HTML5: the new frontier of the web

Gran Sasso Science Institute | University of L’Aquila
Ivano Malavolta
HTML5: the new frontier of the web

About me…
Ivano Malavolta

Post Doc researcher – Gran Sasso Science Institute
www.ivanomalavolta.com

Roadmap
Anatomy of a web app
Debugging (mobile) web apps
HTML5
Maintainable web apps

What is a Web App?
A software built with web technologies that is accessible via a mobile browser

The browser may be either
the standard device browser
or an embedded browser
(Hybrid app)

Setting up the Server

As usual, it all starts with an HTTP request
Then you need:
•  Data
•  A device detection mechanism [optional]
•  The app itself

Data
Usually mobile apps do not talk directly with the database

à do not even think about JDBC, drivers, etc!
à  They pass through an application server and communicate via:
•  standard HTTP requests for HTML content (eg PHP)
•  REST-full services (XML, JSON, etc.)
•  SOAP

Data
•  Data can be stored in any classical way:
•  Relational
•  Graph
•  Key-value
•  Document-based

Latest trend à backend-as-a-service

BaaS
1.  Developers build a visual model of their DB

2.  The service generates APIs and client-side
libraries(compatible with Android, Windows
Phone, etc.)
3.  The data produced/consumed in the app can be
pushed/pulled to their DB
•  Communication is handled via REST-based
APIs

Example of Baas software: BaasBox
Main features:
•  User management
•  ACL
•  Friendships
•  Authentication via Facebook and Google+
•  Document-based data manegement (via OrientDB)
•  Assets management (fotos, documents, or ﬁles)
•  Push notiﬁcations
The “Box” in BaasBox means that all the features are
in a standalone server, just like a box.

No Application Server, no Database Server, just a
JVM and nothing more
Rest API
Web
dashboard
http://www.baasbox.com/

Ok, but what about mobile apps?
BROWSER

<html>
<head>
<script src=” ...” />
</head>
<body>
...
NATIVE
WRAPPER

<html>
<head>
<script src=” ...” />
</head>
<body>
...
PLATFORM APIs

NATIVE
APP

01010101010101101010
1010101011011010
010101010101011101
010101010101011010

PLATFORM APIs

Native
Web
Hybrid

Native
http://bit.ly/GWOaP1
PRO
•  Lets you create apps with rich user interfaces and/or heavy graphics

CONS
•  Development Time
•  Development Cost
•  Ongoing Maintenance
•  No portability (apps cannot be used on other platforms)
PRO
CONS

Examples of native apps
http://www.ea.com/it/ipad/nfs
http://www.whatsapp.com/

Web
PRO
•  Offers fast development, simple maintenance, and full application portability
•  One mobile web app works on any platform

CONS
•  Can’t handle heavy graphics
•  Can’t access camera or push notiﬁcations
PRO
CONS

Examples of web apps
http://asidemag.com
http://amazon.com

Hybrid
PRO
•  Development speed of mobile web apps
•  Device access and app store distribution of native apps

CONS
•  Can’t handle heavy graphics
•  Requires familiarity with a mobile framework
PRO
CONS

Examples of hybrid apps
http://www.gmail.com
http://ﬂipboard.com

Frascati Scienza
QR code scanning

In-app RSS feed reader

Maps

Non-linear layouts

https://itunes.apple.com/it/app/frascati-scienza-scienziati/id686974321?mt=8

My vision
Mobile web seems to be the only long-term commercially viable platform for mobile

FRAGMENTATION
THE WEB
USER EXPECTATIONS

When you go native there are too many platforms to be supported

FRAGMENTATION

The web is the only platform that:
•  works across devices
•  apps share the same set of standards
•  the same app can work also on a desktop
THE WEB
The web is an advanced technology:
•  webGL
•  Local storage management
•  Positioning & mapping
•  Real-time data
•  ...

