Contraints
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The document discusses various SQL concepts including constraints, objects, set operators, and privileges. It provides examples of creating tables with constraints like primary keys and foreign keys. It also covers objects like tables, views, sequences, and indexes. Set operators like union, intersect, and minus are defined. Finally, it demonstrates granting privileges to users and roles on database objects.
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Contraints/Objects/Set Operators
Not null
Unique
Primary key
Foreign key
Check
Create table employees
(
employee_id number(6) ,
First_namevarchar2(20),
Job_idvarchar2(10) not null,
Constraint emp_emp_id_pk primary key (employee_id),
Constraint emp_dep_fk foreign key (department_id) references
Departments (department_id) [on delete]
[cascade | set null] );
Constraint <constraint_name>pimary key (col_names)
Unique (col_names)
Check (condition)
Foreign key (col_name) references
tab_name (col_name)
Alter table table_name add constraint c_nametypce (col);
Constraint emp_Sal_min check (salary > 0);
Alter table employees drop | disable | enable constraint const_name;
Create view v$name as select * from tbl_name;
Create or replace view empv10 as
...
with check option name
read only;
selectrownum as rank , last_name , salary from ... where rownum<= 3;
Objects:
table , view, sequence, index, synonym
sequence:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/contraints-131112050149-phpapp01/85/Contraints-1-320.jpg)
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create sequence seq_name
increment by n
start with n
maxvalue n
minvalue n
cycle | no cycle
cache | no cache
seq_name.currval
seq_name.nextval
alter sequence seq_name ...
describeuser_sequences
create index index on table (column)
create index index on table (upper(column));
create public synonym synonym_name for object
create user scott identified by tiger
grantpriviligerouser_name | role
create session
create table
create sequence
create view
create role manager
grantpriv to manager
grant manager to user
alter user scott identified by lion;
grantobject_priv on object to user | role [with grant option]
alter
delete
execute
index
insert
references
select
update](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/contraints-131112050149-phpapp01/85/Contraints-2-320.jpg)
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Grant update (department_name ,location_id)
on departments to scott, manager
Set operators:
union
union all //includes duplicate rows
intersect
minus
selectdepartment_id, job_id, sum(salary) from employees where department_id<
60
group by rollup | cube (department_id, job_id);
selectdepartment_id , job_idmanager_id, avg(salary) from employees
group by grouping sets ((department_id, job_id) , (job_id, manager_id));
selectdepartment_id , job_id , sum(salary) from employees where department_id<
60
group by [rollup | cube] (department_id, job_id);
group by grouping sets ((, , , ) , (, , ,))
exists , not exists
alter table employees add (department_name varchar2(14));
update employees e set department_name = (select department_name from
departments.d
wheree.department_id = d.department_id);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/contraints-131112050149-phpapp01/85/Contraints-3-320.jpg)
Contraints
- 1. Anar Godjaev http://anargodjaev.wordpress.com/ Contraints/Objects/Set Operators Not null Unique Primary key Foreign key Check Create table employees ( employee_id number(6) , First_namevarchar2(20), Job_idvarchar2(10) not null, Constraint emp_emp_id_pk primary key (employee_id), Constraint emp_dep_fk foreign key (department_id) references Departments (department_id) [on delete] [cascade | set null] ); Constraint <constraint_name>pimary key (col_names) Unique (col_names) Check (condition) Foreign key (col_name) references tab_name (col_name) Alter table table_name add constraint c_nametypce (col); Constraint emp_Sal_min check (salary > 0); Alter table employees drop | disable | enable constraint const_name; Create view v$name as select * from tbl_name; Create or replace view empv10 as ... with check option name read only; selectrownum as rank , last_name , salary from ... where rownum<= 3; Objects: table , view, sequence, index, synonym sequence:
- 2. Anar Godjaev http://anargodjaev.wordpress.com/ create sequence seq_name increment by n start with n maxvalue n minvalue n cycle | no cycle cache | no cache seq_name.currval seq_name.nextval alter sequence seq_name ... describeuser_sequences create index index on table (column) create index index on table (upper(column)); create public synonym synonym_name for object create user scott identified by tiger grantpriviligerouser_name | role create session create table create sequence create view create role manager grantpriv to manager grant manager to user alter user scott identified by lion; grantobject_priv on object to user | role [with grant option] alter delete execute index insert references select update
- 3. Anar Godjaev http://anargodjaev.wordpress.com/ Grant update (department_name ,location_id) on departments to scott, manager Set operators: union union all //includes duplicate rows intersect minus selectdepartment_id, job_id, sum(salary) from employees where department_id< 60 group by rollup | cube (department_id, job_id); selectdepartment_id , job_idmanager_id, avg(salary) from employees group by grouping sets ((department_id, job_id) , (job_id, manager_id)); selectdepartment_id , job_id , sum(salary) from employees where department_id< 60 group by [rollup | cube] (department_id, job_id); group by grouping sets ((, , , ) , (, , ,)) exists , not exists alter table employees add (department_name varchar2(14)); update employees e set department_name = (select department_name from departments.d wheree.department_id = d.department_id);