numbers This program asks user to enter two numbers and this program will swap the value of these two numbers.
- 22. Source Code to Swap Two Numbers #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a, b, temp; printf("Enter value of a: "); scanf("%f",&a); printf("Enter value of b: "); scanf("%f",&b); temp = a; /* Value of a is stored in variable temp */ a = b; /* Value of b is stored in variable a */ b = temp; /* Value of temp(which contains initial value of a) is stored in variable b*/ printf("nAfter swapping, value of a = %.2fn", a); printf("After swapping, value of b = %.2f", b); return 0; } Output Enter value of a: 1.20 Enter value of b: 2.45 After swapping, value of a = 2.45 After swapping, value of b = 1.2 C Programming if, if..else and Nested if...else Statement The if, if...else and nested if...else statement are used to make one-time decisions in C Programming, that is, to execute some code/s and ignore some code/s depending upon the test expression. C if Statement if (test expression) { statement/s to be executed if test expression is true; } The if statement checks whether the text expression inside parenthesis ( ) is true or not. If the test expression is true, statement/s inside the body of if statement is executed but if test is false, statement/s inside body of if is ignored. Flowchart of if statement
- 23. Example 1: C if statement Write a C program to print the number entered by user only if the number entered is negative. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int num; printf("Enter a number to check.n"); scanf("%d",&num); if(num<0) { /* checking whether number is less than 0 or not. */ printf("Number = %dn",num); } /*If test condition is true, statement above will be executed, otherwise it will not be executed */ printf("The if statement in C programming is easy."); return 0; } Output 1 Enter a number to check. -2 Number = -2 The if statement in C programming is easy. When user enters -2 then, the test expression (num<0) becomes true. Hence, Number = -2 is displayed in the screen. Output 2
- 24. Enter a number to check. 5 The if statement in C programming is easy. When the user enters 5 then, the test expression (num<0) becomes false. So, the statement/s inside body of if is skipped and only the statement below it is executed. C if...else statement The if...else statement is used if the programmer wants to execute some statement/s when the test expression is true and execute some other statement/s if the test expression is false. Syntax of if...else if (test expression) { statements to be executed if test expression is true; } else { statements to be executed if test expression is false; } Flowchart of if...else statement Example 2: C if...else statement Write a C program to check whether a number entered by user is even or odd #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int num; printf("Enter a number you want to check.n"); scanf("%d",&num);
- 25. if((num%2)==0) //checking whether remainder is 0 or not. printf("%d is even.",num); else printf("%d is odd.",num); return 0; } Output 1 Enter a number you want to check. 25 25 is odd. Output 2 Enter a number you want to check. 2 2 is even. Nested if...else statement (if...elseif....else Statement) The nested if...else statement is used when program requires more than one test expression. Syntax of nested if...else statement. if (test expression1){ statement/s to be executed if test expression1 is true; } else if(test expression2) { statement/s to be executed if test expression1 is false and 2 is true; } else if (test expression 3) { statement/s to be executed if text expression1 and 2 are false and 3 is true; } . . . else { statements to be executed if all test expressions are false; } How nested if...else works? The nested if...else statement has more than one test expression. If the first test expression is true, it executes the code inside the braces{ } just below it. But if the first test expression is false, it checks the second test expression. If the second test expression is true, it executes the statement/s inside the braces{ } just below it. This process continues. If all the test expression are false, code/s inside else is executed and the control of program jumps below the nested if...else The ANSI standard specifies that 15 levels of nesting may be continued. Example 3: C nested if else statement Write a C program to relate two integers entered by user using = or > or < sign. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int numb1, numb2; printf("Enter two integers to checkn");
- 26. scanf("%d %d",&numb1,&numb2); if(numb1==numb2) //checking whether two integers are equal. printf("Result: %d = %d",numb1,numb2); else if(numb1>numb2) //checking whether numb1 is greater than numb2. printf("Result: %d > %d",numb1,numb2); else printf("Result: %d > %d",numb2,numb1); return 0; } Output 1 Enter two integers to check. 5 3 Result: 5 > 3 Output 2 Enter two integers to check. -4 -4 Result: -4 = -4 C Programming for Loop C Programming Loops Loops cause program to execute the certain block of code repeatedly until test condition is false. Loops are used in performing repetitive task in programming. Consider these scenarios: ï· You want to execute some code/s 100 times. ï· You want to execute some code/s certain number of times depending upon input from user. These types of task can be solved in programming using loops. There are 3 types of loops in C programming: 1. for loop 2. while loop 3. do...while loop for Loop Syntax for(initialization statement; test expression; update statement) { code/s to be executed; } How for loop works in C programming? The initialization statement is executed only once at the beginning of the for loop. Then the test expression is checked by the program. If the test expression is false, for loop is terminated. But if test expression is true then the code/s inside body of for loop is executed and then update expression is updated. This process repeats until test expression is false. This flowchart describes the working of for loop in C programming.
- 27. for loop example Write a program to find the sum of first n natural numbers where n is entered by user. Note: 1,2,3... are called natural numbers. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int n, count, sum=0; printf("Enter the value of n.n"); scanf("%d",&n); for(count=1;count<=n;++count) //for loop terminates if count>n { sum+=count; /* this statement is equivalent to sum=sum+count */ } printf("Sum=%d",sum); return 0; } Output Enter the value of n.
- 28. 19 Sum=190 In this program, the user is asked to enter the value of n. Suppose you entered 19 then, count is initialized to 1 at first. Then, the test expression in the for loop,i.e., (count<= n) becomes true. So, the code in the body of for loop is executed which makes sum to 1. Then, the expression ++count is executed and again the test expression is checked, which becomes true. Again, the body of for loop is executed which makes sum to 3 and this process continues. When count is 20, the test condition becomes false and the for loop is terminated. C for Loop Examples ï· Program to generate multiplication table ï· Program to display all factors of a number ï· Program to find G.C.D or H.C.F of two numbers ï· Program to calculate factorial of a number Note: Initial, test and update expressions are separated by semicolon(;). C programming while and do...while Loop C programming loops Loops causes program to execute the certain block of code repeatedly until some conditions are satisfied, i.e., loops are used in performing repetitive work in programming. Suppose you want to execute some code/s 10 times. You can perform it by writing that code/s only one time and repeat the execution 10 times using loop. There are 3 types of loops in C programming: 1. for loop 2. while loop 3. do...while loop Syntax of while loop while (test expression) { statement/s to be executed. } The while loop checks whether the test expression is true or not. If it is true, code/s inside the body of while loop is executed,that is, code/s inside the braces { } are executed. Then again the test expression is checked whether test expression is true or not. This process continues until the test expression becomes false.
- 29. Example of while loop Write a C program to find the factorial of a number, where the number is entered by user. (Hints: factorial of n = 1*2*3*...*n /*C program to demonstrate the working of while loop*/ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int number,factorial; printf("Enter a number.n"); scanf("%d",&number); factorial=1; while (number>0){ /* while loop continues util test condition number>0 is true */ factorial=factorial*number; --number; } printf("Factorial=%d",factorial); return 0; } Output Enter a number. 5 Factorial=120 do...while loop In C, do...while loop is very similar to while loop. Only difference between these two loops is that, in while loops, test expression is checked at first but, in do...while loop code is executed at first then the condition is checked. So, the code are executed at least once in do...while loops. Syntax of do...while loops do { some code/s; } while (test expression); At first codes inside body of do is executed. Then, the test expression is checked. If it is true, code/s inside body of do are executed again and the process continues until test expression becomes false(zero).
- 30. Notice, there is semicolon in the end of while (); in do...while loop. Example of do...while loop Write a C program to add all the numbers entered by a user until user enters 0. /*C program to demonstrate the working of do...while statement*/ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int sum=0,num; do /* Codes inside the body of do...while loops are at least executed once. */ { printf("Enter a numbern"); scanf("%d",&num); sum+=num; } while(num!=0); printf("sum=%d",sum); return 0; } Output Enter a number 3 Enter a number -2 Enter a number 0 sum=1 In this C program, user is asked a number and it is added with sum. Then, only the test condition in the do...while loop is checked. If the test condition is true,i.e, num is not equal to 0, the body of do...while loop is again executed until num equals to zero. C while Loops Examples ï· Program to reverse a integer ï· Program to Calculate the power of a number ï· Program to Check Armstrong number
- 31. C Programming break and continue Statement There are two statements built in C programming, break; and continue; to alter the normal flow of a program. Loops perform a set of repetitive task until text expression becomes false but it is sometimes desirable to skip some statement/s inside loop or terminate the loop immediately without checking the test expression. In such cases, break and continue statements are used. The break; statement is also used in switch statement to exit switch statement. break Statement In C programming, break is used in terminating the loop immediately after it is encountered. The break statement is used with conditional if statement. Syntax of break statement break; The break statement can be used in terminating all three loops for, while and do...while loops. The figure below explains the working of break statement in all three type of loops.
- 32. Example of break statement Write a C program to find average of maximum of n positive numbers entered by user. But, if the input is negative, display the average(excluding the average of negative input) and end the program. /* C program to demonstrate the working of break statement by terminating a loop, if user inputs negative number*/ # include <stdio.h> int main(){ float num,average,sum; int i,n; printf("Maximum no. of inputsn"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;++i){ printf("Enter n%d: ",i); scanf("%f",&num); if(num<0.0) break; //for loop breaks if num<0.0 sum=sum+num; } average=sum/(i-1); printf("Average=%.2f",average); return 0; } Output Maximum no. of inputs 4 Enter n1: 1.5
- 33. Enter n2: 12.5 Enter n3: 7.2 Enter n4: -1 Average=7.07 In this program, when the user inputs number less than zero, the loop is terminated using break statement with executing the statement below it i.e., without executing sum=sum+num. In C, break statements are also used in switch...case statement. You will study it in C switch...case statement chapter. continue Statement It is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop. In such cases, continue statements are used. Syntax of continue Statement continue; Just like break, continue is also used with conditional if statement. For better understanding of how continue statements works in C programming. Analyze the figure below which bypasses some code/s inside loops using continue statement.
- 34. Example of continue statement Write a C program to find the product of 4 integers entered by a user. If user enters 0 skip it. //program to demonstrate the working of continue statement in C programming # include <stdio.h> int main(){ int i,num,product; for(i=1,product=1;i<=4;++i){ printf("Enter num%d:",i); scanf("%d",&num); if(num==0) continue; / *In this program, when num equals to zero, it skips the statement product*=num and continue the loop. */ product*=num; } printf("product=%d",product); return 0; } Output Enter num1:3 Enter num2:0 Enter num3:-5 Enter num4:2 product=-30
- 35. C Programming switch Statement Decision making are needed when, the program encounters the situation to choose a particular statement among many statements. If a programmer has to choose one block of statement among many alternatives, nested if...else can be used but, this makes programming logic complex. This type of problem can be handled in C programming using switch statement. Syntax of switch...case switch (n) { case constant1: code/s to be executed if n equals to constant1; break; case constant2: code/s to be executed if n equals to constant2; break; . . . default: code/s to be executed if n doesn't match to any cases; } The value of n is either an integer or a character in above syntax. If the value of n matches constant in case, the relevant codes are executed and control moves out of the switch statement. If the n doesn't matches any of the constant in case, then the default codes are executed and control moves out of switch statement. Example of switch...case statement Write a program that asks user an arithmetic operator('+','-','*' or '/') and two operands and perform the corresponding calculation on the operands.
- 36. /* C program to demonstrate the working of switch...case statement */ /* C Program to create a simple calculator for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division */ # include <stdio.h> int main() { char o; float num1,num2; printf("Select an operator either + or - or * or / n"); scanf("%c",&o); printf("Enter two operands: "); scanf("%f%f",&num1,&num2); switch(o) { case '+': printf("%.1f + %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1+num2); break; case '-': printf("%.1f - %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2); break; case '*': printf("%.1f * %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2); break; case '/': printf("%.1f / %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2); break; default: /* If operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown */ printf("Error! operator is not correct"); break; } return 0; } Output Enter operator either + or - or * or / * Enter two operands: 2.3 4.5 2.3 * 4.5 = 10.3 The break statement at the end of each case cause switch statement to exit. If break statement is not used, all statements below that case statement are also executed. C Programming goto Statement In C programming, goto statement is used for altering the normal sequence of program execution by transferring control to some other part of the program. Syntax of goto statement goto label; ............. ............. .............
- 37. label: statement; In this syntax, label is an identifier. When, the control of program reaches to goto statement, the control of the program will jump to the label: and executes the code below it. Example of goto statement /* C program to demonstrate the working of goto statement. */ /* This program calculates the average of numbers entered by user. */ /* If user enters negative number, it ignores that number and calculates the average of number entered before it.*/ # include <stdio.h> int main(){ float num,average,sum; int i,n; printf("Maximum no. of inputs: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;++i){ printf("Enter n%d: ",i); scanf("%f",&num); if(num<0.0) goto jump; /* control of the program moves to label jump */ sum=sum+num; } jump: average=sum/(i-1); printf("Average: %.2f",average); return 0; } Output Maximum no. of inputs: 4 Enter n1: 1.5 Enter n2: 12.5 Enter n3: 7.2 Enter n4: -1 Average: 7.07 Though goto statement is included in ANSI standard of C, use of goto statement should be reduced as much as possible in a program.
- 38. Reasons to avoid goto statement Though, using goto statement give power to jump to any part of program, using goto statement makes the logic of the program complex and tangled. In modern programming, goto statement is considered a harmful construct and a bad programming practice. The goto statement can be replaced in most of C program with the use of break and continue statements. In fact, any program in C programming can be perfectly written without the use of goto statement. All programmer should try to avoid goto statement as possible as they can. C Programming Decision Making and Loops Examples This page contains examples and source code on decision making in C programming (to choose a particular statement among many statements) and loops ( to perform repeated task ). To understand all the examples on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics: 1. if...else Statement 2. for Loop 3. while Loop 4. break and Continue Statement 5. switch...case Decision Making and Loop Examples C Program to Display Fibonacci Series If you don't know what Fibonacci series is, visit this page. Source code to display Fibonacci series up to n terms /* Displaying Fibonacci sequence up to nth term where n is entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int count, n, t1=0, t2=1, display=0; printf("Enter number of terms: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Fibonacci Series: %d+%d+", t1, t2); /* Displaying first two terms */ count=2; /* count=2 because first two terms are already displayed. */ while (count<n) { display=t1+t2; t1=t2; t2=display; ++count; printf("%d+",display); } return 0; } Output Enter number of terms: 10
- 39. Fibonacci Series: 0+1+1+2+3+5+8+13+21+34+ Suppose, instead of number of terms, you want to display the Fibonacci series util the term is less than certain number entered by user. Then, this can be done using source code below: /* Displaying Fibonacci series up to certain number entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int t1=0, t2=1, display=0, num; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&num); printf("Fibonacci Series: %d+%d+", t1, t2); /* Displaying first two terms */ display=t1+t2; while(display<num) { printf("%d+",display); t1=t2; t2=display; display=t1+t2; } return 0; } Output Enter an integer: 200 Fibonacci Series: 0+1+1+2+3+5+8+13+21+34+55+89+144+ C Program to Find HCF of two Numbers There are many ways to find the H.C.F of two numbers is C programming. All codes below will take two integers from user and displays the H.C.F of those two integers. 1. Source Code to Find HCF or GCD /* C Program to Find Highest Common Factor. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1, num2, i, hcf; printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2); for(i=1; i<=num1 || i<=num2; ++i) { if(num1%i==0 && num2%i==0) /* Checking whether i is a factor of both number */ hcf=i; } printf("H.C.F of %d and %d is %d", num1, num2, hcf); return 0; }
- 40. In this program, two integers are taken from user and stored in variable num1 and num2. Then i is initialized to 1 and for loop is executed until i becomes equal to smallest of two numbers. In each looping iteration, it is checked whether i is factor of both numbers or not. If i is factor of both numbers, it is stored to hcf. When for loop is completed, the H.C.F of those two numbers will be stored in variable hcf. 2. Source Code to Find HCF or GCD #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1, num2, min,i; printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2); min=(num1>num2)?num2:num1; /* minimum value is stored in variable min */ for(i=min;i>=1;--i) { if(num1%i==0 && num2%i==0) { printf("HCF of %d and %d is %d", num1, num2,i); break; } } return 0; } This program is little optimized than the program above to find H.C.F. In this program, smallest of two integers entered by user is stored in variable min. Then i is initialized to min and for loop is executed. In each looping iteration, whether i is factor of these two numbers is checked. If i is a factor of these two numbers then, i will be the highest common divisor and loop is terminated using break statement. 3. Source Code to Find HCF or GCD #include<stdio.h> int main() { int num1,num2; printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); printf("HCF of %d and %d is ",num1 , num2); while(num1!=num2) { if(num1>num2) num1-=num2; else num2-=num1; } printf("%d",num1); return 0; } This is the best way to find HCF of two numbers. In this method, smaller number is subtracted from larger number and that number is stored in place of larger number. This process is continued until, two numbers become equal which will be HCF.