Users expect things to just work

à they don’t care about what platform they have
àthey simply expect that your app will be available for their device

à YOU HAVE TO BE CROSS-PLATFORM
USER EXPECTATIONS

PhoneGap
You develop your app using the usual three guys

You use the same web view of the native OS
•  iOS = UIWebView
•  Android = android.webkit.WebView

http://phonegap.com/blog/2013/06/20/coming-soon-phonegap30

What is PhoneGap?
The UI layer is a web browser view
•  100% width
•  100% height

Headless web browser
•  No URL bar
•  No decorations
•  No zooming
•  No text selection

It looks very similar to Apache Cordova…
Adobe/Nitobi donated the PhoneGap codebase to the Apache foundation
à
wider audience and contributors
à
transparent governance

Better documentation
à
easier contributions for companies

Apache Licensing
There was only one problem....

trademark ambiguity

à CORDOVA
PhoneGap is a distribution of
Apache Cordova

Roadmap
HTML5

HTML 5
HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML

HTML5 is still a work in progress

W3C ﬁnal recomendation: 2020

Top browsers support many (not all) of the new HTML5 elements
http://mobilehtml5.org
http://caniuse.com

What is HTML5?
HTML5
Markup
JavaScript
CSS3
Multimedia

The minimal HTML5 page
<!DOCTYPE
html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Title</title>

</head>

<body>

…

</body>

</html>

New Structural Tags
Main Goal: separate presentation from content

•  Poor accessibility
•  Unnecessary complexity
•  Larger document size

Most of the presentational features from earlier versions of HTML are no longer supported
New structural tags

New Structural Tags
<header> header region of a page or section
<footer> footer region of a page or section
<nav> navigation region of a page or section
<section> logical region of a page
<article> a complete piece of content
<aside> secondary or related content
http://bit.ly/JCnuQJ

Forms
Main Goal: reduce the Javascript for validation and format management

Example:
Form input types

Form Input Types
Form input types degrade gracefully
à
Unknown input types are treated as text-type
http://bit.ly/I65jai

Audio
<audio> : a standard way to embed an audio ﬁle on a web page

<audio controls>
<source src="song.ogg" type="audio/ogg" />
<source src="song.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" />
Not Supported
</audio>
Multiple sources à the browser will use the ﬁrst recognized format
Audio

Audio Javascript API
HTML5 provides a set of Javascript APIs for interacting with an audio element

For example:

play() pause() load() currentTime ended volume…

à http://www.w3.org/wiki/HTML/Elements/audio

Video
<video> : a standard way to embed a video ﬁle on a web page

<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg" />
Not Supported
</video>
Multiple sources à the browser will use the ﬁrst recognized format
Video

Accelerometer

There are 4 ways to store data locally in a web app:
•  Web storage
•  Local Storage
•  Session Storage
•  WebSQL
•  Indexed DB
•  File System Access
Local storage and file system access
Web storage, WebSQL, and IndexedDB
conform to W3C specifications and are
provided by the browser itself
File system access API conforms to its
corresponding W3C specification

Web Storage

LocalStorage

stores data in key/value pairs

persists across browser sessions

SessionStorage

stores data in key/value pairs

data is erased when a browser session ends

WebSQL

relational DB

support for tables creation, insert, update, …

transactional

persists across browser sessions

You can perform classical SQL queries

tx.executeSql("SELECT
*
FROM
User“,
[],

function(tx,
result)
{

//
callback
code

});

IndexedDB
•  It tries to combine Web Storage and WebSQL
•  You can save data as key/value pairs
•  You can deﬁne multiple DBs
•  Good Performance

data is indexed

asynchronous à it does not block the UI

You can see a store as a big SQL table with only key/value pairs

à you don’t need to deﬁne a schema upfront

Considerations
You will likely use more than one API in combination
à Use the right API for the right job

Local Storage
•  it is not transactional à race conditions
•  very simple API, no schema
•  only String data à performance issues for complex data due to JSON serialization
•  session storage will be cleared after the app is closed
•  limited quota

