Computer Introduction (Software)-Lecture03
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The document provides an introduction to computer software, explaining the relationship between hardware and software, with a focus on the binary system as the foundation for computer operations. It categorizes software into system software, application software, and middleware, detailing their functions and examples. Additionally, it discusses the role of logical operations, data representation, machine code execution, and the importance of encoding systems like ASCII in computing.
Computer Introduction (Software)-Lecture03
- 1. 1 Lecture No.3: Introduction to Computer Software Lecturer: Dr. Mazin Alkathiri Department of Information Technology , College of Computers Seiyun University September , 2024
- 2. ( الماديات Hardware ) 1 - ( البرمجيات Software ) 2 - ( البرمجيات Software ) A set of programs that utilizes the hardware and uses its’ capabilities to perform various tasks. Program : A program is a set of instructions stored in the computer to solve specific problems. Components Of A Computer ? Computer divided to two main parts:
- 3. How does the computer understand Computer being an electronic device, can represent only two states – VOLTAGE and NO VOLTAGE. Voltage is represented as 1 No voltage is represented as 0
- 4. 4 The binary system • is fundamental to the functioning of all computer software and hardware. • It serves as the base of computer operations, enabling the processing, storage, and communication of data. • Computers rely on this system because they operate using electronic circuits that can only recognize two states: on and off. • These two states are represented by the binary digits 1 (on) and 0 (off), forming the language that computers use to perform tasks.
- 5. 5 What is the Binary System? • The binary system is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. This is in contrast to the decimal system (base-10) that humans use, which has ten digits (0 through 9). • Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as either a 0 or 1. • Byte: A group of 8 bits. Larger units such as kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and so on are derived from bytes.
- 6. 6 Cont. In the binary system, numbers are represented in powers of 2, just as decimal numbers are represented in powers of 10. For example: • Decimal 5 is written as 101 in binary: • 1×22 +0×21 +1×20 =51 • The binary system is crucial because digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and calculators are built using logic gates and transistors that can be in one of two possible states (on/off or true/false), which map directly to 0 and 1.
- 7. 7 Why is Binary the Base of Computer Software? • Computer software relies on binary because computers are built from hardware components that function using binary logic. Here are the key reasons: 1 . Logical Operations 2 . Data Representation 3 . Machine Code and Instruction Execution 4 . Memory Storage 5 . Networking and Communication
- 8. 8 1. Logical Operations At the core of every computer’s operation are logic gates, which perform logical operations using binary values. These gates (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc.) take binary inputs (0 or 1) and produce binary outputs (0 or 1). These logical operations form the basis for more complex tasks that computers can perform. • For instance: • AND Gate: Returns 1 only if both inputs are 1. • Input: (1 AND 1) → Output: 1 • Input: (1 AND 0) → Output: 0 • OR Gate: Returns 1 if either input is 1. • Input: (1 OR 0) → Output: 1 • These basic operations allow computers to process and manipulate data at the binary level.
- 9. 9 2. Data Representation All types of data—whether text, numbers, images, or sounds—are ultimately represented in binary form in a computer. For example: • Text: Characters are encoded into binary using encoding schemes like ASCII or Unicode. • In ASCII, the letter "A" is represented as 01000001 (binary equivalent of 65 in decimal). • Numbers: Decimal numbers are converted into binary format for processing. • The decimal number 13 is represented as 1101 in binary. • Images: Each pixel in an image is encoded as a binary value representing its color. A grayscale image may use 8 bits (256 shades of gray) per pixel, while a color image might use 24 bits (8 bits for red, green, and blue).
- 10. 10 3. Machine Code and Instruction Execution Software written in high-level programming languages (like Python, C++, Java) is eventually converted to machine code, which is a set of binary instructions that the CPU can directly execute. This process involves: • Compilation: Translating high-level code into low-level binary instructions. • Instruction Set: Each processor has its own set of binary instructions (an instruction set) that it can understand. For example, an instruction to add two numbers might look like this in binary: • 00000100 11001010 (machine code representation of an “add” instruction). • The CPU fetches these binary instructions from memory, decodes them, and performs operations accordingly.
- 11. 11 4. Memory Storage In a computer’s memory, every piece of data is stored as a sequence of binary bits. Memory is organized in units called words, each containing a fixed number of bits (typically 32 or 64 bits, depending on the architecture). For example: • A byte (8 bits) might store the binary value 01001001, which could represent the letter "I" in ASCII. • The combination of these bits in memory allows the computer to store complex data such as programs, documents, videos, and more.
- 12. 12 5. Networking and Communication When computers communicate over networks, data is transmitted in binary form. Data is broken down into packets, and each packet consists of binary values that represent the information being sent. Protocols like TCP/IP handle how this binary data is organized, transmitted, and interpreted. • For example, when you visit a website, your request (e.g., a URL typed into a browser) is translated into a series of binary packets that are sent over the internet to the server. • The server then responds with binary data representing the web page, which is reassembled and displayed on your screen.
- 13. 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 32 16 8 1 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = 57 Starting from right to left, raise 2 to the power of 0 to 7. Add the values corresponding to the BIT positions having the value 1.
- 14. 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 128 32 16 8 1 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = 185 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 32 8 1 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 = 41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = 0
- 15. 15 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) • is a character encoding standard that represents text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices that use text. • It was originally developed in the early 1960s to standardize the way computers and other devices represent characters like letters, numbers, and symbols. • ASCII assigns a unique binary number (7-bit code) to each character, allowing computers to store and manipulate text.