- 41. All source codes above displays the same output. Output Enter two integers: 14 35 HCF of 14 and 35 is 7 C Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd Numbers perfectly divisible by 2 are known even numbers and numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. This program takes an integer from user and checks whether that number is even or odd and displays the result. Source Code to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd /*C program to check whether a number entered by user is even or odd. */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int num; printf("Enter an integer you want to check: "); scanf("%d",&num); if((num%2)==0) /* Checking whether remainder is 0 or not. */ printf("%d is even.",num); else printf("%d is odd.",num); return 0; } Output 1 Enter an integer you want to check: 25 25 is odd. Output 2 Enter an integer you want to check: 12 12 is even. In this program, user is asked to enter an integer which is stored in variable num. Then, the remainder is found when that number is divided by 2 and checked whether remainder is 0 or not. If remainder is 0 then, that number is even otherwise that number is odd. This task is performed using if...else statement in C programming and the result is displayed accordingly. This program also can be solved using conditional operator[ ?: ] which is the shorthand notation for if...else statement. /* C program to check whether an integer is odd or even using conditional operator */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int num;
- 42. printf("Enter an integer you want to check: "); scanf("%d",&num); ((num%2)==0) ? printf("%d is even.",num) : printf("%d is odd.",num); return 0; } C Program to Check Vowel or Consonant Alphabets a, e, i, o and u are known as vowels and all alphabets except these characters are known as consonants. This program asks user to enter a character and checks whether that character is vowel or not. This task can be perfromed in C programming using if...else statement. Source Code to Check Whether a Character is Vowel or consonant #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c; printf("Enter an alphabet: "); scanf("%c",&c); if(c=='a'||c=='A'||c=='e'||c=='E'||c=='i'||c=='I'||c=='o'||c=='O'||c=='u'||c=='U') printf("%c is a vowel.",c); else printf("%c is a consonant.",c); return 0; } Output 1 Enter an alphabet: i i is a vowel. Output 2 Enter an alphabet: G G is a consonant. In this program, user is asked to enter a character which is stored in variable c. Then, this character is checked, whether it is any one of these ten characters a, A, e, E, i, I, o, O, u and U using logical OR operator ||. If that character is any one of these ten characters, that alphabet is a vowel if not that alphabet is a consonant. This program also can be solved using conditional operator which is shorthand notation for if else statement. /* C program to check whether a character is vowel or consonant using conditional operator */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c; printf("Enter an alphabet: "); scanf("%c",&c); (c=='a'||c=='A'||c=='e'||c=='E'||c=='i'||c=='I'||c=='o'||c=='O'||c=='u'||c=='U') ? printf("%c is a vowel.",c) : printf("%c is a consonant.",c); return 0; } The output of this program is same as above program.
- 43. C Program to Find the Largest Number Among Three Numbers In this program, user is asked to enter three numbers and this program will find the largest number among three numbers entered by user. This program can be solved in more than one way. Source Code 1 /* C program to find largest number using if statement only */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a, b, c; printf("Enter three numbers: "); scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c); if(a>=b && a>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f", a); if(b>=a && b>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f", b); if(c>=a && c>=b) printf("Largest number = %.2f", c); return 0; } Source Code 2 /* C program to find largest number using if...else statement */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a, b, c; printf("Enter three numbers: "); scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c); if (a>=b) { if(a>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f",a); else printf("Largest number = %.2f",c); } else { if(b>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f",b); else printf("Largest number = %.2f",c); } return 0; } Source Code 3 /* C Program to find largest number using nested if...else statement */ #include <stdio.h>
- 44. int main(){ float a, b, c; printf("Enter three numbers: "); scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c); if(a>=b && a>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f", a); else if(b>=a && b>=c) printf("Largest number = %.2f", b); else printf("Largest number = %.2f", c); return 0; } Though the technique to solve this problem is different in these three examples, output of all these program is same. Enter three numbers: 12.2 13.452 10.193 Largest number = 13.45 C program to Find all Roots of a Quadratic equation Visit this page to learn about roots of quadratic equation if you don't know how to compute it. Suppose you want of find roots of a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 where a, b and c are coefficients. This program will ask the coefficients: a, b and c from user and displays the roots. Source Code to Find Roots of Quadratic Equation /* Program to find roots of a quadratic equation when coefficients are entered by user. */ /* Library function sqrt() computes the square root. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> /* This is needed to use sqrt() function.*/ int main() { float a, b, c, determinant, r1,r2, real, imag; printf("Enter coefficients a, b and c: "); scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c); determinant=b*b-4*a*c; if (determinant>0) { r1= (-b+sqrt(determinant))/(2*a); r2= (-b-sqrt(determinant))/(2*a); printf("Roots are: %.2f and %.2f",r1 , r2); } else if (determinant==0) { r1 = r2 = -b/(2*a); printf("Roots are: %.2f and %.2f", r1, r2); } else { real= -b/(2*a);
- 45. imag = sqrt(-determinant)/(2*a); printf("Roots are: %.2f+%.2fi and %.2f-%.2fi", real, imag, real, imag); } return 0; } Output 1 Enter coefficients a, b and c: 2.3 4 5.6 Roots are: -0.87+1.30i and -0.87-1.30i Output 2 Enter coefficients a, b and c: 4 1 0 Roots are: 0.00 and -0.25 To solve this program, library function sqrt() is used. This function calculates the square root of a number. Learn more about, sqrt( ) function. C Program to Check Leap Year Leap year All years which are perfectly divisible by 4 are leap years except for century years( years ending with 00 ) which is a leap year only it is perfectly divisible by 400. For example: 2012, 2004, 1968 etc are leap year but, 1971, 2006 etc are not leap year. Similarly, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 are leap years but, 1700, 1800, 1900 etc are not. This program asks user to enter a year and this program checks whether that year is leap year or not. Source Code to Check Leap Year /* C program to check whether a year is leap year or not using if else statement.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int year; printf("Enter a year: "); scanf("%d",&year); if(year%4 == 0) { if( year%100 == 0) /* Checking for a century year */ { if ( year%400 == 0) printf("%d is a leap year.", year); else printf("%d is not a leap year.", year); } else printf("%d is a leap year.", year );
- 46. } else printf("%d is not a leap year.", year); return 0; } Output 1 Enter year: 2000 2000 is a leap year. Output 2 Enter year: 1900 1900 is not a leap year. Output 3 Enter year: 2012 2012 is a leap year. C Program to Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative or Zero. This program takes a number from user and checks whether that number is either positive or negative or zero. Source Code #include <stdio.h> int main() { float num; printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%f",&num); if (num<=0) { if (num==0) printf("You entered zero."); else printf("%.2f is negative.",num); } else printf("%.2f is positive.",num); return 0; } This program also can be solved using nested if else statement. /* C programming code to check whether a number is negative or positive or zero using nested if...else statement. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() {
- 47. float num; printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%f",&num); if (num<0) /* Checking whether num is less than 0*/ printf("%.2f is negative.",num); else if (num>0) /* Checking whether num is greater than zero*/ printf("%.2f is positive.",num); else printf("You entered zero."); return 0; } Output 1 Enter a number: 12.3 12.30 is positive. Output 2 Enter a number: -12.3 -12.30 is negative. Output 3 Enter a number: 0 You entered zero. C Program to Check Whether a Character is an Alphabet or not This program takes a character from user and checks whether that character is an alphabet or not. Source Code to Check Character is an alphabet or not /* C programming code to check whether a character is alphabet or not.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main() { char c; printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); if( (c>='a'&& c<='z') || (c>='A' && c<='Z')) printf("%c is an alphabet.",c); else printf("%c is not an alphabet.",c); return 0; } Output 1 Enter a character: * * is not an alphabet Output 2
- 48. Enter a character: K K is an alphabet Explanation When a character is stored in a variable, ASCII value of that character is stored instead of that character itself. For example: If 'a' is stored in a variable, ASCII value of 'a' which is 97 is stored. If you see the ASCII table, the lowercase alphabets are from 97 to 122 and uppercase letter are from 65 to 90. If the ASCII value of number stored is between any of these two intervals then, that character will be an alphabet. In this program, instead of number 97, 122, 65 and 90; we have used 'a', 'z', 'A' and 'Z' respectively which is basically the same thing. This program also can be performed using standard library function isalpha(). C Program to Calculate Sum of Natural Numbers Positive integers 1, 2, 3, 4... are known as natural numbers. This program takes a positive integer from user( suppose user entered n ) then, this program displays the value of 1+2+3+....n. Source Code to Calculate Sum of Natural Numbers /* This program is solved using while loop. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, count, sum=0; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); count=1; while(count<=n) /* while loop terminates if count>n */ { sum+=count; /* sum=sum+count */ ++count; } printf("Sum = %d",sum); return 0; } Source Code to Calculate Sum Using for Loop /* This program is solve using for loop. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, count, sum=0; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(count=1;count<=n;++count) /* for loop terminates if count>n */ { sum+=count; /* sum=sum+count */ }
- 49. printf("Sum = %d",sum); return 0; } Output Enter an integer: 100 Sum = 5050 Both program above does exactly the same thing. Initially, the value of count is set to 1. Both program have test condition to perform looping iteration until condition count<=n becomes false and in each iteration ++count is executed. The only difference between for loop and while loop is the way of writing code. This program works perfectly for positive number but, if user enters negative number or 0, Sum = 0 is displayed but, it is better is display the error message in this case. The above program can be made user- friendly by adding if else statement as: /* This program displays error message when user enters negative number or 0 and displays the sum of natural numbers if user enters positive number. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, count, sum=0; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); if ( n<= 0) printf("Error!!!!"); else { for(count=1;count<=n;++count) /* for loop terminates if count>n */ { sum+=count; /* sum=sum+count */ } printf("Sum = %d",sum); } return 0; } This program also can be solved using recursive function. C Program to Find Factorial of a Number Factorial of a Number For any positive number n, its factorial is given by: factorial = 1*2*3*4....n If a number is negative, factorial does not exist and factorial of 0 is 1. This program takes an integer from a user. If user enters negative integer, this program will display error message and if user enters non-negative integer, this program will display the factorial of that number.
- 50. Source Code to Find Factorial of a Number /* C program to display factorial of an integer if user enters non-negative integer. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, count; unsigned long long int factorial=1; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); if ( n< 0) printf("Error!!! Factorial of negative number doesn't exist."); else { for(count=1;count<=n;++count) /* for loop terminates if count>n */ { factorial*=count; /* factorial=factorial*count */ } printf("Factorial = %lu",factorial); } return 0; } Output 1 Enter an integer: -5 Error!!! Factorial of negative number doesn't exist. Output 2 Enter an integer: 10 Factorial = 3628800 Here the type of factorial variable is declared as: unsigned long long. It is because, the factorial is always positive, so unsigned keyword is used and the factorial of a number can be pretty large. For example: the factorial of 10 is 3628800 thus, long long keyword is used. To solve this program, we have used for loop but, this program also can be solved in similar way using while loop. C program to Generate Multiplication Table This program asks user to enter an integer and this program will generate the multiplication table upto 10. Source Code to Generate Multiplication Table /* C program to find multiplication table up to 10. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, i; printf("Enter an integer to find multiplication table: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=10;++i) { printf("%d * %d = %dn", n, i, n*i);
- 51. } return 0; } Output Enter an integer to find multiplication table: 9 9 * 1 = 9 9 * 2 = 18 9 * 3 = 27 9 * 4 = 36 9 * 5 = 45 9 * 6 = 54 9 * 7 = 63 9 * 8 = 72 9 * 9 = 81 9 * 10 = 90 This program generates multiplication table of an integer up 10. But, this program can be made more user friendly by giving option to user to enter number up to which, he/she want to generate multiplication table. The source code below will perform this task. #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, range, i; printf("Enter an integer to find multiplication table: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter range of multiplication table: "); scanf("%d",&range); for(i=1;i<=range;++i) { printf("%d * %d = %dn", n, i, n*i); } return 0; } Output Enter an integer to find multiplication table: 6 Enter range of multiplication table: 4 6 * 1 = 6 6 * 2 = 12 6 * 3 = 18 6 * 4 = 24 C Program to Count Number of Digits of an Integer This program takes an integer from user and calculates the number of digits in that integer. For example: If user enters 2319, the output of program will be 4 because it contains 4 digits.
- 52. C Program to Find Number of Digits in a Number #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n,count=0; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &n); while(n!=0) { n/=10; /* n=n/10 */ ++count; } printf("Number of digits: %d",count); } Output Enter an integer: 34523 Number of digits: 5 Explanation This program takes an integer from user and stores that number in variable n. Suppose, user entered 34523. Then, while loop is executed because n!=0 will be true in first iteration. The codes inside while loop will be executed. After first iteration, value of n will be 3452 and count will be 1. Similarly, in second iteration n will be equal to 345 and count will be equal to 2. This process goes on and after fourth iteration, n will be equal to 3 and count will be equal to 4. Then, in next iteration n will be equal to 0 and count will be equal to 5 and program will be terminated as n!=0 becomes false. C Program to Reverse a Number This program takes an integer number from user and reverses that number. C Program to Reverse an Integer #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, reverse=0, rem; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &n); while(n!=0) { rem=n%10; reverse=reverse*10+rem; n/=10; } printf("Reversed Number = %d",reverse); return 0; } Output Enter an integer: 2345
- 53. Reversed Number = 5432 C program to Calculate the Power of a Number This program below takes two integers from user, a base number and an exponent. For example: In case of 23, 2 is the base number and 3 is the exponent of that number. And this program calculates the value of baseexponent. Source Code to Calculate Power /* C program to calculate the power of an integer*/ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int base, exp; long long int value=1; printf("Enter base number and exponent respectively: "); scanf("%d%d", &base, &exp); while (exp!=0) { value*=base; /* value = value*base; */ --exp; } printf("Answer = %d", value); } Output Enter base number and exponent respectively: 3 4 Answer = 81 Explanation This program takes base number and exponent from user and stores in variable base and exp respectively. Let us suppose, user entered 3 and 4 respectively. Then, while loop is executed with test condition exp!=0. This test condition will be true and value becomes 3 after first iteration and value of exp will be decreased to 3. This process goes on and after fourth iteration, value will be equal to 81(3*3*3*3) and exp will be equal to 0 and while loop will be terminated. Here, we have declared variable value of type long long int because power of a number can be very large. This program can only calculate the power if base power and exponent are integers. If you need to the calculate power of a floating point number then, you can use pow() function. C Program to Check Whether a Number is Palindrome or Not This program takes an integer from user and that integer is reversed. If the reversed integer is equal to the integer entered by user then, that number is a palindrome if not that number is not a palindrome. C Program to Check Palindrome Number /* C program to check whether a number is palindrome or not */ #include <stdio.h> int main() {
- 54. int n, reverse=0, rem,temp; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &n); temp=n; while(temp!=0) { rem=temp%10; reverse=reverse*10+rem; temp/=10; } /* Checking if number entered by user and it's reverse number is equal. */ if(reverse==n) printf("%d is a palindrome.",n); else printf("%d is not a palindrome.",n); return 0; } Output Enter an integer: 12321 12321 is a palindrome. C Program to Check Whether a Number is Prime or Not A positive integer which is only divisible by 1 and iself is known as prime number. For example: 13 is a prime number because it is only divisible by 1 and 13 but, 15 is not prime number because it is divisible by 1, 3, 5 and 15. C program to Check Prime Number /* C program to check whether a number is prime or not. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, i, flag=0; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=2;i<=n/2;++i) { if(n%i==0) { flag=1; break; } } if (flag==0) printf("%d is a prime number.",n); else printf("%d is not a prime number.",n); return 0; } Output
- 55. Enter a positive integer: 29 29 is a prime number. Explanation This program takes a positive integer from user and stores it in variable n. Then, for loop is executed which checks whether the number entered by user is perfectly divisible by i or not starting with initial value of i equals to 2 and increasing the value of i in each iteration. If the number entered by user is perfectly divisible by i then, flag is set to 1 and that number will not be a prime number but, if the number is not perfectly divisible by i until test condition i<=n/2 is true means, it is only divisible by 1 and that number itself and that number is a prime number. Visit this page to learn, how you can display all prime numbers between two intervals entered by user. C Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Two Intervals This program asks user to enter two integers and this program will display all prime numbers between these intervals. If you don't know how to check whether a number is prime or not then, this program may seem little bit complex. You can visit this page to learn about prime numbers and how to check whether a number is prime or not in C programming. Source Code to Display Prime Numbers Between two Intervals /* C program to display all prime numbers between Two interval entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n1, n2, i, j, flag; printf("Enter two numbers(intevals): "); scanf("%d %d", &n1, &n2); printf("Prime numbers between %d and %d are: ", n1, n2); for(i=n1+1; i<n2; ++i) { flag=0; for(j=2; j<=i/2; ++j) { if(i%j==0) { flag=1; break; } } if(flag==0) printf("%d ",i); } return 0; } Output Enter two numbers(intervals): 20 50 Prime numbers between 20 and 50 are: 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 In this program, it is assumed that, the user always enters smaller number first. This program will not perform the task intended if user enters larger number first. You can add the code to swap two numbers entered by user if user enters larger number first to make this program work properly.