Considerations

WebSQL
•  SQL-based à fast and efﬁcient
•  transactional à more robust
•  asynchronous à does not block the UI
•  rigid data structure à data integrity vs agility

Considerations
IndexedDB
•  simple data model à easy to use
•  transactional à more robust
•  asynchronous à does not block the UI
•  good search performance à indexed data
•  data is unstructured à integrity problems
•  not supported by every platform (e.g., iOS)

Geolocalization

Gets Latitude and Longitude from the user’s browser

There is also a watchPosition method wich calls a JS function every time the user moves

Geolocalization

Example
function getLocation() {
if(navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
} else {
console.log(‘no geolocalization’);
}
}
function showPosition(position) {
console.log(position.coords.latitude);
console.log(position.coords.longitude);
}

WebSockets

Bidirectional, full-duplex communication between devices and server

Speciﬁcally suited for

chat, videogames, drawings sharing, real-time info

Requires a Web Socket Server to handle the protocol

Web sockets

WebSockets - Overview
1.  Client notiﬁes websocket server (EventMachine) of an event, giving ids of recipients
2.  The server notiﬁes all the active clients (subscribed to that type of event)
3.  Clients process event

when given recipient Id

matches the client’s one
http://bit.ly/Ixcupi

Alternative - Polling via AJAX
+ Near real-time updates (not purely real-time)
+ easy to implement
+ no new technologies needed

-  they are requested from the client and cause increased network trafﬁc
-  AJAX requests generally have a small payload and relatively high amount of http headers
(wasted bandwith)

Canvas
Canvas allows you to draw anything inside the browser
http://bit.ly/Ie4HKu
http://bit.ly/LUKXkr
http://bit.ly/LULa79
http://bit.ly/LC8AgY
Canvas

Canvas
It uses nothing more than JavaScript and HTML

à no external plugins, no libraries, etc.

You can create lines, use images, use text, apply transformations, etc.
http://bit.ly/KsKLv1

Canvas example: the Impavida project
http://www.impavida.com/

Web Workers
Javascript is a single-threaded language
à If a tasks take a lot of time, users have to wait
Web Workers provide background processing capabilities to web applications

They typically run on separate threads

à apps can take advantage of multicore CPUs

Web workers

Web Workers
Web Workers can be used to:
•  prefetch data from the Web
•  perform other ahead-of-time operations to provide a much more lively UI.

Precious on mobile Web applications because of the slow network speed

Web Workers
Any JS ﬁle can be launched as a worker

Example of Web Worker declaration:

var worker = new Worker(“worker.js”);
In order to be independent from other workers, each worker script cannot access the DOM

Web Workers
The main JS script can communicate with workers via postMessage() calls:

$(‘#button’).click(function(event) {
$(‘#output’).html(“starting”);
worker.postMessage(“start”);
});
worker.onmessage = function(event) {
$(‘#output’).html(event.data);
}

Web Workers
The web worker script can post back messages to the main script:

onmessage = function(event) {
if(event.data === “start”) {
var result;
// do something with result
postMessage(result);
}
}

Roadmap
Debugging (mobile) web apps
HTML5

The killer app!
•  Check console
•  Breakpoints
•  Update the DOM at run-time
•  Access to all local DBs
•  Network proﬁling
•  CPU and memory proﬁling
•  Monitor event listeners
•  Monitor elements’ rendering time

Desktop Browser
•  very quick
•  very handy functions
•  see Chrome’s Web Development Tools
•  Breakpoints

PRO
•  browsers’ small differences and bugs
•  cannot test all mobile-speciﬁc functionalities
•  you need PhoneGap shims