- 16. 16 Key Features of ASCII: • 7-bit encoding: ASCII uses 7 bits to represent each character, allowing for 128 unique combinations (0 to 127). • Character Representation: ASCII covers basic characters, including: • Control Characters (0–31): Used for device control (e.g., newline, carriage return). • Printable Characters (32–126): Includes letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), punctuation marks, and symbols. • For example: • The letter A is represented as 65 in decimal (or 01000001 in binary). • The number 5 is represented as 53 in decimal (or 00110101 in binary). • The space character is represented by 32 in decimal.
- 17. 17 Extended ASCII ASCII was later extended to 8 bits (256 characters) to include additional symbols and foreign language characters. This version is known as Extended ASCII. • Importance of ASCII: • ASCII provides a universal way for computers to handle text and ensures compatibility between different systems, making it a foundation for text encoding in computing and communication systems.
- 18. 18 Dec Char 54 6 55 7 56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63 ? 64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D Dec Char 195 أ 196 ؤ 197 إ 198 ئ 199 ا 200 ب 201 ة 202 ت 203 ث 204 ج 205 ح
- 19. Computer SOFTWARE : Computer software refers to a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell the hardware how to perform tasks. • Software can be broadly categorized into two main types: • System Software • Application Software, each of which has different components and sub-classifications. Let’s explore these in detail with examples:
- 20. 20 1. System Software System s/w that are a set of programs specially designed for performing tasks such as, controlling the computer hardware, and utilizing the resources to help the application software solve specific problems. System software manages and controls the hardware so that application software can perform its tasks efficiently. • A. Operating Systems (OS) • B. Utility Programs • C. Firmware • D. Programming Languages and Compilers
- 21. 21 A. Operating Systems (OS) Operating systems are fundamental components of system software that manage hardware resources, provide services to application software and provide user interface. • Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS. • Components of an Operating System: • Kernel • File System • Device Drivers • Functions : • Memory management • CPU management • Input / Output management • Storage / File management • Provide user interface
- 22. 22 B. Translators are a type of system software that convert high-level programming languages into machine code (binary code) that computers can understand and execute. Since humans write programs in high-level languages (such as C++, Python, Java) that are more understandable and readable, these programs must be translated into the binary instructions that the computer’s processor can execute. • Translators come in three main types: • Compilers • Interpreters • Assemblers
- 23. 23 1. Compilers: translates an entire program written in a high-level programming language (like C, C++, or Java) into machine code (binary) or low-level code before the program is run. The entire translation happens at once, and the resulting machine code is stored in a file (typically a .exe or .bin file). 2. Interpreters: translates high-level programming code into machine code line by line and executes it immediately. Instead of converting the entire program into machine code in one go, the interpreter translates and executes each line of the source code one at a time. 3. Assemblers: is a specialized type of translator that converts assembly language (a low-level programming language that is close to machine code but uses more readable mnemonics) into machine code.
- 24. 24 C. Utility Programs,& D. Firmware • B. Utility Programs: Utility software helps in the maintenance and optimization of the computer’s performance. • Examples: Antivirus software, Disk Cleanup tools, Backup software. • C. Firmware: Firmware is a specialized form of system software that is embedded into hardware devices to control them. It is usually written into the device’s ROM (Read-Only Memory). • Examples: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in PCs, firmware in embedded devices like washing machines and routers.
- 25. 25 2. Application Software Application software is designed to help the user perform specific tasks like word processing, browsing the web, or playing games. Unlike system software, which runs in the background, application software interacts directly with the user. • A. General-Purpose Software • B. Specialized Software • C. Web Applications • D. Mobile Applications
- 26. 26 A. General-Purpose Software This software is used for common, everyday tasks and is not specialized for a specific industry. • Examples: • Microsoft Word: A word processing application. • Google Chrome: A web browser for internet access. • Spotify: A music streaming application.
- 27. 27 B. Specialized Software Specialized software is developed for a specific task or industry. These applications are tailored to particular professional fields. • Examples: • AutoCAD: Software used by architects and engineers for drafting and design. • Adobe Photoshop: A tool for photo editing and graphic design. • Medical Billing Software: Designed for healthcare professionals to manage patient data and billing.
- 28. 28 C. Web Applications Web applications run in a web browser and do not need to be installed on the local computer. They are accessible via the internet and can perform a variety of tasks. • Examples: • Google Docs: An online document editing application. • Gmail: A web-based email client.
- 29. 29 D. Mobile Applications Mobile apps are designed specifically for smartphones and tablets. They can range from general-purpose applications to highly specialized ones. • Examples: • Instagram: A social media application. • WhatsApp: A messaging application. • Uber: A ride-sharing app.
- 30. 30 3. Middleware Middleware is software that lies between the operating system and the application software, enabling communication and data management between distributed applications. It is essential for the functioning of cloud-based or networked systems. • Examples: • Apache Kafka: A distributed event streaming platform. • Oracle WebLogic: A middleware platform for building and deploying enterprise applications.
- 31. 31 Software Classifications Summary: Software Type Components Examples System Software Operating Systems, Translators, Utilities, Device Drivers, Firmware Windows OS, (C Compiler), Antivirus, BIOS, GCC Application Software General Purpose, Specialized, Web, Mobile Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, Google Docs, Uber Middleware Application Servers, Message Brokers Oracle WebLogic, Apache Kafka
Editor's Notes
- #21: Kernel: The core part of the OS that manages system resources (memory, CPU, etc.) and allows software to interact with hardware. For example, Linux Kernel in Android manages memory, process scheduling, and I/O operations. File System: Organizes and manages how data is stored and retrieved. For example, NTFS is a file system used by Windows. Device Drivers: Specialized programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices such as printers or graphics cards.