- 56. Visit this page to learn, how you can display all prime numbers between two intervals by making user-defined function. C program to Check Armstrong Number A positive integer is called an Armstrong number if the sum of cubes of individual digit is equal to that number itself. For example: 153 = 1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3 // 153 is an Armstrong number. 12 is not equal to 1*1*1+2*2*2 // 12 is not an Armstrong number. Source Code to Check Armstrong Number /* C program to check whether a number entered by user is Armstrong or not. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n, n1, rem, num=0; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d", &n); n1=n; while(n1!=0) { rem=n1%10; num+=rem*rem*rem; n1/=10; } if(num==n) printf("%d is an Armstrong number.",n); else printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.",n); } Output Enter a positive integer: 371 371 is an Armstrong number. C Program to Display Armstrong Number Between Two Intervals This program asks user to enter two integers and this program will display all Armstrong numbers between these intervals. If you don't know how to check whether a number is Armstrong or not in programming then, this program may seem little bit complex. Visit this page to learn about Armstrong number and how to check it in C programming. C program to Display Armstrong Number Between Intervals /* Source Code to display Armstrong number between two intervals entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n1, n2, i, temp, num, rem; printf("Enter two numbers(intervals): "); scanf("%d %d", &n1, &n2);
- 57. printf("Armstrong numbers between %d an %d are: ", n1, n2); for(i=n1+1; i<n2; ++i) { temp=i; num=0; while(temp!=0) { rem=(temp%10); num+=rem*rem*rem; temp/=10; } if(i==num) { printf("%d ",i); } } return 0; } Output Enter two numbers(intervals): 100 400 Armstrong numbers between 100 and 400 are: 153 370 371 In this program, it is assumed that, the user always enters smaller number first. This program will not perform the task intended if user enters larger number first. You can add the code to swap two numbers entered by user if user enters larger number first to make this program work properly. C program to Display Factors of a Number This program takes a positive integer from an user and displays all the factors of that number. Source Code to Display Factors of a Number /* C to find and display all the factors of a number entered by an user.. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n,i; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Factors of %d are: ", n); for(i=1;i<=n;++i) { if(n%i==0) printf("%d ",i); } return 0; } Output Enter a positive integer: 60 Factors of 60 are: 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 15 20 30 60
- 58. Explanation In this program, an integer entered by user is stored in variable n. Then, for loop is executed with initial condition i=1 and checked whether n is perfectly divisible by i or not. If n is perfectly divisible by i then, i will be the factor of n. In each iteration, the value of i is updated(increased by 1). This process goes not until test condition i<=n becomes false,i.e., this program checks whether number entered by user n is perfectly divisible by all numbers from 1 to n and all displays factors of that number. C Programming Code To Create Pyramid and Structure List of Source Code Code to draw triangle using *, digits and characters Code to display inverted triangle using * and digit Code to construct pyramid Code to construct reverse pyramid Code to construct Pascal's traingle Code to construct Floyd's triangle C Program To display the triangle using *, numbers and character Write a C Program to print half pyramid as using * as shown in figure below. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; } Write a C Program to print half pyramid as using numbers as shown in figure below. 1
- 59. 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("%d ",j); } printf("n"); } return 0; } Write a C Program to print triangle of characters as below A B B C C C D D D D E E E E E #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i,j; char input,temp='A'; printf("Enter uppercase character you want in triangle at last row: "); scanf("%c",&input); for(i=1;i<=(input-'A'+1);++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) printf("%c",temp); ++temp; printf("n"); } return 0; } C Program To Display inverted half pyramid using * and numbers Write a C Program to print inverted half pyramid using * as shown below. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #include <stdio.h>
- 60. int main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=rows;i>=1;--i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; } 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 Write a C Program to print inverted half pyramid as using numbers as shown below. #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=rows;i>=1;--i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("%d ",j); } printf("n"); } return 0; } C Program To display the pyramid of * and digits Write a C program to print pyramid using *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i,space,rows,k=0; printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
- 61. scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(space=1;space<=rows-i;++space) { printf(" "); } while(k!=2*i-1) { printf("* "); ++k; } k=0; printf("n"); } return 0; } Write a C program to print the pyramid of digits in pattern as below. 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 4 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i,space,rows,k=0,count=0,count1=0; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(space=1;space<=rows-i;++space) { printf(" "); ++count; } while(k!=2*i-1) { if (count<=rows-1) { printf("%d ",(i+k)); ++count; } else { ++count1; printf("%d ", (i+k-2*count1)); } ++k; } count1=count=k=0;
- 62. printf("n"); } return 0; } Write a C program to display reverse pyramid. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #include<stdio.h> int main() { int rows,i,j,space; printf("Enter number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=rows;i>=1;--i) { for(space=0;space<rows-i;++space) printf(" "); for(j=i;j<=2*i-1;++j) printf("* "); for(j=0;j<i-1;++j) printf("* "); printf("n"); } return 0; } C Program to Draw Pascal's triangle 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 #include<stdio.h> int main() { int rows,coef=1,space,i,j; printf("Enter number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=0;i<rows;i++) { for(space=1;space<=rows-i;space++) printf(" "); for(j=0;j<=i;j++) { if (j==0||i==0) coef=1;
- 63. else coef=coef*(i-j+1)/j; printf("%4d",coef); } printf("n"); } } , C Program to display Floyd's Triangle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 #include<stdio.h> int main() { int rows,i,j,k=0; printf("Enter number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) printf("%d ",k+j); ++k; printf("n"); } } C program to Make a Simple Calculator to Add, Subtract, Multiply or Divide Using switch...case This program takes an arithmetic operator (+, -, *, /) and two operands from an user and performs the operation on those two operands depending upon the operator entered by user. This program can be solved using switch....case statement as: Source Code to Make Simple Calculator in C programming /* Source code to create a simple calculator for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using switch...case statement in C programming. */ # include <stdio.h> int main() { char o; float num1,num2; printf("Enter operator either + or - or * or divide : "); scanf("%c",&o); printf("Enter two operands: "); scanf("%f%f",&num1,&num2); switch(o) { case '+': printf("%.1f + %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1+num2); break;
- 64. case '-': printf("%.1f - %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2); break; case '*': printf("%.1f * %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2); break; case '/': printf("%.1f / %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2); break; default: /* If operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown */ printf("Error! operator is not correct"); break; } return 0; } Output Enter operator either + or - or * or divide : - Enter two operands: 3.4 8.4 3.4 - 8.4 = -5.0 Explanation This program takes an operator and two operands from user. The operator is stored in variable operator and two operands are stored in num1 and num2 respectively. Then, switch...case statement is used for checking the operator entered by user. If user enters + then, statements for case: '+' is executed and program is terminated. If user enters - then, statements for case: '-' is executed and program is terminated. This program works similarly for * and / operator. But, if the operator doesn't matches any of the four character [ +, -, * and / ], default statement is executed which displays error message.
- 65. Chapter -3 C Programming Functions In programming, a function is a segment that groups code to perform a specific task. A C program has at least one function main( ). Without main() function, there is technically no C program. Types of C functions Basically, there are two types of functions in C on basis of whether it is defined by user or not. ï· Library function ï· User defined function Library function Library functions are the in-built function in C programming system. For example: main() - The execution of every C program starts from this main() function. printf() - prinf() is used for displaying output in C. scanf() - scanf() is used for taking input in C. Visit this page to learn more about library functions in C programming language. User defined function C allows programmer to define their own function according to their requirement. These types of functions are known as user-defined functions. Suppose, a programmer wants to find factorial of a number and check whether it is prime or not in same program. Then, he/she can create two separate user-defined functions in that program: one for finding factorial and other for checking whether it is prime or not. How user-defined function works in C Programming? #include <stdio.h> void function_name(){ ................ ................ } int main(){ ........... ........... function_name(); ........... ........... } As mentioned earlier, every C program begins from main() and program starts executing the codes inside main() function. When the control of program reaches to function_name() inside main() function. The control of program jumps to void function_name() and executes the codes inside it. When all the codes inside that user-
- 66. defined function are executed, control of the program jumps to the statement just after function_name() from where it is called. Analyze the figure below for understanding the concept of function in C programming. Visit this page to learn in detail about user-defined functions. Remember, the function name is an identifier and should be unique. Advantages of user defined functions 1. User defined functions helps to decompose the large program into small segments which makes programmar easy to understand, maintain and debug. 2. If repeated code occurs in a program. Function can be used to include those codes and execute when needed by calling that function. 3. Programmer working on large project can divide the workload by making different functions. C Programming User-defined functions This chapter is the continuation to the function Introduction chapter. Example of user-defined function Write a C program to add two integers. Make a function add to add integers and display sum in main() function. /*Program to demonstrate the working of user defined function*/ #include <stdio.h> int add(int a, int b); //function prototype(declaration) int main(){ int num1,num2,sum; printf("Enters two number to addn"); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); sum=add(num1,num2); //function call printf("sum=%d",sum); return 0; } int add(int a,int b) //function declarator { /* Start of function definition. */ int add; add=a+b; return add; //return statement of function /* End of function definition. */ }
- 67. Function prototype(declaration): Every function in C programming should be declared before they are used. These type of declaration are also called function prototype. Function prototype gives compiler information about function name, type of arguments to be passed and return type. Syntax of function prototype return_type function_name(type(1) argument(1),....,type(n) argument(n)); In the above example,int add(int a, int b); is a function prototype which provides following information to the compiler: 1. name of the function is add() 2. return type of the function is int. 3. two arguments of type int are passed to function. Function prototype are not needed if user-definition function is written before main() function. Function call Control of the program cannot be transferred to user-defined function unless it is called invoked. Syntax of function call function_name(argument(1),....argument(n)); In the above example, function call is made using statement add(num1,num2); from main(). This make the control of program jump from that statement to function definition and executes the codes inside that function. Function definition Function definition contains programming codes to perform specific task. Syntax of function definition return_type function_name(type(1) argument(1),..,type(n) argument(n)) { //body of function } Function definition has two major components: 1. Function declarator Function declarator is the first line of function definition. When a function is called, control of the program is transferred to function declarator. Syntax of function declarator return_type function_name(type(1) argument(1),....,type(n) argument(n)) Syntax of function declaration and declarator are almost same except, there is no semicolon at the end of declarator and function declarator is followed by function body. In above example, int add(int a,int b) in line 12 is a function declarator. 2. Function body Function declarator is followed by body of function inside braces.
- 68. Passing arguments to functions In programming, argument(parameter) refers to data this is passed to function(function definition) while calling function. In above example two variable, num1 and num2 are passed to function during function call and these arguments are accepted by arguments a and b in function definition. Arguments that are passed in function call and arguments that are accepted in function definition should have same data type. For example: If argument num1 was of int type and num2 was of float type then, argument variable a should be of type int and b should be of type float,i.e., type of argument during function call and function definition should be same. A function can be called with or without an argument. Return Statement Return statement is used for returning a value from function definition to calling function. Syntax of return statement return (expression); For example: return a; return (a+b); In above example, value of variable add in add() function is returned and that value is stored in variable sum in main() function. The data type of expression in return statement should also match the return type of function.
- 69. Types of User-defined Functions in C Programming For better understanding of arguments and return type in functions, user-defined functions can be categorised as: 1. Function with no arguments and no return value 2. Function with no arguments and return value 3. Function with arguments but no return value 4. Function with arguments and return value. Let's take an example to find whether a number is prime or not using above 4 cateogories of user defined functions. Function with no arguments and no return value. /*C program to check whether a number entered by user is prime or not using function with no arguments and no return value*/ #include <stdio.h> void prime(); int main(){ prime(); //No argument is passed to prime(). return 0; } void prime(){ /* There is no return value to calling function main(). Hence, return type of prime() is void */ int num,i,flag=0; printf("Enter positive integer enter to check:n"); scanf("%d",&num); for(i=2;i<=num/2;++i){ if(num%i==0){ flag=1; } } if (flag==1) printf("%d is not prime",num); else printf("%d is prime",num); } Function prime() is used for asking user a input, check for whether it is prime of not and display it accordingly. No argument is passed and returned form prime() function. Function with no arguments but return value /*C program to check whether a number entered by user is prime or not using function with no arguments but having return value */ #include <stdio.h> int input(); int main(){ int num,i,flag = 0; num=input(); /* No argument is passed to input() */ for(i=2; i<=num/2; ++i){ if(num%i==0){
- 70. flag = 1; break; } } if(flag == 1) printf("%d is not prime",num); else printf("%d is prime", num); return 0; } int input(){ /* Integer value is returned from input() to calling function */ int n; printf("Enter positive integer to check:n"); scanf("%d",&n); return n; } There is no argument passed to input() function But, the value of n is returned from input() to main() function. Function with arguments and no return value /*Program to check whether a number entered by user is prime or not using function with arguments and no return value */ #include <stdio.h> void check_display(int n); int main(){ int num; printf("Enter positive enter to check:n"); scanf("%d",&num); check_display(num); /* Argument num is passed to function. */ return 0; } void check_display(int n){ /* There is no return value to calling function. Hence, return type of function is void. */ int i, flag = 0; for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i){ if(n%i==0){ flag = 1; break; } } if(flag == 1) printf("%d is not prime",n); else printf("%d is prime", n); } Here, check_display() function is used for check whether it is prime or not and display it accordingly. Here, argument is passed to user-defined function but, value is not returned from it to calling function. Function with argument and a return value /* Program to check whether a number entered by user is prime or not using function with argument and return value */
- 71. #include <stdio.h> int check(int n); int main(){ int num,num_check=0; printf("Enter positive enter to check:n"); scanf("%d",&num); num_check=check(num); /* Argument num is passed to check() function. */ if(num_check==1) printf("%d is not prime",num); else printf("%d is prime",num); return 0; } int check(int n){ /* Integer value is returned from function check() */ int i; for(i=2;i<=n/2;++i){ if(n%i==0) return 1; } return 0; } Here, check() function is used for checking whether a number is prime or not. In this program, input from user is passed to function check() and integer value is returned from it. If input the number is prime, 0 is returned and if number is not prime, 1 is returned. Programming Tutorials, Articles and Examples ï· Home ï· C Programming ï· C++ ï· Python C Programming Recursion A function that calls itself is known as recursive function and this technique is known as recursion in C programming. Example of recursion in C programming Write a C program to find sum of first n natural numbers using recursion. Note: Positive integers are known as natural number i.e. 1, 2, 3....n #include <stdio.h> int sum(int n); int main(){ int num,add; printf("Enter a positive integer:n"); scanf("%d",&num); add=sum(num); printf("sum=%d",add); }
- 72. int sum(int n){ if(n==0) return n; else return n+sum(n-1); /*self call to function sum() */ } Output Enter a positive integer: 5 15 In, this simple C program, sum() function is invoked from the same function. If n is not equal to 0 then, the function calls itself passing argument 1 less than the previous argument it was called with. Suppose, n is 5 initially. Then, during next function calls, 4 is passed to function and the value of argument decreases by 1 in each recursive call. When, n becomes equal to 0, the value of n is returned which is the sum numbers from 5 to 1. For better visualization of recursion in this example: sum(5) =5+sum(4) =5+4+sum(3) =5+4+3+sum(2) =5+4+3+2+sum(1) =5+4+3+2+1+sum(0) =5+4+3+2+1+0 =5+4+3+2+1 =5+4+3+3 =5+4+6 =5+10 =15 Every recursive function must be provided with a way to end the recursion. In this example when, n is equal to 0, there is no recursive call and recursion ends. Advantages and Disadvantages of Recursion Recursion is more elegant and requires few variables which make program clean. Recursion can be used to replace complex nesting code by dividing the problem into same problem of its sub-type. In other hand, it is hard to think the logic of a recursive function. It is also difficult to debug the code containing recursion. C Programming Storage Class Every variable in C programming has two properties: type and storage class. Type refers to the data type of variable whether it is character or integer or floating-point value etc. And storage class determines how long it stays in existence. There are 4 types of storage class: 1. automatic 2. external 3. static 4. register
- 73. Automatic storage class Keyword for automatic variable auto Variables declared inside the function body are automatic by default. These variable are also known as local variables as they are local to the function and doesn't have meaning outside that function Since, variable inside a function is automatic by default, keyword auto are rarely used. External storage class External variable can be accessed by any function. They are also known as global variables. Variables declared outside every function are external variables. In case of large program, containing more than one file, if the global variable is declared in file 1 and that variable is used in file 2 then, compiler will show error. To solve this problem, keyword extern is used in file 2 to indicate that, the variable specified is global variable and declared in another file. Example to demonstrate working of external variable #include void Check(); int a=5; /* a is global variable because it is outside every function */ int main(){ a+=4; Check(); return 0; } void Check(){ ++a; /* ----- Variable a is not declared in this function but, works in any function as they are global variable ------- */ printf("a=%dn",a); } Output a=10 Register Storage Class Keyword to declare register variable register Example of register variable register int a; Register variables are similar to automatic variable and exists inside that particular function only. If the compiler encounters register variable, it tries to store variable in microprocessor's register rather than memory. Value stored in register are much faster than that of memory. In case of larger program, variables that are used in loops and function parameters are declared register variables.
- 74. Since, there are limited number of register in processor and if it couldn't store the variable in register, it will automatically store it in memory. Static Storage Class The value of static variable persists until the end of the program. A variable can be declared static using keyword: static. For example: static int i; Here, i is a static variable. Example to demonstrate the static variable #include <stdio.h> void Check(); int main(){ Check(); Check(); Check(); } void Check(){ static int c=0; printf("%dt",c); c+=5; } Output 0 5 10 During first function call, it will display 0. Then, during second function call, variable c will not be initialized to 0 again, as it is static variable. So, 5 is displayed in second function call and 10 in third call. If variable c had been automatic variable, the output would have been: 0 0 0 C Programming Function Examples This page contains examples and source code on how to work with user-defined function. To understand all the program on this page, you should have knowledge of following function topics: 1. User-Defined Function 2. User-Defined Function Types 3. Storage class( Specially, local variables ) 4. Recursion C program to Calculate Factorial of a Number Using Recursion This program takes a positive integer from user and calculates the factorial of that number. Instead of loops to calculate factorial, this program uses recursive function to calculate the factorial of a number. Source Code to Calculate Factorial Using Recursion /* Source code to find factorial of a number. */
- 75. #include<stdio.h> int factorial(int n); int main() { int n; printf("Enter an positive integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, factorial(n)); return 0; } int factorial(int n) { if(n!=1) return n*factorial(n-1); } Output Enter an positive integer: 6 Factorial of 6 = 720 C Program to Find H.C.F Using Recursion This program takes two positive integers from user and calculates HCF or GCD using recursion. Visit this page to learn, how you can calculate H.C.F using loops. Source code to Calculate H.C.F using recursion /* Example to calculate GCD or HCF using recursive function. */ #include <stdio.h> int hcf(int n1, int n2); int main() { int n1, n2; printf("Enter two positive integers: "); scanf("%d%d", &n1, &n2); printf("H.C.F of %d and %d = %d", n1, n2, hcf(n1,n2)); return 0; } int hcf(int n1, int n2) { if (n2!=0) return hcf(n2, n1%n2); else return n1; } Output Enter two positive integers: 366 60 H.C.F of 366 and 60 = 6 C program to Reverse a Sentence Using Recusrion
- 76. This program takes a sentence from user and reverses that sentence using recursion. This program does not use string to reverse the sentence or store the sentence. Source code to reverse a sentence using recursion. /* Example to reverse a sentence entered by user without using strings. */ #include <stdio.h> void Reverse(); int main() { printf("Enter a sentence: "); Reverse(); return 0; } void Reverse() { char c; scanf("%c",&c); if( c != 'n') { Reverse(); printf("%c",c); } } Output Enter a sentence: margorp emosewa awesome program Explanation This program prints "Enter a sentence: " then, Reverse() function is called. This function stores the first letter entered by user and stores in variable c. If that variable is other than 'n' [ enter character] then, again Reverse() function is called. Don't assume this Reverse() function and the Reverse() function before is same although they both have same name. Also, the variables are also different, i.e., c variable in both functions are also different. Then, the second character is stored in variable c of second Reverse function. This process goes on until user enters 'n'. When, user enters 'n', the last function Reverse() function returns to second last Reverse() function and prints the last character. Second last Reverse() function returns to the third last Reverse() function and prints second last character. This process goes on and the final output will be the reversed sentence. C program to Calculate the Power of a Number Using Recursion This program takes two integers from user ( base number and a exponent) and calculates the power. Instead of using loops to calculate power, this program uses recursion to calculate the power of a number. Source code to calculate power using recursion /* Source Code to calculate power using recursive function */ #include <stdio.h> int power(int n1,int n2); int main()
- 77. { int base, exp; printf("Enter base number: "); scanf("%d",&base); printf("Enter power number(positive integer): "); scanf("%d",&exp); printf("%d^%d = %d", base, exp, power(base, exp)); return 0; } int power(int base,int exp) { if ( exp!=1 ) return (base*power(base,exp-1)); } Output Enter base number: 3 Enter power number(positive integer): 3 3^3 = 27 This program can only calculate the power if base power and exponent are integers only. If you need to the calculate power of a floating point number then, you can use pow() library function. C Program to Convert Binary Number to Decimal and Decimal to Binary This program converts either binary number entered by user to decimal number or decimal number entered by user to binary number in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Convert Either Binary Number to Decimal or Decimal Number to Binary /* C programming source code to convert either binary to decimal or decimal to binary according to data entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int binary_decimal(int n); int decimal_binary(int n); int main() { int n; char c; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("1. Enter alphabet 'd' to convert binary to decimal.n"); printf("2. Enter alphabet 'b' to convert decimal to binary.n"); scanf("%c",&c); if (c =='d' || c == 'D') { printf("Enter a binary number: "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("%d in binary = %d in decimal", n, binary_decimal(n)); } if (c =='b' || c == 'B') { printf("Enter a decimal number: ");
- 78. scanf("%d", &n); printf("%d in decimal = %d in binary", n, decimal_binary(n)); } return 0; } int decimal_binary(int n) /* Function to convert decimal to binary.*/ { int rem, i=1, binary=0; while (n!=0) { rem=n%2; n/=2; binary+=rem*i; i*=10; } return binary; } int binary_decimal(int n) /* Function to convert binary to decimal.*/ { int decimal=0, i=0, rem; while (n!=0) { rem = n%10; n/=10; decimal += rem*pow(2,i); ++i; } return decimal; } Output Explanation This program asks user to enter alphabet 'b' to convert decimal number to binary and alphabet 'd' to convert binary number to decimal. In accordance with the character entered, user is asked to enter either binary value to convert to decimal or decimal value to convert to binary. To perform conversion, two functions are made decimal_binary(); to convert decimal to binary and binary_decimal(); to convert binary to decimal. Decimal number entered by user is passed to decimal_binary() and this function computes the binary value of that number and returns it main() function. Similarly, binary number is passed to function binary_decimal() and this function computes decimal value of that number and returns it to main() function.