CONS

Ripple
•  very quick
•  can use Chrome’s Web Development Tools
•  You can test PhoneGap’s API from the Desktop
•  browsers’ small differences and bugs
•  cannot test the interaction with external apps
PRO
CONS
It is based on Ripple, a Chrome
plugin for mobile dev

from PhoneGap 3.0.0, you need to
use the Ripple available at Apache
npm
install
-‐g
ripple-‐emulator

ripple
emulate

Simulator
•  Ofﬁcially supported by platform vendors

•  You use the “real” device’s browser
PRO
•  device’s performance is not considered
•  this is iOS-speciﬁc
•  Android’s emulator is a joke
•  device’s capabilities are only simulated
CONS

On device
•  accurate
•  still handy
•  real performance tests
•  real browser tests
PRO
•  Deployment takes some time (~6 seconds for iOS)
CONS

Remote Debugging
From iOS 6, Apple provided Mobile Safari with a remote web inspector
à You can debug your app by using the classical web inspector of Desktop Safari

It can connect both to
•  The iOS emulator
•  The real device

Since Android 4.4, this feature is
available via Chrome’s web dev kit

Mobile debugging reference table
Make a favor to yourself,
don’t debug craftsman way:

console.log()
+
alert()

iOS
Android
Desktop Browser

Ripple

Device/emulator

Safari Web
Inspector

X
Chrome Web
Inspector
X

Roadmap
•  Introduction
•  Backbone
•  Require JS
•  Handlebars
•  Combining backbone, Require, and Handlebars

Introduction
We are building apps, not web sites

If your code is not structured:
•  it is extremely easy that your web app becomes a

big mess of HTML + CSS + JavaScript
•  maintaining each part of your app asks for a

deep analysis of ALL its aspects (logic, presentation, etc.)
•  you may waste a whole day due to a missing
<

What we want to avoid

Imagine yourself trying to change either:
•  how a movie should be rendered in your app
•  the REST API providing info about movies

Why Backbone

Backbone gives you
STRUCTURE

Why Backbone

From the Backbone website...
manipulate
the DOM
lists
of models
represent
data

Backbone events

Basically, each object can:
•  listen to events
•  trigger events

Models

Models represent your data

Each model represents a data type in your app, together with the logic surrounding it, like:
•  persistence
•  conversions
•  validation
•  computed properties
•  access control
MVC: Notify their observers about their
state using the Observer pattern

Example of model
http://goo.gl/UOahsP
custom method
setting an
attribute
custom method
invocation
constructor
default attributes
getting an
attribute

Collections
Collections are ordered sets of models

You can:
•  bind change events to be notiﬁed when any model in the collection has been modiﬁed
•  listen for add and remove events
•  fetch the collection from the server (or other persistence layers)
•  find models or filter collections themeselves

The model attribute of a collection represents the kind of model that can be stored in it
Any event that is triggered on a model in a collection
will also be triggered on the collection directly
MVC: Notify their observers
about state using the Observer
pattern (same as models)

Example of collection
http://goo.gl/UOahsP
type of stored
models
Instance of
collection

Views
Views represent and manage the visible parts of your application

They are also used to
•  listen to interaction events
•  and react accordingly

views can be rendered at any time, and inserted into the DOM

you get high-performance UI rendering
with as few reﬂows and repaints as possible
MVC: observe models, and
update itself according to the
state of the models + manage
user inputs (it’s a controller, to
this sense)

Example of view
Events map
“event_name selector”: callback
Events callbacks
create the
DOM subtree

The router
Backbone.Router
provides methods for routing client-side pages,
and connecting them to actions and events

At a minimum, a router is composed of two main parts:
routes

an hash that pairs routes to actions
actions

JS functions triggered when certain routes are navigated

Example of router
routes map
routing
functions

Backbone-based workﬂow
•  You organize your interface into logical views backed by models
•  Each view can be updated independently when the model changes,
without having to redraw the page
You can bind your view‘s
render() function to the
model‘s "change” event