- 79. C Program to Convert Octal Number to Decimal and Decimal to Octal This program converts either octal number entered by user to decimal number or decimal number entered by user to octal in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Convert Octal Number to Decimal and Vice Versa /* C programming source code to convert either octal to decimal or decimal to octal according to data entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int decimal_octal(int n); int octal_deciaml(int n); int main() { int n; char c; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("1. Enter alphabet 'o' to convert decimal to octal.n"); printf("2. Enter alphabet 'd' to convert octal to decimal.n"); scanf("%c",&c); if (c =='d' || c == 'D') { printf("Enter an octal number: "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("%d in octal = %d in decimal", n, octal_decimal(n)); } if (c =='o' || c == 'O') { printf("Enter a decimal number: "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("%d in decimal = %d in octal", n, decimal_octal(n)); } return 0; } int decimal_octal(int n) /* Function to convert decimal to octal */ { int rem, i=1, octal=0; while (n!=0) { rem=n%8; n/=8; octal+=rem*i; i*=10; } return octal; } int octal_decimal(int n) /* Function to convert octal to decimal */ { int decimal=0, i=0, rem;
- 80. while (n!=0) { rem = n%10; n/=10; decimal += rem*pow(8,i); ++i; } return decimal; } Output This program asks user to enter a character and in accordance with that character user is asked to enter either octal number or decimal number. If user chooses to convert octal number to decimal then, that number is passed to function octal_decimal(). This function will convert the octal number passed by user to decimal number and returns it to main function. Similarly, if user chooses to convert decimal number to octal then, that number is passed to function decimal_octal(). This function will convert decimal number to octal number and returns it to main function. Displaying and Reading Octal Number using %o In the above program, it is shown how you can convert decimal number to octal and octal to decimal number manually. But, in C programming, there is easy solution for it. You can display the corresponding octal number of a decimal number directly using %o format string. You also can take number from user in octal form using %o. This program will demonstrate the working of %o. /* C program to take and display number in octal form */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a decimal number: "); scanf("%d",&n); /* %o will display the integer in corresponding octal form */ printf("%d in decimal = %o in octal", n, n); printf("nEnter an octal number: "); scanf("%o",&n); /* Takes number in octal form.*/ printf("%o in octol = %d in decimal", n, n); return 0; } C Program to Convert Binary Number to Octal and Octal to Binary This program converts either binary number entered by user to octal number or octal number entered by user to binary number in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Convert Binary to Octal and Vice Versa
- 81. /* C programming source code to convert either binary to octal or octal to binary according to data entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int binary_octal(int n); int octal_binary(int n); int main() { int n; char c; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("Enter alphabet 'o' to convert binary to octal.n"); printf("2. Enter alphabet 'b' to convert octal to binary.n"); scanf("%c",&c); if ( c=='o' || c=='O') { printf("Enter a binary number: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("%d in binary = %d in octal", n, binary_octal(n)); } if ( c=='b' || c=='B') { printf("Enter a octal number: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("%d in octal = %d in binary",n, octal_binary(n)); } return 0; } int binary_octal(int n) /* Function to convert binary to octal. */ { int octal=0, decimal=0, i=0; while(n!=0) { decimal+=(n%10)*pow(2,i); ++i; n/=10; } /*At this point, the decimal variable contains corresponding decimal value of binary number. */ i=1; while (decimal!=0) { octal+=(decimal%8)*i; decimal/=8; i*=10; } return octal; } int octal_binary(int n) /* Function to convert octal to binary.*/ { int decimal=0, binary=0, i=0;
- 82. while (n!=0) { decimal+=(n%10)*pow(8,i); ++i; n/=10; } /* At this point, the decimal variable contains corresponding decimal value of that octal number. */ i=1; while(decimal!=0) { binary+=(decimal%2)*i; decimal/=2; i*=10; } return binary; } Output This program asks user to enter alphabet 'b' to convert octal number to binary or alphabet 'o' to convert binary number to octal. In accordance with the character entered, user is asked to enter either binary value to convert to octal or octal value to convert to binary. To perform conversion, two functions are made octal_binary(); to convert octal to binary and binary_octal(); to convert binary to octal. Octal number entered by user is passed to octal_binary() and this function computes the binary value of that octal number number and returns it main() function. Similarly, binary number is passed to function binary_octal() and this function computes octal value of that number and return it main() function. ï· C Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Intervals by Making Function This program takes two positive integers from user and displays all prime numbers between these two intervals. To perform this task, user-defined function is created which will check whether a number is prime or not. Prime Numbers Between two Intervals by Making User-defined Function #include<stdio.h> int check_prime(int num); int main(){ int n1,n2,i,flag; printf("Enter two numbers(intervals): "); scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2); printf("Prime numbers between %d and %d are: ", n1, n2); for(i=n1+1;i<n2;++i) { flag=check_prime(i); if(flag==0)
- 83. printf("%d ",i); } return 0; } int check_prime(int num) /* User-defined function to check prime number*/ { int j,flag=0; for(j=2;j<=num/2;++j){ if(num%j==0){ flag=1; break; } } return flag; } Output Enter two numbers(intervals): 10 30 Prime numbers between 10 and 30 are: 11 13 17 19 23 29 In this program, all numbers between two intervals is passed to function int check_prime(int num) using for loop. This function checks whether a number is prime or not. If the number is prime it returns 1 if not it return 0 C Program to Check Prime and Armstrong Number by Making Function In this program, user is asked to enter a positive integer and a character either 'p' or 'a'. If user enters p then, this program checks whether that number is prime or not and if user enters a then, this program checks whether that number is an Armstrong number or not. To perform this task, two user-defined functions are defined to check prime number and Armstrong number. /* C program to check either prime number or Armstrong number depending upon the data entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int prime(int n); int armstrong(int n); int main() { char c; int n,temp=0; printf("Eneter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter P to check prime and A to check Armstrong number: "); c=getche(); if (c=='p' || c=='P') { temp=prime(n); if(temp==1) printf("n%d is a prime number.", n); else printf("n%d is not a prime number.", n); } if (c=='a' || c=='A') {
- 84. temp=armstrong(n); if(temp==1) printf("n%d is an Armstrong number.", n); else printf("n%d is not an Armstrong number.",n); } return 0; } int prime(int n) { int i, flag=1; for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i) { if(n%i==0) { flag=0; break; } } return flag; } int armstrong(int n) { int num=0, temp, flag=0; temp=n; while(n!=0) { num+=(n%10)*(n%10)*(n%10); n/=10; } if (num==temp) flag=1; return flag; } Output Eneter a positive integer: 371 Enter P to check prime and A to check Armstrong number: p 371 is not a prime number. C program to Check Whether a Number can be Express as Sum of Two Prime Numbers This program takes a positive integer from user and checks whether that number can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. If that number can be expressed as sum of two prime numbers then, that number is expressed as sum of two prime numbers in output. To perform this task, a user-defined function is created to check prime number. #include <stdio.h> int prime(int n); int main() { int n, i, flag=0; printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
- 85. scanf("%d",&n); for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i) { if (prime(i)!=0) { if ( prime(n-i)!=0) { printf("%d = %d + %dn", n, i, n-i); flag=1; } } } if (flag==0) printf("%d can't be expressed as sum of two prime numbers.",n); return 0; } int prime(int n) /* Function to check prime number */ { int i, flag=1; for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i) if(n%i==0) flag=0; return flag; } Output Enter a positive integer: 34 34 = 3 + 31 34 = 5 + 29 34 = 11 + 23 34 = 17 + 17 C program to Find Sum of Natural Numbers using Recursion. In this program, user is asked to enter a positive integer and sum of natural numbers up to that integer is displayed by this program. Suppose, user enters 5 then, Sum will be equal to 1+2+3+4+5 = 15 Instead of using loops to find sum of natural numbers, recursion is used in this program. Source Code to Calculated Sum using Recursion #include<stdio.h> int add(int n); int main() { int n; printf("Enter an positive integer: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Sum = %d",add(n)); return 0; } int add(int n) {
- 86. if(n!=0) return n+add(n-1); /* recursive call */ } Output Enter an positive integer: 10 Sum = 210 C Programming Arrays In C programming, one of the frequently arising problem is to handle similar types of data. For example: If the user want to store marks of 100 students. This can be done by creating 100 variable individually but, this process is rather tedious and impracticable. These type of problem can be handled in C programming using arrays. An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous value(same type). Arrays are of two types: 1. One-dimensional arrays 2. Multidimensional arrays( will be discussed in next chapter ) Declaration of one-dimensional array data_type array_name[array_size]; For example: int age[5]; Here, the name of array is age. The size of array is 5,i.e., there are 5 items(elements) of array age. All element in an array are of the same type (int, in this case). Array elements Size of array defines the number of elements in an array. Each element of array can be accessed and used by user according to the need of program. For example: int age[5]; Note that, the first element is numbered 0 and so on. Here, the size of array age is 5 times the size of int because there are 5 elements. Suppose, the starting address of age[0] is 2120d and the size of int be 4 bytes. Then, the next address (address of a[1]) will be 2124d, address of a[2] will be 2128d and so on. Initialization of one-dimensional array: Arrays can be initialized at declaration time in this source code as: int age[5]={2,4,34,3,4}; It is not necessary to define the size of arrays during initialization.
- 87. int age[]={2,4,34,3,4}; In this case, the compiler determines the size of array by calculating the number of elements of an array. Accessing array elements In C programming, arrays can be accessed and treated like variables in C. For example: scanf("%d",&age[2]); /* statement to insert value in the third element of array age[]. */ scanf("%d",&age[i]); /* Statement to insert value in (i+1)th element of array age[]. */ /* Because, the first element of array is age[0], second is age[1], ith is age[i-1] and (i+1)th is age[i]. */ printf("%d",age[0]); /* statement to print first element of an array. */ printf("%d",age[i]); /* statement to print (i+1)th element of an array. */ Example of array in C programming /* C program to find the sum marks of n students using arrays */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int marks[10],i,n,sum=0; printf("Enter number of students: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;++i){ printf("Enter marks of student%d: ",i+1); scanf("%d",&marks[i]); sum+=marks[i]; } printf("Sum= %d",sum); return 0; } Output Enter number of students: 3 Enter marks of student1: 12 Enter marks of student2: 31 Enter marks of student3: 2 sum=45
- 88. Important thing to remember in C arrays Suppose, you declared the array of 10 students. For example: arr[10]. You can use array members from arr[0] to arr[9]. But, what if you want to use element arr[10], arr[13] etc. Compiler may not show error using these elements but, may cause fatal error during program execution. C Programming Multidimensional Arrays C programming language allows programmer to create arrays of arrays known as multidimensional arrays. For example: float a[2][6]; Here, a is an array of two dimension, which is an example of multidimensional array. This array has 2 rows and 6 columns For better understanding of multidimensional arrays, array elements of above example can be thinked of as below: Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays In C, multidimensional arrays can be initialized in different number of ways. int c[2][3]={{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}}; OR int c[][3]={{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}}; OR int c[2][3]={1,3,0,-1,5,9}; Initialization Of three-dimensional Array double cprogram[3][2][4]={ {{-0.1, 0.22, 0.3, 4.3}, {2.3, 4.7, -0.9, 2}}, {{0.9, 3.6, 4.5, 4}, {1.2, 2.4, 0.22, -1}}, {{8.2, 3.12, 34.2, 0.1}, {2.1, 3.2, 4.3, -2.0}} }; Suppose there is a multidimensional array arr[i][j][k][m]. Then this array can hold i*j*k*m numbers of data. Similarly, the array of any dimension can be initialized in C programming. Example of Multidimensional Array In C Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of order 2*2 using multidimensional arrays where, elements of matrix are entered by user. #include <stdio.h> int main(){
- 89. float a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2]; int i,j; printf("Enter the elements of 1st matrixn"); /* Reading two dimensional Array with the help of two for loop. If there was an array of 'n' dimension, 'n' numbers of loops are needed for inserting data to array.*/ for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j){ printf("Enter a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%f",&a[i][j]); } printf("Enter the elements of 2nd matrixn"); for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j){ printf("Enter b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%f",&b[i][j]); } for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j){ /* Writing the elements of multidimensional array using loop. */ c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; /* Sum of corresponding elements of two arrays. */ } printf("nSum Of Matrix:"); for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j){ printf("%.1ft",c[i][j]); if(j==1) /* To display matrix sum in order. */ printf("n"); } return 0; } Ouput Enter the elements of 1st matrix Enter a11: 2; Enter a12: 0.5; Enter a21: -1.1; Enter a22: 2; Enter the elements of 2nd matrix Enter b11: 0.2; Enter b12: 0; Enter b21: 0.23; Enter b22: 23; Sum Of Matrix: 2.2 0.5 -0.9 25.0 C Programming Arrays and Functions In C programming, a single array element or an entire array can be passed to a function. Also, both one- dimensional and multi-dimensional array can be passed to function as argument.
- 90. Passing One-dimensional Array In Function C program to pass a single element of an array to function #include <stdio.h> void display(int a) { printf("%d",a); } int main(){ int c[]={2,3,4}; display(c[2]); //Passing array element c[2] only. return 0; } Output 4 Single element of an array can be passed in similar manner as passing variable to a function. Passing entire one-dimensional array to a function While passing arrays to the argument, the name of the array is passed as an argument(,i.e, starting address of memory area is passed as argument). Write a C program to pass an array containing age of person to a function. This function should find average age and display the average age in main function. #include <stdio.h> float average(float a[]); int main(){ float avg, c[]={23.4, 55, 22.6, 3, 40.5, 18}; avg=average(c); /* Only name of array is passed as argument. */ printf("Average age=%.2f",avg); return 0; } float average(float a[]){ int i; float avg, sum=0.0; for(i=0;i<6;++i){ sum+=a[i]; } avg =(sum/6); return avg; } Output Average age=27.08 Passing Multi-dimensional Arrays to Function To pass two-dimensional array to a function as an argument, starting address of memory area reserved is passed as in one dimensional array
- 91. Example to pass two-dimensional arrays to function #include void Function(int c[2][2]); int main(){ int c[2][2],i,j; printf("Enter 4 numbers:n"); for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j){ scanf("%d",&c[i][j]); } Function(c); /* passing multi-dimensional array to function */ return 0; } void Function(int c[2][2]){ /* Instead to above line, void Function(int c[][2]){ is also valid */ int i,j; printf("Displaying:n"); for(i=0;i<2;++i) for(j=0;j<2;++j) printf("%dn",c[i][j]); } Output Enter 4 numbers: 2 3 4 5 Displaying: 2 3 4 5 C Programming String In C programming, array of character are called strings. A string is terminated by null character /0. For example: "c string tutorial" Here, "c string tutorial" is a string. When, compiler encounters strings, it appends null character at the end of string. Declaration of strings Strings are declared in C in similar manner as arrays. Only difference is that, strings are of char type. char s[5];
- 92. Strings can also be declared using pointer. char *p Initialization of strings In C, string can be initialized in different number of ways. char c[]="abcd"; OR, char c[5]="abcd"; OR, char c[]={'a','b','c','d','0'}; OR; char c[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'}; String can also be initialized using pointers char *c="abcd"; Reading Strings from user. Reading words from user. char c[20]; scanf("%s",c); String variable c can only take a word. It is beacause when white space is encountered, the scanf() function terminates. Write a C program to illustrate how to read string from terminal. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char name[20]; printf("Enter name: "); scanf("%s",name); printf("Your name is %s.",name); return 0; } Output Enter name: Dennis Ritchie Your name is Dennis. Here, program will ignore Ritchie because, scanf() function takes only string before the white space. Reading a line of text C program to read line of text manually. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char name[30],ch;
- 93. int i=0; printf("Enter name: "); while(ch!='n') // terminates if user hit enter { ch=getchar(); name[i]=ch; i++; } name[i]='0'; // inserting null character at end printf("Name: %s",name); return 0; } This process to take string is tedious. There are predefined functions gets() and puts in C language to read and display string respectively. int main(){ char name[30]; printf("Enter name: "); gets(name); //Function to read string from user. printf("Name: "); puts(name); //Function to display string. return 0; } Both, the above program has same output below: Output Enter name: Tom Hanks Name: Tom Hanks Passing Strings to Functions String can be passed to function in similar manner as arrays as, string is also an array. Learn more about passing array to a function. #include <stdio.h> void Display(char ch[]); int main(){ char c[50]; printf("Enter string: "); gets(c); Display(c); // Passing string c to function. return 0; } void Display(char ch[]){ printf("String Output: "); puts(ch); } Here, string c is passed from main() function to user-defined function Display(). In function declaration, ch[] is the formal argument. String handling functions You can perform different type of string operations manually like: finding length of string, concatenating(joining) two strings etc. But, for programmers ease, many library function are defined under
- 94. header file <string.h> to handle these commonly used talk in C programming. You will learn more about string hadling function in next chapter. String Manipulations In C Programming Using Library Functions Strings are often needed to be manipulated by programmer according to the need of a problem. All string manipulation can be done manually by the programmer but, this makes programming complex and large. To solve this, the C supports a large number of string handling functions. There are numerous functions defined in "string.h" header file. Few commonly used string handling functions are discussed below: Function Work of Function strlen() Calculates the length of string strcpy() Copies a string to another string strcat() Concatenates(joins) two strings strcmp() Compares two string strlwr() Converts string to lowercase strupr() Converts string to uppercase Strings handling functions are defined under "string.h" header file, i.e, you have to include the code below to run string handling functions. #include <string.h> gets() and puts() Functions gets() and puts() are two string functions to take string input from user and display string respectively as mentioned in previous chapter. #include<stdio.h> int main(){ char name[30]; printf("Enter name: "); gets(name); //Function to read string from user. printf("Name: "); puts(name); //Function to display string. return 0; } Though, gets() and puts() function handle string, both these functions are defined in "stdio.h" header file. C Programming Array and Pointer Examples This page contains examples and source code on arrays and pointers. To understand all program on this page, you should have knowledge of following array and pointer topics:
- 95. 1. Arrays 2. Multi-dimensional Arrays 3. Pointers 4. Array and Pointer Relation 5. Call by Reference 6. Dynamic Memory Allocation C Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user), stores data in an array and calculates the average of those numbers. Source Code to Calculate Average Using Arrays #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int n, i; float num[100], sum=0.0, average; printf("Enter the numbers of data: "); scanf("%d",&n); while (n>100 || n<=0) { printf("Error! number should in range of (1 to 100).n"); printf("Enter the number again: "); scanf("%d",&n); } for(i=0; i<n; ++i) { printf("%d. Enter number: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&num[i]); sum+=num[i]; } average=sum/n; printf("Average = %.2f",average); return 0; } Output This program calculates the average if the number of data are from 1 to 100. If user enters value of n above 100 or below 100 then, while loop is executed which asks user to enter value of n until it is between 1 and 100. C Program to Find Largest Element of an Array
- 96. This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user) and stores data in an array. Then, this program displays the largest element of that array using loops. Source Code to Display Largest Element of an array #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int i,n; float arr[100]; printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */ { printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&arr[i]); } for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number to arr[0] */ { if(arr[0]<arr[i]) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest element*/ arr[0]=arr[i]; } printf("Largest element = %.2f",arr[0]); return 0; } Output Explanation This program takes n number of elements from user and stores it in array arr[]. To find the largest element, the first two elements of array are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. Then, the first and third elements are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. This process continues until and first and last elements are checked. After this process, the largest element of an array will be in arr[0] position. C Program to Calculate Standard Deviation This program calculates the standard deviation of individual series using arrays. If you don't know how to calculate the standard deviation, visit this page. In this program, elements of arrays are used for storing the data and this array is passed to function which calculates standard deviation and finally the result(standard deviation) is displayed in main() function.
- 97. Source Code to Calculate Standard Deviation by Passing it to Function /* Source code to calculate standard deviation. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> float standard_deviation(float data[], int n); int main() { int n, i; float data[100]; printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter elements: "); for(i=0; i<n; ++i) scanf("%f",&data[i]); printf("n"); printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n)); return 0; } float standard_deviation(float data[], int n) { float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0; int i; for(i=0; i<n;++i) { mean+=data[i]; } mean=mean/n; for(i=0; i<n;++i) sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean); return sqrt(sum_deviation/n); } Output
- 98. C Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays This program asks user to enter two matrices and this program multiplies these two matrix and displays it. If you don't know matrix multiplication, visit this page to learn, how two matrix can be multiplied. Source code to multiply to matrix in C programming #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k; printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); /* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */ while (c1!=r2) { printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n"); printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); } /* Storing elements of first matrix. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c1; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); }
- 99. /* Storing elements of second matrix. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n"); for(i=0; i<r2; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } /* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { mult[i][j]=0; } /* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) for(k=0; k<c1; ++k) { mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } /* Displaying the multiplication of two matrix. */ printf("nOutput Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("%d ",mult[i][j]); if(j==c2-1) printf("nn"); } return 0; } Output
- 100. In this program, user is asked to enter the size of two matrix at first. The column of first matrix should be equal to row of second matrix for multiplication. If this condition is not satisfied then, the size of matrix is again asked using while loop. Then, user is asked to enter two matrix and finally the output of two matrix is calculated and displayed. This program is little bit larger and it is better to solve this program by passing it to a function. Visit this page to learn about multiplying matrices by passing arrays to a function. C Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix This program asks user to enter a matrix (size of matrix is specified by user) and this program finds the transpose of that matrix and displays it. Source Code to Find Transpose of a Matrix #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i, j; printf("Enter rows and column of matrix: "); scanf("%d %d", &r, &c); /* Storing element of matrix entered by user in array a[][]. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r; ++i) for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } /* Displaying the matrix a[][] */ printf("nEntered Matrix: n"); for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
- 101. for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { printf("%d ",a[i][j]); if(j==c-1) printf("nn"); } /* Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it in array trans[][]. */ for(i=0; i<r; ++i) for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { trans[j][i]=a[i][j]; } /* Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array trans[][]. */ printf("nTranspose of Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<c; ++i) for(j=0; j<r; ++j) { printf("%d ",trans[i][j]); if(j==r-1) printf("nn"); } return 0; } Output C Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to Function
- 102. This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result. To perform this task three functions are made: 1. To takes matrix elements from user 2. To multiply two matrix 3. To display the resultant matrix after multiplication Source Code to Multiply Matrix by Passing it to a Function #include <stdio.h> void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2); void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2); void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2); int main() { int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k; printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); /* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */ while (c1!=r2) { printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n"); printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); } take_data(a,b,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to take matices data */ multiplication(a,b,mult,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to multiply two matrices. */ display(mult,r1,c2); /* Function to display resultant matrix after multiplication. */ return 0; } void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2) { int i,j; printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c1; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n"); for(i=0; i<r2; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) {
- 103. printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2) { int i,j,k; /* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { mult[i][j]=0; } /* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) for(k=0; k<c1; ++k) { mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2) { int i, j; printf("nOutput Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("%d ",mult[i][j]); if(j==c2-1) printf("nn"); } } Output
- 104. Bubble Sort Algorithm in Programming Among variaous other sorting algorithm, bubble sort algorithm is one of the popular and frequently used algorithm to sort elements either in ascending or descending order. Bubble sort algorithm starts by comparing the first two elements of an array and swapping if necessary, i.e., if you want to sort the elements of array in ascending order and if the first element is greater than second then, you need to swap the elements but, if the first element is smaller than second, you mustn't swap the element. Then, again second and third elements are compared and swapped if it is necessary and this process go on until last and second last element is compared and swapped. This completes the first step of bubble sort. If there are n elements to be sorted then, the process mentioned above should be repeated n-1 times to get required result. But, for better performance, in second step, last and second last elements are not compared becuase, the proper element is automatically placed at last after first step. Similarly, in third step, last and second last and second last and third last elements are not compared and so on. A figure is worth a thousand words so, acknowledge this figure for better understanding of bubble sort.
- 105. Here, there are 5 elements to the sorted. So, there are 4 steps. Program To Sort Elements using Bubble Sort Algorithm /*C Program To Sort data in ascending order using bubble sort.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int data[100],i,n,step,temp; printf("Enter the number of elements to be sorted: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;++i) { printf("%d. Enter element: ",i+1); scanf("%d",&data[i]); } for(step=0;step<n-1;++step) for(i=0;i<n-step-1;++i) { if(data[i]>data[i+1]) /* To sort in descending order, change > to < in this line. */ { temp=data[i]; data[i]=data[i+1]; data[i+1]=temp; } } printf("In ascending order: "); for(i=0;i<n;++i) printf("%d ",data[i]); return 0; } Enter the number of elements to be sorted: 6 1. Enter element: 12 2. Enter element: 3 3. Enter element: 0
- 106. 4. Enter element: -3 5. Enter element: 1 6. Enter element: -9 In ascending order: -9 -3 0 1 3 13 Note: Though this code is in C programming, this technique can be applied in any programming to sort elements of an array. Though bubble sort algorithm is quite popular, there are many other better algorithm than bubble sort. Specially, bubble sort should be used to sort large data if performance matters in that program. C Program to Access Elements of an Array Using Pointer This program declares the array of five element and the elements of that array are accessed using pointer. Source Code to Access Array Elements Using Pointer #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int data[5], i; printf("Enter elements: "); for(i=0;i<5;++i) scanf("%d",data+i); printf("You entered: "); for(i=0;i<5;++i) printf("%dn",*(data+i)); return 0; } Output Enter elements: 1 2 3 5 4 You entered: 1 2 3 5 4 C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference This program takes three enters from user which is stored in variable a, b and c respectively. Then, these variables are passed to function using call by reference. This function swaps the value of these elements in cyclic order. C Program to Swap Elements Using Call by Reference #include<stdio.h> void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c); int main(){ int a,b,c; printf("Enter value of a, b and c respectively: "); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
- 107. printf("Value before swapping:n"); printf("a=%dnb=%dnc=%dn",a,b,c); Cycle(&a,&b,&c); printf("Value after swapping numbers in cycle:n"); printf("a=%dnb=%dnc=%dn",a,b,c); return 0; } void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c){ int temp; temp=*b; *b=*a; *a=*c; *c=temp; } Output Enter value of a, b and c respectively: 1 2 3 Value before swapping: a=1 b=2 c=3 Value after swapping numbers in cycle: a=3 b=1 c=2 C Program to Find Largest Number Using Dynamic Memory Allocation In this program, calloc() function is used to allocate the memory dynamically. Depending upon the number of elements, the required size is allocated which prevents the wastage of memory. If no memory is allocated, error is displayed and the program is terminated. Source Code to Find Largest Element Using Dynamic Memory Allocation #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(){ int i,n; float *data; printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); data=(float*)calloc(n,sizeof(float)); /* Allocates the memory for 'n' elements */ if(data==NULL) { printf("Error!!! memory not allocated."); exit(0); } printf("n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */ { printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1); scanf("%f",data+i);
- 108. } for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number at address data */ { if(*data<*(data+i)) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest number */ *data=*(data+i); } printf("Largest element = %.2f",*data); return 0; } Output String Examples in C Programming This page contains examples and source code on strings in C programming. To understand all the example on this page, you should have basic knowledge of string, passing string to function and few commonly used standard library functions to manipulate strings. C Program to Find the Frequency of Characters in a String This program asks user to enter a string and a character and this program checks how many times that character is repeated in the string entered by user. Source Code to Find the Frequency of Characters #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c[1000],ch; int i,count=0; printf("Enter a string: "); gets(c); printf("Enter a characeter to find frequency: "); scanf("%c",&ch); for(i=0;c[i]!='0';++i) { if(ch==c[i]) ++count; } printf("Frequency of %c = %d", ch, count);
- 109. return 0; } Output Enter a string: This website is awesome. Enter a frequency to find frequency: e Frequency of e = 4 C Program to Find the Number of Vowels, Consonants, Digits and White space in a String This program takes a string from user and finds the total number of vowels, consonants, digits and white space present in that string. Source Code to Find Number of Vowels, Consonants, Digits and White Space Character #include<stdio.h> int main(){ char line[150]; int i,v,c,ch,d,s,o; o=v=c=ch=d=s=0; printf("Enter a line of string:n"); gets(line); for(i=0;line[i]!='0';++i) { if(line[i]=='a' || line[i]=='e' || line[i]=='i' || line[i]=='o' || line[i]=='u' || line[i]=='A' || line[i]=='E' || line[i]=='I' || line[i]=='O' || line[i]=='U') ++v; else if((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&& line[i]<='Z')) ++c; else if(line[i]>='0'&&c<='9') ++d; else if (line[i]==' ') ++s; } printf("Vowels: %d",v); printf("nConsonants: %d",c); printf("nDigits: %d",d); printf("nWhite spaces: %d",s); return 0; } Output Enter a line of string: This program is easy 2 understand Vowels: 9 Consonants: 18 Digits: 1 White spaces: 5 C Program to Reverse a String by Passing it to Function This program asks user to enter a string. Then, that string is passed to a function which reverses the string and finally the reversed string is displayed in the main( ) function.
- 110. Source Code to Reverse String #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> void Reverse(char str[]); int main(){ char str[100]; printf("Enter a string to reverse: "); gets(str); Reverse(str); printf("Reversed string: "); puts(str); return 0; } void Reverse(char str[]){ int i,j; char temp[100]; for(i=strlen(str)-1,j=0; i+1!=0; --i,++j) { temp[j]=str[i]; } temp[j]='0'; strcpy(str,temp); } Output Enter a string to reverse: zimargorp Reversed string: programiz To solve this problem, two standard library functions strlen() and strcpy() are used to calculate length and to copy string respectively. C Program to Find the Length of a String You can use standard library function strlen( ) to find the length of a string but, this program computes the length of a string manually without using strlen( ) funtion. Source Code to Calculated Length without Using strlen() Function #include <stdio.h> int main() { char s[1000],i; printf("Enter a string: "); scanf("%s",s); for(i=0; s[i]!='0'; ++i); printf("Length of string: %d",i); return 0; } Output Enter a string: Programiz Length of string: 9 This program asks user to enter a string and computes the length of string manually using for loop.