à
now everywhere that
model data is displayed in the
UI, it is always up to date

Why Require JS

We are building apps, not website

We need well-speciﬁed and isolated JS ﬁles/modules

Code complexity grows as the app gets bigger

à we need some sort of #include/import/require

à ability to load nested dependencies

What we want to avoid

uncontrolled scripts
poor control ﬂow understanding

Require JS
RequireJS is a JavaScript ﬁle and module loader
Using a modular script loader like Require JS will improve the modularity of your code:
à  speed in implementing changes
à  better undestanding of the code

Require JS allows modules to be loaded as fast as possible, even out of order, but evaluated in the
correct dependency order
It is built on the Module Pattern
JavaScript ﬁle and module loader

Module example

Technically, it is simply a function that executes immediately

Module VS script files

A module is different from a traditional script file in that it defines a well-scoped object that avoids
polluting the global namespace à its retained objects can be deleted by the GC
It can explicitly list its dependencies and get a handle on those dependencies without needing to refer to
global objects, but instead receive the dependencies as arguments to the function that defines the
module
VS

Module definition
Required
modules (array)
References to required modules
Dependent module usage
This function is called when
zepto.js is loaded.
If zepto.js calls define(), then
this function is not fired until
also zepto’s dependencies
have loaded

Require JS under the hoods...
1.  loads each dependency as a script tag, using head.appendChild() and waits for all dependencies to
load
2.  computes the right order in which to call the functions that deﬁne the modules
3.  calls the module deﬁnition functions of each dependency in the right order
main.js
jQuery
Backbone
SpinJS
MoviesCollection
MovieModel
MoviesView
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Why Handlebars
We want to separate presentation from logic
TRANSLATE TO: we don’t want to put any HTML element into JavaScript code
separate logic from presentation
Imagine yourself trying to change how a movie should be rendered in
your app...

Handlebars template
A handlebars expression is

{{ something }}

Template compilation

Handlebars.compile is used to compile a template

Compiling = obtaining a JS object representing the template

Templates population
You have to execute a template with a context
in order to get its corresponding HTML code

Handlebars summary
Each Template can contain Expressions and Helpers operating on them

The main helpers are:
•  with

•  each

•  if
/
else
/unless

You can deﬁne your own Helpers that operate on expressions, they return HTML code

A template can be (pre)-compiled and must be executed with a context in order to return the
ﬁnal HTML fragment

Example of built-in helper

It renders the block if its argument is not equal to false,
undefined,
null,
[]

If / Else
<div
class="entry“>

<h1>{{title}}</h1>

{{#if
author}}

<h2>By
{{firstName}}
{{lastName}}</h2>

{{#else}}

<h2>Unknown
author</h1>

{{/if}}

</div>

{
title:
"My
first
post!",

author:
undefined
}

}

<div
class="entry“>

<h1>My
first
post!</h1>

<h2>Unknown
author</h2>

</div>

Combining Backbone, Require, and Handlebars
Handlebars templates can be seen as special Require modules

So we can have the following:

•  a separate HTML5 ﬁle for each template
•  a Backbone view can have a dependency to each template
•  the template can be executed by using a JSON object of the Backbone model as context

Example
Dependency to template HTML ﬁle
It contains a string
Compiled template
Execution of the template

How I structure my mobile web apps

I implemented all best practices and advices in this
presentation in a generic app template available here:

https://github.com/iivanoo/cordovaboilerplate

Towards automation…
Towards a Collaborative Framework for the Design and Development of Data-
Intensive Mobile Applications. Mirco Franzago, Ivano Malavolta, Henry Muccini.
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Mobile Software
Engineering and Systems, June 2-3, 2014 Hyderabad, India

References
http://backbonejs.org
http://requirejs.org
http://handlebarsjs.com
https://github.com/iivanoo/cordovaboilerplate

+ 39 380 70 21 600
Contact
Ivano Malavolta |
Gran Sasso Science Institute
iivanoo
ivano.malavolta@univaq.it
www.ivanomalavolta.com

HTML5: the new frontier of the web

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