- 111. C program to Concatenate Two Strings You can concatenate two strings easily using standard library function strcat( ) but, this program concatenates two strings manually without using strcat( ) function. Source Code to Concatenate Two Strings Manually #include <stdio.h> int main() { char s1[100], s2[100], i, j; printf("Enter first string: "); scanf("%s",s1); printf("Enter second string: "); scanf("%s",s2); for(i=0; s1[i]!='0'; ++i); /* i contains length of string s1. */ for(j=0; s2[j]!='0'; ++j, ++i) { s1[i]=s2[j]; } s1[i]='0'; printf("After concatenation: %s",s1); return 0; } Output Enter first string: lol Enter second string: :) After concatenation: lol:) C Program to Copy a String You can use the strcpy( ) function to copy the content of one string to another but, this program copies the content of one string to another manually without using strcpy( ) function. Source Code to Copy String Manually #include <stdio.h> int main() { char s1[100], s2[100], i; printf("Enter string s1: "); scanf("%s",s1); for(i=0; s1[i]!='0'; ++i) { s2[i]=s1[i]; } s2[i]='0'; printf("String s2: %s",s2); return 0; } Output Enter String s1: programiz String s2: programiz
- 112. This above program copies the content of string s1 to string s2 manually. C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabet This program takes a strings from user and removes all characters in that string except alphabets. Source Code to Remove Characters in String Except Alphabets #include<stdio.h> int main(){ char line[150]; int i,j; printf("Enter a string: "); gets(line); for(i=0; line[i]!='0'; ++i) { while (!((line[i]>='a'&&line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&&line[i]<='Z' || line[i]=='0'))) { for(j=i;line[j]!='0';++j) { line[j]=line[j+1]; } line[j]='0'; } } printf("Output String: "); puts(line); return 0; } Output Enter a string: p2'r"o@gram84iz./ Output String: programiz This program takes a string from user and for loop executed until all characters of string is checked. If any character inside a string is not a alphabet, all characters after it including null character is shifted by 1 position backwards. C Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary Order) This program takes 10 words from user and sorts elements in lexicographical order. To perform this task, two dimensional string is used. Source Code to Sort Words in Dictionary Order #include<stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main(){ int i,j; char str[10][50],temp[50]; printf("Enter 10 words:n"); for(i=0;i<10;++i) gets(str[i]); for(i=0;i<9;++i)
- 113. for(j=i+1;j<10 ;++j){ if(strcmp(str[i],str[j])>0) { strcpy(temp,str[i]); strcpy(str[i],str[j]); strcpy(str[j],temp); } } printf("In lexicographical order: n"); for(i=0;i<10;++i){ puts(str[i]); } return 0; } Output C Program to Change Decimal to Hexadecimal Number and Vice Versa This program converts either hexadecimal number entered by user to decimal number or decimal number entered by user to hexadecimal number in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Decimal to Hexadecimal Number and Hexadecimal to Decimal #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <string.h> void decimal_hex(int n, char hex[]); int hex_decimal(char hex[]); int main() { char hex[20],c; int n; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("Enter h to convert decimal to hexadecimal:n"); printf("Enter d to hexadecimal number to decimal:n"); printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c);
- 114. if (c=='h' || c=='H') { printf("Enter decimal number: "); scanf("%d",&n); decimal_hex(n,hex); printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex); } if (c=='d' || c=='D') { printf("Enter hexadecimal number: "); scanf("%s",hex); printf("Decimal number: %d",hex_decimal(hex)); } return 0; } void decimal_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert decimal to hexadecimal. */ { int i=0,rem; while (n!=0) { rem=n%16; switch(rem) { case 10: hex[i]='A'; break; case 11: hex[i]='B'; break; case 12: hex[i]='C'; break; case 13: hex[i]='D'; break; case 14: hex[i]='E'; break; case 15: hex[i]='F'; break; default: hex[i]=rem+'0'; break; } ++i; n/=16; } hex[i]='0'; strrev(hex); /* Reverse string */ }
- 115. int hex_decimal(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to decimal. */ { int i, length, sum=0; for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length); for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length) { if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9') sum+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F') sum+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f') sum+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1); } return sum; } Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own. Output This program asks user to enter alphabet 'd' to convert hexadecimal number to binary or alphabet 'h' to convert decimal number to hexadecimal number. In accordance with the character entered, user is asked to enter either hexadecimal value to convert to decimal or decimal value to convert to hexadecimal. To perform conversion, two functions are made decimal_hex(); to convert decimal to hexadecimal and hex_decimal(); to convert hexadecimal to decimal. Hexadecimal number entered by user is passed to hex_decimal() and this function computes the decimal value of that hexadecimal number. Similarly, decimal number is passed to function decimal_hex() and this function computes hexadecimal number of that decimal number. Displaying and Reading Hexadecimal Number using %x In C programming, you can read hexadecimal number directly from user and display decimal in hexadecimal directly using %x format string. This program will demonstrate the working of %x. /* C program to take and display number in hexadecimal */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a decimal number: "); scanf("%d",&n); /* %x will display the integer in corresponding hexadecimal value */ printf("%d in decimal = %x in hexadecimal", n, n); printf("nEnter an hexadecimal number: "); scanf("%x",&n); /* Takes number in hexadecimal.*/ printf("%x in octal = %d in decimal", n, n); return 0; }
- 116. C Program to Convert Hexadecimal to Octal and Vice Versa You can directly take octal value from user or display the given number in octal format using %o string format. Similarly, you can directly takes hexadecimal value from user or display the number in hexadecimal format using %x string. This can be demonstrated by an example: /* C program to take and display number in hexadecimal format and octal format. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter an octal number: "); scanf("%o",&n); /*Takes number in octal format. */ /* %o and %x will display the number is octal format and hexadecimal form respectively. */ printf("%o in octal = %x in hexadecimal", n, n); printf("nEnter an hexadecimal number: "); scanf("%x",&n); /* Takes number in hexadecimal format.*/ printf("%x in hexadecimal = %o in octal", n, n); return 0; } Conversion from Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Octal Manually This program converts either hexadecimal number entered by user to octal format or octal number entered by user to hexadecimal format in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Convert Hexadecimal to Octal and Octal to Hexadecimal #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <string.h> void octal_hex(int n, char hex[]); int hex_octal(char hex[]); int main() { char hex[20],c; int n; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("Enter h to convert octal to hexadecimal:n"); printf("Enter o to hexadecimal number to octal:n"); printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); if (c=='h' || c=='H') { printf("Enter octal number: "); scanf("%d",&n); octal_hex(n,hex); printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex); } if (c=='o' || c=='O') { printf("Enter hexadecimal number: ");
- 117. scanf("%s",hex); printf("Octal number: %d",hex_octal(hex)); } return 0; } void octal_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert octal to hexadecimal. */ { int i=0,decimal=0, rem; while (n!=0) { rem = n%10; n/=10; decimal += rem*pow(8,i); ++i; } /* At this point, decimal contains the decimal value of given octal number. */ i=0; while (decimal!=0) { rem=decimal%16; switch(rem) { case 10: hex[i]='A'; break; case 11: hex[i]='B'; break; case 12: hex[i]='C'; break; case 13: hex[i]='D'; break; case 14: hex[i]='E'; break; case 15: hex[i]='F'; break; default: hex[i]=rem+'0'; break; } ++i; decimal/=16; } hex[i]='0'; strrev(hex); /* Function to reverse string. */ } int hex_octal(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to octal. */
- 118. { int i, length, decimal=0, octal=0; for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length); for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length) { if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9') decimal+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F') decimal+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f') decimal+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1); } /* At this point decimal contains the decimal value of given hexadecimal number. */ i=1; while (decimal!=0) { octal+=(decimal%8)*i; decimal/=8; i*=10; } return octal; } Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own. Output This program asks user to enter a character and in accordance with that character user is asked to enter either octal number or hexadecimal number to convert it. In this program, two user defined functions are defined: octal_hex() to convert number in octal format to hexadecimal and hex_octal to convert number in hexadecimal format to octal. C Program to Convert Binary Number to Hexadecimal Vice Versa This program converts either binary number entered by user to hexadecimal format or hexadecimal number entered by user to binary format in accordance with the character entered by user. Source Code to Convert Hexadecimal to Binary and Vice Versa #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <string.h> void binary_hex(int n, char hex[]); int hex_binary(char hex[]); int main() { char hex[20],c; int n; printf("Instructions:n"); printf("Enter h to convert binary to hexadecimal:n");
- 119. printf("Enter b to hexadecimal number to binary:n"); printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); if (c=='h' || c=='H') { printf("Enter binary number: "); scanf("%d",&n); binary_hex(n,hex); printf("Hexadecimal number: %s",hex); } if (c=='b' || c=='B') { printf("Enter hexadecimal number: "); scanf("%s",hex); printf("Binary number: %d",hex_binary(hex)); } return 0; } void binary_hex(int n, char hex[]) /* Function to convert binary to hexadecimal. */ { int i=0,decimal=0, rem; while (n!=0) { decimal += (n%10)*pow(2,i); n/=10; ++i; } /* At this point, variable decimal contains binary number in decimal format. */ i=0; while (decimal!=0) { rem=decimal%16; switch(rem) { case 10: hex[i]='A'; break; case 11: hex[i]='B'; break; case 12: hex[i]='C'; break; case 13: hex[i]='D'; break; case 14: hex[i]='E'; break; case 15: hex[i]='F';
- 120. break; default: hex[i]=rem+'0'; break; } ++i; decimal/=16; } hex[i]='0'; strrev(hex); /* Function to reverse string. */ } int hex_binary(char hex[]) /* Function to convert hexadecimal to binary. */ { int i, length, decimal=0, binary=0; for(length=0; hex[length]!='0'; ++length); for(i=0; hex[i]!='0'; ++i, --length) { if(hex[i]>='0' && hex[i]<='9') decimal+=(hex[i]-'0')*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='A' && hex[i]<='F') decimal+=(hex[i]-55)*pow(16,length-1); if(hex[i]>='a' && hex[i]<='f') decimal+=(hex[i]-87)*pow(16,length-1); } /* At this point, variable decimal contains the hexadecimal number in decimal format. */ i=1; while (decimal!=0) { binary+=(decimal%2)*i; decimal/=2; i*=10; } return binary; } Note: If strrev() function doesn't work on your system, you have to write code to reverse string on your own. Output This program asks user to enter a character and in accordance with that character, user is asked to enter either hexadecimal number or binary number to convert it. In this program, two user defined functions are defined: binary_hex() to convert number in binary format to hexadecimal and hex_binary to convert number in hexadecimal format to binary. C Programming Pointers
- 121. Pointers are the powerful feature of C and (C++) programming, which differs it from other popular programming languages like: java and Visual Basic. Pointers are used in C program to access the memory and manipulate the address. Reference operator(&) If var is a variable then, &var is the address in memory. /* Example to demonstrate use of reference operator in C programming. */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int var=5; printf("Value: %dn",var); printf("Address: %d",&var); //Notice, the ampersand(&) before var. return 0; } Output Value: 5 Address: 2686778 Note: You may obtain different value of address while using this code. In above source code, value 5 is stored in the memory location 2686778. var is just the name given to that location. You, have already used reference operator in C program while using scanf() function. scanf("%d",&var); Reference operator(*) and Pointer variables Pointers variables are the special types of variables that holds memory address rather than data, that is, a variable that holds address value is called a pointer variable or simply a pointer. Declaration of Pointer Dereference operator(*) are used to identify an operator as a pointer. data_type * pointer_variable_name; int *p; Above statement defines, p as pointer variable of type int. Example To Demonstrate Working of Pointers /* Source code to demonstrate, handling of pointers in C program */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int *pc,c; c=22; printf("Address of c:%dn",&c); printf("Value of c:%dnn",c); pc=&c; printf("Address of pointer pc:%dn",pc); printf("Content of pointer pc:%dnn",*pc);
- 122. c=11; printf("Address of pointer pc:%dn",pc); printf("Content of pointer pc:%dnn",*pc); *pc=2; printf("Address of c:%dn",&c); printf("Value of c:%dnn",c); return 0; } Output Address of c: 2686784 Value of c: 22 Address of pointer pc: 2686784 Content of pointer pc: 22 Address of pointer pc: 2686784 Content of pointer pc: 11 Address of c: 2686784 Value of c: 2 Explanation of program and figure 1. Code int *pc, p; creates a pointer pc and a variable c. Pointer pc points to some address and that address has garbage value. Similarly, variable c also has garbage value at this point. 2. Code c=22; makes the value of c equal to 22, i.e.,22 is stored in the memory location of variable c. 3. Code pc=&c; makes pointer, point to address of c. Note that, &c is the address of variable c (because c is normal variable) and pc is the address of pc (because pc is the pointer variable). Since the address of pc and address of c is same, *pc (value of pointer pc) will be equal to the value of c. 4. Code c=11; makes the value of c, 11. Since, pointer pc is pointing to address of c. Value of *pc will also be 11. 5. Code *pc=2; change the contents of the memory location pointed by pointer pc to change to 2. Since address of pointer pc is same as address of c, value of c also changes to 2. Commonly done mistakes in pointers Suppose, the programmer want pointer pc to point to the address of c. Then, int c, *pc; pc=c; /* pc is address whereas, c is not an address. */ *pc=&c; /* &c is address whereas, *pc is not an address. */ In both cases, pointer pc is not pointing to the address of c. C Programming Pointers and Arrays
- 123. Arrays are closely related to pointers in C programming but the important difference between them is that, a pointer variable can take different addresses as value whereas, in case of array it is fixed. This can be demonstrated by an example: #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c[4]; int i; for(i=0;i<4;++i){ printf("Address of c[%d]=%xn",i,&c[i]); } return 0; } Address of c[0]=28ff44 Address of c[1]=28ff45 Address of c[2]=28ff46 Address of c[3]=28ff47 Notice, that there is equal difference (difference of 1 byte) between any two consecutive elements of array. Note: You may get different address of an array. Relation between Arrays and Pointers Consider and array: int arr[4]; In arrays of C programming, name of the array always points to the first element of an array. Here, address of first element of an array is &arr[0]. Also, arr represents the address of the pointer where it is pointing. Hence, &arr[0] is equivalent to arr. Also, value inside the address &arr[0] and address arr are equal. Value in address &arr[0] is arr[0] and value in address arr is *arr. Hence, arr[0] is equivalent to *arr. Similarly, &a[1] is equivalent to (a+1) AND, a[1] is equivalent to *(a+1). &a[2] is equivalent to (a+2) AND, a[2] is equivalent to *(a+2). &a[3] is equivalent to (a+1) AND, a[3] is equivalent to *(a+3). . . &a[i] is equivalent to (a+i) AND, a[i] is equivalent to *(a+i). In C, you can declare an array and can use pointer to alter the data of an array. //Program to find the sum of six numbers with arrays and pointers. #include <stdio.h> int main(){
- 124. int i,class[6],sum=0; printf("Enter 6 numbers:n"); for(i=0;i<6;++i){ scanf("%d",(class+i)); // (class+i) is equivalent to &class[i] sum += *(class+i); // *(class+i) is equivalent to class[i] } printf("Sum=%d",sum); return 0; } Output Enter 6 numbers: 2 3 4 5 3 4 Sum=21 C Programming Pointers and Functions - Call by Reference When, argument is passed using pointer, address of the memory location is passed instead of value. Example of Pointer And Functions Program to swap two number using call by reference. /* C Program to swap two numbers using pointers and function. */ #include <stdio.h> void swap(int *a,int *b); int main(){ int num1=5,num2=10; swap(&num1,&num2); /* address of num1 and num2 is passed to swap function */ printf("Number1 = %dn",num1); printf("Number2 = %d",num2); return 0; } void swap(int *a,int *b){ /* pointer a and b points to address of num1 and num2 respectively */ int temp; temp=*a; *a=*b; *b=temp; } Output Number1 = 10 Number2 = 5 Explanation The address of memory location num1 and num2 are passed to function and the pointers *a and *b accept those values. So, the pointer a and b points to address of num1 and num2 respectively. When, the value of pointer are changed, the value in memory location also changed correspondingly. Hence, change made to *a and *b was reflected in num1 and num2 in main function.
- 125. This technique is known as call by reference in C programming. C Programming Dynamic Memory Allocation The exact size of array is unknown untill the compile time,i.e., time when a compier compiles code written in a programming language into a executable form. The size of array you have declared initially can be sometimes insufficient and sometimes more than required. Dynamic memory allocation allows a program to obtain more memory space, while running or to release space when no space is required. Although, C language inherently does not has any technique to allocated memory dynamically, there are 4 library functions under "stdlib.h" for dynamic memory allocation. Function Use of Function malloc() Allocates requested size of bytes and returns a pointer first byte of allocated space calloc() Allocates space for an array elements, initializes to zero and then returns a pointer to memory free() dellocate the previously allocated space realloc() Change the size of previously allocated space malloc() The name malloc stands for "memory allocation". The function malloc() reserves a block of memory of specified size and return a pointer of type void which can be casted into pointer of any form. Syntax of malloc() ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size) Here, ptr is pointer of cast-type. The malloc() function returns a pointer to an area of memory with size of byte size. If the space is insufficient, allocation fails and returns NULL pointer. ptr=(int*)malloc(100*sizeof(int)); This statement will allocate either 200 or 400 according to size of int 2 or 4 bytes respectively and the pointer points to the address of first byte of memory. calloc() The name calloc stands for "contiguous allocation". The only difference between malloc() and calloc() is that, malloc() allocates single block of memory whereas calloc() allocates multiple blocks of memory each of same size and sets all bytes to zero. Syntax of calloc() ptr=(cast-type*)calloc(n,element-size); This statement will allocate contiguous space in memory for an array of n elements. For example: ptr=(float*)calloc(25,sizeof(float)); This statement allocates contiguous space in memory for an array of 25 elements each of size of float, i.e, 4 bytes. free() Dynamically allocated memory with either calloc() or malloc() does not get return on its own. The programmer must use free() explicitly to release space.
- 126. syntax of free() free(ptr); This statement cause the space in memory pointer by ptr to be deallocated. Examples of calloc() and malloc() Write a C program to find sum of n elements entered by user. To perform this program, allocate memory dynamically using malloc() function. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(){ int n,i,*ptr,sum=0; printf("Enter number of elements: "); scanf("%d",&n); ptr=(int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); //memory allocated using malloc if(ptr==NULL) { printf("Error! memory not allocated."); exit(0); } printf("Enter elements of array: "); for(i=0;i<n;++i) { scanf("%d",ptr+i); sum+=*(ptr+i); } printf("Sum=%d",sum); free(ptr); return 0; } Write a C program to find sum of n elements entered by user. To perform this program, allocate memory dynamically using calloc() function. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(){ int n,i,*ptr,sum=0; printf("Enter number of elements: "); scanf("%d",&n); ptr=(int*)calloc(n,sizeof(int)); if(ptr==NULL) { printf("Error! memory not allocated."); exit(0); } printf("Enter elements of array: "); for(i=0;i<n;++i) { scanf("%d",ptr+i); sum+=*(ptr+i);
- 127. } printf("Sum=%d",sum); free(ptr); return 0; } realloc() If the previously allocated memory is insufficient or more than sufficient. Then, you can change memory size previously allocated using realloc(). Syntax of realloc() ptr=realloc(ptr,newsize); Here, ptr is reallocated with size of newsize. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(){ int *ptr,i,n1,n2; printf("Enter size of array: "); scanf("%d",&n1); ptr=(int*)malloc(n1*sizeof(int)); printf("Address of previously allocated memory: "); for(i=0;i<n1;++i) printf("%ut",ptr+i); printf("nEnter new size of array: "); scanf("%d",&n2); ptr=realloc(ptr,n2); for(i=0;i<n2;++i) printf("%ut",ptr+i); return 0; } C Programming Array and Pointer Examples This page contains examples and source code on arrays and pointers. To understand all program on this page, you should have knowledge of following array and pointer topics: 1. Arrays 2. Multi-dimensional Arrays 3. Pointers 4. Array and Pointer Relation 5. Call by Reference 6. Dynamic Memory Allocation C Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user), stores data in an array and calculates the average of those numbers. Source Code to Calculate Average Using Arrays #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int n, i;
- 128. float num[100], sum=0.0, average; printf("Enter the numbers of data: "); scanf("%d",&n); while (n>100 || n<=0) { printf("Error! number should in range of (1 to 100).n"); printf("Enter the number again: "); scanf("%d",&n); } for(i=0; i<n; ++i) { printf("%d. Enter number: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&num[i]); sum+=num[i]; } average=sum/n; printf("Average = %.2f",average); return 0; } Output This program calculates the average if the number of data are from 1 to 100. If user enters value of n above 100 or below 100 then, while loop is executed which asks user to enter value of n until it is between 1 and 100. C Program to Find Largest Element of an Array This program takes n number of element from user(where, n is specified by user) and stores data in an array. Then, this program displays the largest element of that array using loops. Source Code to Display Largest Element of an array #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int i,n; float arr[100]; printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */ { printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&arr[i]);
- 129. } for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number to arr[0] */ { if(arr[0]<arr[i]) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest element*/ arr[0]=arr[i]; } printf("Largest element = %.2f",arr[0]); return 0; } Output Explanation This program takes n number of elements from user and stores it in array arr[]. To find the largest element, the first two elements of array are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. Then, the first and third elements are checked and largest of these two element is placed in arr[0]. This process continues until and first and last elements are checked. After this process, the largest element of an array will be in arr[0] position. C Program to Calculate Standard Deviation This program calculates the standard deviation of individual series using arrays. If you don't know how to calculate the standard deviation, visit this page. In this program, elements of arrays are used for storing the data and this array is passed to function which calculates standard deviation and finally the result(standard deviation) is displayed in main() function. Source Code to Calculate Standard Deviation by Passing it to Function /* Source code to calculate standard deviation. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> float standard_deviation(float data[], int n); int main() { int n, i; float data[100]; printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter elements: "); for(i=0; i<n; ++i)
- 130. scanf("%f",&data[i]); printf("n"); printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n)); return 0; } float standard_deviation(float data[], int n) { float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0; int i; for(i=0; i<n;++i) { mean+=data[i]; } mean=mean/n; for(i=0; i<n;++i) sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean); return sqrt(sum_deviation/n); } Output C Program to Add Two Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arryas This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result. Source Code to Add Two Matrix in C programming #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int r,c,a[100][100],b[100][100],sum[100][100],i,j; printf("Enter number of rows (between 1 and 100): "); scanf("%d",&r); printf("Enter number of columns (between 1 and 100): "); scanf("%d",&c); printf("nEnter elements of 1st matrix:n"); /* Storing elements of first matrix entered by user. */ for(i=0;i<r;++i) for(j=0;j<c;++j) { printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); }
- 131. /* Storing elements of second matrix entered by user. */ printf("Enter elements of 2nd matrix:n"); for(i=0;i<r;++i) for(j=0;j<c;++j) { printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } /*Adding Two matrices */ for(i=0;i<r;++i) for(j=0;j<c;++j) sum[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; /* Displaying the resultant sum matrix. */ printf("nSum of two matrix is: nn"); for(i=0;i<r;++i) for(j=0;j<c;++j) { printf("%d ",sum[i][j]); if(j==c-1) printf("nn"); } return 0; } Output C Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays This program asks user to enter two matrices and this program multiplies these two matrix and displays it. If you don't know matrix multiplication, visit this page to learn, how two matrix can be multiplied.
- 132. Source code to multiply to matrix in C programming #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k; printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); /* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */ while (c1!=r2) { printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n"); printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); } /* Storing elements of first matrix. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c1; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } /* Storing elements of second matrix. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n"); for(i=0; i<r2; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } /* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { mult[i][j]=0; } /* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) for(k=0; k<c1; ++k) { mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j]; }
- 133. /* Displaying the multiplication of two matrix. */ printf("nOutput Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("%d ",mult[i][j]); if(j==c2-1) printf("nn"); } return 0; } Output In this program, user is asked to enter the size of two matrix at first. The column of first matrix should be equal to row of second matrix for multiplication. If this condition is not satisfied then, the size of matrix is again asked using while loop. Then, user is asked to enter two matrix and finally the output of two matrix is calculated and displayed. This program is little bit larger and it is better to solve this program by passing it to a function. Visit this page to learn about multiplying matrices by passing arrays to a function. C Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix This program asks user to enter a matrix (size of matrix is specified by user) and this program finds the transpose of that matrix and displays it. Source Code to Find Transpose of a Matrix #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i, j;
- 134. printf("Enter rows and column of matrix: "); scanf("%d %d", &r, &c); /* Storing element of matrix entered by user in array a[][]. */ printf("nEnter elements of matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r; ++i) for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } /* Displaying the matrix a[][] */ printf("nEntered Matrix: n"); for(i=0; i<r; ++i) for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { printf("%d ",a[i][j]); if(j==c-1) printf("nn"); } /* Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it in array trans[][]. */ for(i=0; i<r; ++i) for(j=0; j<c; ++j) { trans[j][i]=a[i][j]; } /* Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array trans[][]. */ printf("nTranspose of Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<c; ++i) for(j=0; j<r; ++j) { printf("%d ",trans[i][j]); if(j==r-1) printf("nn"); } return 0; } Output
- 135. C Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to Function This program asks user to enter the size of the matrix (rows and column) then, it asks the user to enter the elements of two matrices and finally it adds two matrix and displays the result. To perform this task three functions are made: 1. To takes matrix elements from user 2. To multiply two matrix 3. To display the resultant matrix after multiplication Source Code to Multiply Matrix by Passing it to a Function #include <stdio.h> void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2); void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2); void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2); int main() { int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k; printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); /* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */ while (c1!=r2) { printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of second.n"); printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
- 136. printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2); } take_data(a,b,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to take matices data */ multiplication(a,b,mult,r1,c1,r2,c2); /* Function to multiply two matrices. */ display(mult,r1,c2); /* Function to display resultant matrix after multiplication. */ return 0; } void take_data(int a[][10], int b[][10], int r1,int c1, int r2, int c2) { int i,j; printf("nEnter elements of matrix 1:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c1; ++j) { printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } printf("nEnter elements of matrix 2:n"); for(i=0; i<r2; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } void multiplication(int a[][10],int b[][10],int mult[][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2) { int i,j,k; /* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) { mult[i][j]=0; } /* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in array mult. */ for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j) for(k=0; k<c1; ++k) { mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } void display(int mult[][10], int r1, int c2) { int i, j; printf("nOutput Matrix:n"); for(i=0; i<r1; ++i) for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
- 137. { printf("%d ",mult[i][j]); if(j==c2-1) printf("nn"); } } Output Bubble Sort Algorithm in Programming Among variaous other sorting algorithm, bubble sort algorithm is one of the popular and frequently used algorithm to sort elements either in ascending or descending order. Bubble sort algorithm starts by comparing the first two elements of an array and swapping if necessary, i.e., if you want to sort the elements of array in ascending order and if the first element is greater than second then, you need to swap the elements but, if the first element is smaller than second, you mustn't swap the element. Then, again second and third elements are compared and swapped if it is necessary and this process go on until last and second last element is compared and swapped. This completes the first step of bubble sort. If there are n elements to be sorted then, the process mentioned above should be repeated n-1 times to get required result. But, for better performance, in second step, last and second last elements are not compared becuase, the proper element is automatically placed at last after first step. Similarly, in third step, last and second last and second last and third last elements are not compared and so on. A figure is worth a thousand words so, acknowledge this figure for better understanding of bubble sort.
- 138. Here, there are 5 elements to the sorted. So, there are 4 steps. Program To Sort Elements using Bubble Sort Algorithm /*C Program To Sort data in ascending order using bubble sort.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int data[100],i,n,step,temp; printf("Enter the number of elements to be sorted: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;++i) { printf("%d. Enter element: ",i+1); scanf("%d",&data[i]); } for(step=0;step<n-1;++step) for(i=0;i<n-step-1;++i) { if(data[i]>data[i+1]) /* To sort in descending order, change > to < in this line. */ { temp=data[i]; data[i]=data[i+1]; data[i+1]=temp; } } printf("In ascending order: "); for(i=0;i<n;++i) printf("%d ",data[i]); return 0; } Enter the number of elements to be sorted: 6 1. Enter element: 12 2. Enter element: 3 3. Enter element: 0
- 139. 4. Enter element: -3 5. Enter element: 1 6. Enter element: -9 In ascending order: -9 -3 0 1 3 13 Note: Though this code is in C programming, this technique can be applied in any programming to sort elements of an array. Though bubble sort algorithm is quite popular, there are many other better algorithm than bubble sort. Specially, bubble sort should be used to sort large data if performance matters in that program. C Program to Access Elements of an Array Using Pointer This program declares the array of five element and the elements of that array are accessed using pointer. Source Code to Access Array Elements Using Pointer #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int data[5], i; printf("Enter elements: "); for(i=0;i<5;++i) scanf("%d",data+i); printf("You entered: "); for(i=0;i<5;++i) printf("%dn",*(data+i)); return 0; } Output Enter elements: 1 2 3 5 4 You entered: 1 2 3 5 4 C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference This program takes three enters from user which is stored in variable a, b and c respectively. Then, these variables are passed to function using call by reference. This function swaps the value of these elements in cyclic order. C Program to Swap Elements Using Call by Reference #include<stdio.h> void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c); int main(){ int a,b,c; printf("Enter value of a, b and c respectively: "); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
- 140. printf("Value before swapping:n"); printf("a=%dnb=%dnc=%dn",a,b,c); Cycle(&a,&b,&c); printf("Value after swapping numbers in cycle:n"); printf("a=%dnb=%dnc=%dn",a,b,c); return 0; } void Cycle(int *a,int *b,int *c){ int temp; temp=*b; *b=*a; *a=*c; *c=temp; } Output Enter value of a, b and c respectively: 1 2 3 Value before swapping: a=1 b=2 c=3 Value after swapping numbers in cycle: a=3 b=1 c=2 C Program to Find Largest Number Using Dynamic Memory Allocation In this program, calloc() function is used to allocate the memory dynamically. Depending upon the number of elements, the required size is allocated which prevents the wastage of memory. If no memory is allocated, error is displayed and the program is terminated. Source Code to Find Largest Element Using Dynamic Memory Allocation #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(){ int i,n; float *data; printf("Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); data=(float*)calloc(n,sizeof(float)); /* Allocates the memory for 'n' elements */ if(data==NULL) { printf("Error!!! memory not allocated."); exit(0); } printf("n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* Stores number entered by user. */ { printf("Enter Number %d: ",i+1); scanf("%f",data+i);
- 141. } for(i=1;i<n;++i) /* Loop to store largest number at address data */ { if(*data<*(data+i)) /* Change < to > if you want to find smallest number */ *data=*(data+i); } printf("Largest element = %.2f",*data); return 0; } Output C Programming Structure Structure is the collection of variables of different types under a single name for better handling. For example: You want to store the information about person about his/her name, citizenship number and salary. You can create these information separately but, better approach will be collection of these information under single name because all these information are related to person. Structure Definition in C Keyword struct is used for creating a structure. Syntax of structure struct structure_name { data_type member1; data_type member2; . . data_type memeber; }; We can create the structure for a person as mentioned above as: struct person { char name[50]; int cit_no; float salary; }; This declaration above creates the derived data type struct person.
- 142. Structure variable declaration When a structure is defined, it creates a user-defined type but, no storage is allocated. For the above structure of person, variable can be declared as: struct person { char name[50]; int cit_no; float salary; }; Inside main function: struct person p1, p2, p[20]; Another way of creating sturcture variable is: struct person { char name[50]; int cit_no; float salary; }p1 ,p2 ,p[20]; In both cases, 2 variables p1, p2 and array p having 20 elements of type struct person are created. Accessing members of a structure There are two types of operators used for accessing members of a structure. 1. Member operator(.) 2. Structure pointer operator(->) (will be discussed in structure and pointers chapter) Any member of a structure can be accessed as: structure_variable_name.member_name Suppose, we want to access salary for variable p2. Then, it can be accessed as: p2.salary Example of structure Write a C program to add two distances entered by user. Measurement of distance should be in inch and feet.(Note: 12 inches = 1 foot) #include <stdio.h> struct Distance{ int feet; float inch; }d1,d2,sum; int main(){ printf("1st distancen"); printf("Enter feet: "); scanf("%d",&d1.feet); /* input of feet for structure variable d1 */ printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&d1.inch); /* input of inch for structure variable d1 */ printf("2nd distancen"); printf("Enter feet: ");
- 143. scanf("%d",&d2.feet); /* input of feet for structure variable d2 */ printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&d2.inch); /* input of inch for structure variable d2 */ sum.feet=d1.feet+d2.feet; sum.inch=d1.inch+d2.inch; if (sum.inch>12){ //If inch is greater than 12, changing it to feet. ++sum.feet; sum.inch=sum.inch-12; } printf("Sum of distances=%d'-%.1f"",sum.feet,sum.inch); /* printing sum of distance d1 and d2 */ return 0; } Output 1st distance Enter feet: 12 Enter inch: 7.9 2nd distance Enter feet: 2 Enter inch: 9.8 Sum of distances= 15'-5.7" Keyword typedef while using structure Programmer generally use typedef while using structure in C language. For example: typedef struct complex{ int imag; float real; }comp; Inside main: comp c1,c2; Here, typedef keyword is used in creating a type comp(which is of type as struct complex). Then, two structure variables c1 and c2 are created by this comp type. Structures within structures Structures can be nested within other structures in C programming. struct complex { int imag_value; float real_value; }; struct number{ struct complex c1; int real; }n1,n2; Suppose you want to access imag_value for n2 structure variable then, structure member n1.c1.imag_value is used. C Programming Structure and Pointer
- 144. Pointers can be accessed along with structures. A pointer variable of structure can be created as below: struct name { member1; member2; . . }; -------- Inside function ------- struct name *ptr; Here, the pointer variable of type struct name is created. Structure's member through pointer can be used in two ways: 1. Referencing pointer to another address to access memory 2. Using dynamic memory allocation Consider an example to access structure's member through pointer. #include <stdio.h> struct name{ int a; float b; }; int main(){ struct name *ptr,p; ptr=&p; /* Referencing pointer to memory address of p */ printf("Enter integer: "); scanf("%d",&(*ptr).a); printf("Enter number: "); scanf("%f",&(*ptr).b); printf("Displaying: "); printf("%d%f",(*ptr).a,(*ptr).b); return 0; } In this example, the pointer variable of type struct name is referenced to the address of p. Then, only the structure member through pointer can can accessed. Structure pointer member can also be accessed using -> operator. (*ptr).a is same as ptr->a (*ptr).b is same as ptr->b Accessing structure member through pointer using dynamic memory allocation To access structure member using pointers, memory can be allocated dynamically using malloc() function defined under "stdlib.h" header file. Syntax to use malloc() ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size) Example to use structure's member through pointer using malloc() function. #include <stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h>
- 145. struct name { int a; float b; char c[30]; }; int main(){ struct name *ptr; int i,n; printf("Enter n: "); scanf("%d",&n); ptr=(struct name*)malloc(n*sizeof(struct name)); /* Above statement allocates the memory for n structures with pointer ptr pointing to base address */ for(i=0;i<n;++i){ printf("Enter string, integer and floating number respectively:n"); scanf("%s%d%f",&(ptr+i)->c,&(ptr+i)->a,&(ptr+i)->b); } printf("Displaying Infromation:n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) printf("%st%dt%.2fn",(ptr+i)->c,(ptr+i)->a,(ptr+i)->b); return 0; } Output Enter n: 2 Enter string, integer and floating number respectively: Programming 2 3.2 Enter string, integer and floating number respectively: Structure 6 2.3 Displaying Information Programming 2 3.20 Structure 6 2.30 C Programming Structure and Function In C, structure can be passed to functions by two methods: 1. Passing by value (passing actual value as argument) 2. Passing by reference (passing address of an argument) Passing structure by value A structure variable can be passed to the function as an argument as normal variable. If structure is passed by value, change made in structure variable in function definition does not reflect in original structure variable in calling function. Write a C program to create a structure student, containing name and roll. Ask user the name and roll of a student in main function. Pass this structure to a function and display the information in that function. #include <stdio.h> struct student{ char name[50];
- 146. int roll; }; void Display(struct student stu); /* function prototype should be below to the structure declaration otherwise compiler shows error */ int main(){ struct student s1; printf("Enter student's name: "); scanf("%s",&s1.name); printf("Enter roll number:"); scanf("%d",&s1.roll); Display(s1); // passing structure variable s1 as argument return 0; } void Display(struct student stu){ printf("OutputnName: %s",stu.name); printf("nRoll: %d",stu.roll); } Output Enter student's name: Kevin Amla Enter roll number: 149 Output Name: Kevin Amla Roll: 149 Passing structure by reference The address location of structure variable is passed to function while passing it by reference. If structure is passed by reference, change made in structure variable in function definition reflects in original structure variable in the calling function. Write a C program to add two distances(feet-inch system) entered by user. To solve this program, make a structure. Pass two structure variable (containing distance in feet and inch) to add function by reference and display the result in main function without returning it. #include <stdio.h> struct distance{ int feet; float inch; }; void Add(struct distance d1,struct distance d2, struct distance *d3); int main() { struct distance dist1, dist2, dist3; printf("First distancen"); printf("Enter feet: "); scanf("%d",&dist1.feet); printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&dist1.inch); printf("Second distancen"); printf("Enter feet: "); scanf("%d",&dist2.feet); printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&dist2.inch); Add(dist1, dist2, &dist3);
- 147. /*passing structure variables dist1 and dist2 by value whereas passing structure variable dist3 by reference */ printf("nSum of distances = %d'-%.1f"",dist3.feet, dist3.inch); return 0; } void Add(struct distance d1,struct distance d2, struct distance *d3) { /* Adding distances d1 and d2 and storing it in d3 */ d3->feet=d1.feet+d2.feet; d3->inch=d1.inch+d2.inch; if (d3->inch>=12) { /* if inch is greater or equal to 12, converting it to feet. */ d3->inch-=12; ++d3->feet; } } Output First distance Enter feet: 12 Enter inch: 6.8 Second distance Enter feet: 5 Enter inch: 7.5 Sum of distances = 18'-2.3" Explaination In this program, structure variables dist1 and dist2 are passed by value (because value of dist1 and dist2 does not need to be displayed in main function) and dist3 is passed by reference ,i.e, address of dist3 (&dist3) is passed as an argument. Thus, the structure pointer variable d3 points to the address of dist3. If any change is made in d3 variable, effect of it is seed in dist3 variable in main function. C Programming Unions Unions are quite similar to the structures in C. Union is also a derived type as structure. Union can be defined in same manner as structures just the keyword used in defining union in union where keyword used in defining structure was struct. union car{ char name[50]; int price; }; Union variables can be created in similar manner as structure variable. union car{ char name[50]; int price; }c1, c2, *c3; OR; union car{ char name[50];
- 148. int price; }; -------Inside Function----------- union car c1, c2, *c3; In both cases, union variables c1, c2 and union pointer variable c3 of type union car is created. Accessing members of an union The member of unions can be accessed in similar manner as that structure. Suppose, we you want to access price for union variable c1 in above example, it can be accessed as c1.price. If you want to access price for union pointer variable c3, it can be accessed as (*c3).price or as c3->price. Difference between union and structure Though unions are similar to structure in so many ways, the difference between them is crucial to understand. This can be demonstrated by this example: #include <stdio.h> union job { //defining a union char name[32]; float salary; int worker_no; }u; struct job1 { char name[32]; float salary; int worker_no; }s; int main(){ printf("size of union = %d",sizeof(u)); printf("nsize of structure = %d", sizeof(s)); return 0; } Output size of union = 32 size of structure = 40 There is difference in memory allocation between union and structure as suggested in above example. The amount of memory required to store a structure variables is the sum of memory size of all members. But, the memory required to store a union variable is the memory required for largest element of an union.
- 149. What difference does it make between structure and union? As you know, all members of structure can be accessed at any time. But, only one member of union can be accessed at a time in case of union and other members will contain garbage value. #include <stdio.h> union job { char name[32]; float salary; int worker_no; }u; int main(){ printf("Enter name:n"); scanf("%s",&u.name); printf("Enter salary: n"); scanf("%f",&u.salary); printf("DisplayingnName :%sn",u.name); printf("Salary: %.1f",u.salary); return 0; } Output Enter name Hillary Enter salary 1234.23 Displaying Name: f%Bary Salary: 1234.2 Note: You may get different garbage value of name. Why this output? Initially, Hillary will be stored in u.name and other members of union will contain garbage value. But when user enters value of salary, 1234.23 will be stored in u.salary and other members will contain garbage value. Thus in output, salary is printed accurately but, name displays some random string. Passing Union To a Function Union can be passed in similar manner as structures in C programming. Visit this page to learn more about: How structure can be passed to function in C programming? C Programming Structure Examples
- 150. This page contains examples and source code on structures in C programming language. To understand all examples in this page, you should have knowledge of following structure topics. 1. Structure Introduction 2. Structure and Pointers 3. Passing Structure to Function C Program to Store Information(name, roll and marks) of a Student Using Structure In this program, a structure(student) is created which contains name, roll and marks as its data member. Then, a structure variable( s ) is created. Then, data (name, roll and marks) is taken from user and stored in data members of structure variable s. Finally, the data entered by user is displayed. C Program to Store Information of Single Variable #include <stdio.h> struct student{ char name[50]; int roll; float marks; }; int main(){ struct student s; printf("Enter information of students:nn"); printf("Enter name: "); scanf("%s",s.name); printf("Enter roll number: "); scanf("%d",&s.roll); printf("Enter marks: "); scanf("%f",&s.marks); printf("nDisplaying Informationn"); printf("Name: %sn",s.name); printf("Roll: %dn",s.roll); printf("Marks: %.2fn",s.marks); return 0; } Output C Program to Add Two Distances (in inch-feet) System Using Structures This program takes two distances in inch-feet system and stores in data members of two structure variables. Then, this program calculates the sum of two distances and displays it. Source code to add two distance using structure #include <stdio.h>
- 151. struct Distance{ int feet; float inch; }d1,d2,sum; int main(){ printf("Enter information for 1st distancen"); printf("Enter feet: "); scanf("%d",&d1.feet); printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&d1.inch); printf("nEnter infromation for 2nd distancen"); printf("Enter feet: "); scanf("%d",&d2.feet); printf("Enter inch: "); scanf("%f",&d2.inch); sum.feet=d1.feet+d2.feet; sum.inch=d1.inch+d2.inch; /* If inch is greater than 12, changing it to feet. */ if (sum.inch>12.0) { sum.inch=sum.inch-12.0; ++sum.feet; } printf("nSum of distances=%d'-%.1f"",sum.feet,sum.inch); return 0; } Output In this program, a structure(Distance) is defined with inch and feet as its members. Then, three variables(d1, d2 and sum) of struct Distance type is created. Two variables(d1 and d2) are used for taking distance from user and the sum of two distance is stored in variable sum and then, displayed. C Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Structure to a Function This program takes two distances in inch-feet system and stores in data members of two structure variables. Then, this program calculates the sum of two distances by passing it to a function and result is displayed in main() function. Source Code to Add Two Complex Number #include <stdio.h> typedef struct complex{ float real; float imag; }complex;
- 152. complex add(complex n1,complex n2); int main(){ complex n1,n2,temp; printf("For 1st complex number n"); printf("Enter real and imaginary respectively:n"); scanf("%f%f",&n1.real,&n1.imag); printf("nFor 2nd complex number n"); printf("Enter real and imaginary respectively:n"); scanf("%f%f",&n2.real,&n2.imag); temp=add(n1,n2); printf("Sum=%.1f+%.1fi",temp.real,temp.imag); return 0; } complex add(complex n1,complex n2){ complex temp; temp.real=n1.real+n2.real; temp.imag=n1.imag+n2.imag; return(temp); } Output In this program structures n1 and n2 are passed as an argument of function add(). This function computes the sum and returns the structure variable temp to the main() function. C Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Period In this program, user is asked to enter two time periods and these two periods are stored in structure variables. This program cacluates the difference between these two time period. To perform this task, a function is created which calculates the difference and the result is displayed in main( ) function without returning it (Using call by reference). C Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Period #include <stdio.h> struct TIME{ int seconds; int minutes; int hours; }; void Difference(struct TIME t1, struct TIME t2, struct TIME *diff); int main(){ struct TIME t1,t2,diff; printf("Enter start time: n"); printf("Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively: "); scanf("%d%d%d",&t1.hours,&t1.minutes,&t1.seconds); printf("Enter stop time: n"); printf("Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively: ");
- 153. scanf("%d%d%d",&t2.hours,&t2.minutes,&t2.seconds); Difference(t1,t2,&diff); printf("nTIME DIFFERENCE: %d:%d:%d - ",t1.hours,t1.minutes,t1.seconds); printf("%d:%d:%d ",t2.hours,t2.minutes,t2.seconds); printf("= %d:%d:%dn",diff.hours,diff.minutes,diff.seconds); return 0; } void Difference(struct TIME t1, struct TIME t2, struct TIME *differ){ if(t2.seconds>t1.seconds){ --t1.minutes; t1.seconds+=60; } differ->seconds=t1.seconds-t2.seconds; if(t2.minutes>t1.minutes){ --t1.hours; t1.minutes+=60; } differ->minutes=t1.minutes-t2.minutes; differ->hours=t1.hours-t2.hours; } Output C Program to Store Information of 10 Students Using Structure In this program, a structure(student) is created which contains name, roll and marks as its data member. Then, an array of structure of 10 elements is created. Then, data(name, roll and marks) for 10 elements is asked to user and stored in array of structure. Finally, the data entered by user is displayed. Source Code to Store Information of 10 students Using Structure #include <stdio.h> struct student{ char name[50]; int roll; float marks; }; int main(){ struct student s[10]; int i; printf("Enter information of students:n"); for(i=0;i<10;++i) { s[i].roll=i+1; printf("nFor roll number %dn",s[i].roll); printf("Enter name: "); scanf("%s",s[i].name);
- 154. printf("Enter marks: "); scanf("%f",&s[i].marks); printf("n"); } printf("Displaying information of students:nn"); for(i=0;i<10;++i) { printf("nInformation for roll number %d:n",i+1); printf("Name: "); puts(s[i].name); printf("Marks: %.1f",s[i].marks); } return 0; } Output Enter information of students: For roll number 1 Enter name: Tom Enter marks: 98 For roll number 2 Enter name: Jerry Enter marks: 89 . . . Displaying information of students: Information for roll number 1: Name: Tom Marks: 98 . . . C Program to Store Information Using Structures for n Elements Dynamically This program asks user to store the value of n and allocates the memory for the n structure variable dynamically using malloc() function. Source Code Demonstrate the Dynamic Memory Allocation for Structure #include <stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> struct name { int a; char c[30]; }; int main(){ struct name *ptr; int i,n; printf("Enter n: "); scanf("%d",&n);
- 155. /* Allocates the memory for n structures with pointer ptr pointing to the base address. */ ptr=(struct name*)malloc(n*sizeof(struct name)); for(i=0;i<n;++i){ printf("Enter string and integer respectively:n"); scanf("%s%d",&(ptr+i)->c, &(ptr+i)->a); } printf("Displaying Infromation:n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) printf("%st%dtn",(ptr+i)->c,(ptr+i)->a); return 0; } Output Enter n: 2 Enter string and integer respectively: Programming 22 Enter string, integer and floating number respectively: Structure 33 Displaying Information: Programming 22 Structure 33 C Programming Files In C programming, file is a place on disk where a group of related data is stored. Why files are needed? When the program is terminated, the entire data is lost in C programming. If you want to keep large volume of data, it is time consuming to enter the entire data. But, if file is created, these information can be accessed using few commands. There are large numbers of functions to handle file I/O in C language. In this tutorial, you will learn to handle standard I/O(High level file I/O functions) in C. High level file I/O functions can be categorized as: 1. Text file 2. Binary file File Operations 1. Creating a new file 2. Opening an existing file 3. Reading from and writing information to a file 4. Closing a file Working with file While working with file, you need to declare a pointer of type file. This declaration is needed for communication between file and program.
- 156. FILE *ptr; Opening a file Opening a file is performed using library function fopen(). The syntax for opening a file in standard I/O is: ptr=fopen("fileopen","mode") For Example: fopen("E:cprogramprogram.txt","w"); /* --------------------------------------------------------- */ E:cprogramprogram.txt is the location to create file. "w" represents the mode for writing. /* --------------------------------------------------------- */ Here, the program.txt file is opened for writing mode. Opening Modes in Standard I/O File Mode Meaning of Mode During Inexistence of file r Open for reading. If the file does not exist, fopen() returns NULL. w Open for writing. If the file exists, its contents are overwritten. If the file does not exist, it will be created. a Open for append. i.e, Data is added to end of file. If the file does not exists, it will be created. r+ Open for both reading and writing. If the file does not exist, fopen() returns NULL. w+ Open for both reading and writing. If the file exists, its contents are overwritten. If the file does not exist, it will be created. a+ Open for both reading and appending. If the file does not exists, it will be created. Closing a File The file should be closed after reading/writing of a file. Closing a file is performed using library function fclose(). fclose(ptr); //ptr is the file pointer associated with file to be closed. The Functions fprintf() and fscanf() functions. The functions fprintf() and fscanf() are the file version of printf() and fscanf(). The only difference while using fprintf() and fscanf() is that, the first argument is a pointer to the structure FILE Writing to a file #include <stdio.h>
- 157. int main() { int n; FILE *fptr; fptr=fopen("C:program.txt","w"); if(fptr==NULL){ printf("Error!"); exit(1); } printf("Enter n: "); scanf("%d",&n); fprintf(fptr,"%d",n); fclose(fptr); return 0; } This program takes the number from user and stores in file. After you compile and run this program, you can see a text file program.txt created in C drive of your computer. When you open that file, you can see the integer you entered. Similarly, fscanf() can be used to read data from file. Reading from file #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n; FILE *fptr; if ((fptr=fopen("C:program.txt","r"))==NULL){ printf("Error! opening file"); exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */ } fscanf(fptr,"%d",&n); printf("Value of n=%d",n); fclose(fptr); return 0; } If you have run program above to write in file successfully, you can get the integer back entered in that program using this program. Other functions like fgetchar(), fputc() etc. can be used in similar way. Binary Files Depending upon the way file is opened for processing, a file is classified into text file and binary file. If a large amount of numerical data it to be stored, text mode will be insufficient. In such case binary file is used. Working of binary files is similar to text files with few differences in opening modes, reading from file and writing to file.
- 158. Opening modes of binary files Opening modes of binary files are rb, rb+, wb, wb+,ab and ab+. The only difference between opening modes of text and binary files is that, b is appended to indicate that, it is binary file. Reading and writing of a binary file. Functions fread() and fwrite() are used for reading from and writing to a file on the disk respectively in case of binary files. Function fwrite() takes four arguments, address of data to be written in disk, size of data to be written in disk, number of such type of data and pointer to the file where you want to write. fwrite(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file); Function fread() also take 4 arguments similar to fwrite() function as above. File Examples Examples of files in C Programming C Program to read name and marks of students and store it in file C Program to read name and marks of students and store it in file. If file already exists, add information to it. C Program to write members of arrays to a file using fwrite() Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store them in a file #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char name[50]; int marks,i,n; printf("Enter number of students: "); scanf("%d",&n); FILE *fptr; fptr=(fopen("C:student.txt","w")); if(fptr==NULL){ printf("Error!"); exit(1); } for(i=0;i<n;++i) { printf("For student%dnEnter name: ",i+1); scanf("%s",name); printf("Enter marks: "); scanf("%d",&marks); fprintf(fptr,"nName: %s nMarks=%d n",name,marks); } fclose(fptr); return 0; } Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store them in a file. If the file previously exits, add the information of n students. #include <stdio.h> int main(){
- 159. char name[50]; int marks,i,n; printf("Enter number of students: "); scanf("%d",&n); FILE *fptr; fptr=(fopen("C:student.txt","a")); if(fptr==NULL){ printf("Error!"); exit(1); } for(i=0;i<n;++i) { printf("For student%dnEnter name: ",i+1); scanf("%s",name); printf("Enter marks: "); scanf("%d",&marks); fprintf(fptr,"nName: %s nMarks=%d n",name,marks); } fclose(fptr); return 0; } Write a C program to write all the members of an array of strcures to a file using fwrite(). Read the array from the file and display on the screen. #include <stdio.h> struct s { char name[50]; int height; }; int main(){ struct s a[5],b[5]; FILE *fptr; int i; fptr=fopen("file.txt","wb"); for(i=0;i<5;++i) { fflush(stdin); printf("Enter name: "); gets(a[i].name); printf("Enter height: "); scanf("%d",&a[i].height); } fwrite(a,sizeof(a),1,fptr); fclose(fptr); fptr=fopen("file.txt","rb"); fread(b,sizeof(b),1,fptr); for(i=0;i<5;++i) { printf("Name: %snHeight: %d",b[i].name,b[i].height); } fclose(fptr); }
- 160. C Programming Enumeration An enumeration is a user-defined data type consists of integral constants and each integral constant is give a name. Keyword enum is used to defined enumerated data type. enum type_name{ value1, value2,...,valueN }; Here, type_name is the name of enumerated data type or tag. And value1, value2,....,valueN are values of type type_name. By default, value1 will be equal to 0, value2 will be 1 and so on but, the programmer can change the default value as below: enum suit{ club=0; diamonds=10; hearts=20; spades=3; }; Declaration of enumerated variable Above code defines the type of the data but, no any variable is created. Variable of type enum can be created as: enum boolean{ false; true; }; enum boolean check; Here, a variable check is declared which is of type enum boolean. Example of enumerated type #include <stdio.h> enum week{ sunday, monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday}; int main(){ enum week today; today=wednesday; printf("%d day",today+1); return 0; } Output 4 day You can write any program in C language without the help of enumerations but, enumerations helps in writing clear codes and simplify programming. C Programming Preprocessor and Macros Preprocessor extends the power of C programming language. Line that begin with # are called preprocessing directives. Use of #include Let us consider very common preprocessing directive as below:
- 161. #include <stdio.h> Here, "stdio.h" is a header file and the preprocessor replace the above line with the contents of header file. Use of #define Preprocessing directive #define has two forms. The first form is: #define identifier token_string token_string part is optional but, are used almost every time in program. Example of #define #define c 299792458 /*speed of light in m/s */ The token string in above line 2299792458 is replaced in every occurance of symbolic constant c. C Program to find area of a cricle. [Area of circle=Ïr2] #include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.1415 int main(){ int radius; float area; printf("Enter the radius: "); scanf("%d",&radius); area=PI*radius*radius; printf("Area=%.2f",area); return 0; } Output Enter the radius: 3 Area=28.27 Syntactic Sugar Syntactic sugar is the alteration of programming syntax according to the will of programmer. For example: #define LT < Every time the program encounters LT, it will be replaced by <. Second form of preprocessing directive with #define is: Macros with argument Preprocessing directive #define can be used to write macro definitions with parameters as well in the form below: #define identifier(identifier 1,.....identifier n) token_string Again, the token string is optional but, are used in almost every case. Let us consider an example of macro definition with argument. #define area(r) (3.1415*r*r) Here, the argument passed is r. Every time the program encounters area(argument), it will be replace by (3.1415*argument*argument). Suppose, we passed (r1+5) as argument then, it expands as below: area(r1+5) expands to (3.1415*(r1+5)(r1+5)) C Program to find area of a circle, passing arguments to macros. [Area of circle=Ïr2]
- 162. #include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.1415 #define area(r) (PI*r*r) int main(){ int radius; float area; printf("Enter the radius: "); scanf("%d",&radius); area=area(radius); printf("Area=%.2f",area); return 0; } Predefined Macros in C language Predefined macro Value __DATE__ String containing the current date __FILE__ String containing the file name __LINE__ Integer representing the current line number __STDC__ If follows ANSI standard C, then value is a nonzero integer __TIME__ String containing the current date. How to use predefined Macros? C Program to find the current time #include <stdio.h> int main(){ printf("Current time: %s",__TIME__); //calculate the current time } Output Current time: 19:54:39 C Standard Library Functions C Standard library functions or simply C Library functions are inbuilt functions in C programming. Function prototype and data definitions of these functions are written in their respective header file. For example: If you want to use printf() function, the header file <stdio.h> should be included. #include <stdio.h> int main() { /* If you write printf() statement without including header file, this program will show error. */ printf("Catch me if you can."); }
- 163. There is at least one function in any C program, i.e., the main() function (which is also a library function). This program is called at program starts. There are many library functions available in C programming to help the programmer to write a good efficient program. Suppose, you want to find the square root of a number. You can write your own piece of code to find square root but, this process is time consuming and the code you have written may not be the most efficient process to find square root. But, in C programming you can find the square root by just using sqrt() function which is defined under header file "math.h" Use Of Library Function To Find Square root #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(){ float num,root; printf("Enter a number to find square root."); scanf("%f",&num); root=sqrt(num); /* Computes the square root of num and stores in root. */ printf("Square root of %.2f=%.2f",num,root); return 0; } List of Standard Library Functions Under Different Header Files in C Programming C Header Files <ctype.h> <math.h> <stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <time.h>