cprogrammingdata_type in with explanation.ppt

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C (Basic) Data Types
-different data representations need different
types in programming-
1/31

In C, data type categorized as:
1. Primitive Types in ANSI C (C89)/ISO C (C90) -
char, short, int, float and double.
2. Primitive Types added to ISO C (C99) - long
long
3. User Defined Types – struct, union, enum
and typedef (will be discussed in separate session).
4. Derived Types – pointer, array and function
pointer (will be discussed in separate session).
C BASIC (DATA) TYPES
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Type Size in Bits Comments
Other
Names
Primitive Types in ANSI C (C89)/ISO C (C90)
char ≥ 8
 sizeof() will give the size in units of chars.
 need not be 8-bit
 The number of bits is given by the CHAR_BIT
macro in the limits.h header.
 Integer operations can be performed portably
only for the range: 0 ~ 127 (28
/ 2).
—
signed char
Same as char
but guaranteed
to be signed
 Can store integers in the range: -127 ~ 127
(28
) portably.
—
unsigned char
Same as char
but guaranteed
to be unsigned.
 Can store integers in the range: 0 ~ 255 (28
)
portably.
—
char type program example

 A sample output.

short
≥ 16, ≥ size of
char
 Can store integers in the range: -
32767 ~ 32767 (216
/ 2) portably.
 Reduce memory usage though
the resulting executable may be
larger and probably slower as
compared to using int.
short int,
signed short,
signed short int
unsigned
short
Same as short but
unsigned
 Can store integers in the range: 0
~ 65535 (216
) portably.
 Used to reduce memory usage
though the resulting executable
may be larger and probably
slower as compared to using int.
unsigned short int
int
≥ 16, ≥ size of
short
 Basic signed integer type.
 Represent a typical processor’s
data size which is word-size
 An integral data-type.
32767 ~ 32767 (216
/ 2) portably.
signed,
signed int
unsigned int
Same as int but
unsigned.
 Can store integers in the range: 0
~ 65535 (216
) portably.
unsigned
short int type program example

long
≥ 32, ≥ size of
int
 long signed integer type.
2147483647 ~ 2147483647 (232
/ 2)
portably.
long int,
signed long,
signed long int
unsigned
long
Same as long
but unsigned
 Can store integers in the range: 0 ~
4294967295 (232
) portably.
unsigned long
int
float ≥ size of char
 Used to reduce memory usage when
the values used do not vary widely.
 The format used is implementation
defined and unnecessarily obeys the
IEEE 754 single-precision format.
 unsigned cannot be specified.
—
double ≥ size of float
 Typical floating-point data type used
by processor.
 The format used is implementation
defined and unnecessarily obeys the
IEEE 754 double-precision format.
 unsigned cannot be specified.
—
long double
≥ size of
double
 unsigned cannot be specified. —
long int type program example www.tenouk.com, © 7/31

Type Size in Bits Comments Other Names
Primitive Types added to ISO C (C99)
long long
≥ 64, ≥ size
of long

Can store integers in
the range: -
922337203685477580
7 ~
922337203685477580
7 (264
/ 2) portably.
long long int,
signed long long,
signed long long
int
unsigned
long long
Same as
long long,
but
unsigned.

Can store integers in
the range: 0 ~
184467440737095516
15 (264
) portably.
unsigned long long
int
long long int type program example

intmax_t
Signed integer types
capable of
representing any
value of any signed
integer type.

It is a typedef represents
the signed integer type with
largest possible range.

If you want an integer with
the widest range possible on
the platform on which it is
being used.
—
uintmax_t
Unsigned integer
types capable of
representing any
value of any
unsigned integer
type

It is a typedef represents
the unsigned integer type
with largest possible range.

If you want an integer with
the widest range possible on
the platform on which it is
being used.
—
Not supported by MSVC++ < 2012 Program example

 Unfortunately this is not supported by MSVC++
< 2012
 inttypes.h vs. stdint.h: The C99 standard
says that inttypes.h includes stdint.h, so
there's no need to include stdint.h separately in
a standard environment.
 Some implementations have inttypes.h but not
stdint.h.
 VS/VC++ users may want to use msinttypes.
 Other references,
1. http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.5.0/index.jsp?topic=/com.qnx.doc.dinku
m_en_c99/stdint.html
2. http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/basedefs/stdint.h.html
3. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v7r1m0/index.jsp?topic=%2Frtref
%2Fstdinth.htm

 Actual size of integer types varies by implementation: Windows, Linux,
BSD etc.
 The only guarantee is that the long long is not smaller than long,
which is not smaller than int, which is not smaller than short.
long long > long > int > short
 int should be the integer type that the target processor is most efficient
working with. For example, all types can be 64-bit.
 Actual size of floating point types also varies by implementation.
 The only guarantee is that the long double is not smaller than
double, which is not smaller than float.
long double > double > float
 The 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point formats should be used.

 The boolean (true/false) type is _Bool defined in
stdbool.h
 The stdbool.h type also defines a few useful identifiers
as macros: bool is defined as _Bool, true as 1, false as
0.
 Additionally, __bool_true_false_are_defined is
defined as 1.
 The _Bool type and stdbool.h header did not exist in
pre-1999 versions of the standard.
Boolean type
bool in VC++ example bool in Pelles C example

 Separate size_t and ptrdiff_t types to represent memory-related
quantities.
 Existing types were inadequate, because their size is defined according
to the target processor's arithmetic capabilities, not the memory
capabilities, such as the address space availability.
 Both of these types are defined in the stddef.h header file (cstddef in C+
+).
 size_t is used to represent the maximum size of any object (including
arrays) in the particular implementation.
 An unsigned integer type used to represent the sizes of objects
Size and pointer difference types
size_t program example

 Used as the return type of the sizeof() operator.
 The maximum size of size_t is provided via SIZE_MAX, a
macro constant which is defined in the stdint.h header file
(cstdint in C++).
 It is guaranteed to be at least 65535.
 ptrdiff_t is used to represent the difference between
pointers.
 Is the signed integer type of the result of subtracting two
pointers.
 The type's size is chosen so that it could store the
maximum size of a theoretically possible array of any type.
 On a 32-bit system ptrdiff_t will take 32 bits and on a
64-bit one - 64 bits and it is portable.
size_t and ptrdiff_t: a story ptrdiff_t program example

 Information about the actual properties, such as
size, of the basic arithmetic types, is provided via
macro constants in two header files,
1) limits.h header (climits in C++) defines
macros for integer types.
2) float.h header (cfloat in C++) defines
macros for floating-point types.
 The actual values depend on the implementation.
Interface to the properties of the basic types

Fixed width integer types
 C99 standard includes definitions of several new integer
types to enhance programs’ portability.
 Existing basic integer types were considered inadequate;
because their actual sizes are implementation defined and
may vary across different systems.
 The new types are especially useful in embedded
environments where hardware supports limited to several
types and varies from system to system.
 All new types are defined in inttypes.h (cinttypes in C++)
and stdint.h (cstdint in C++) header files.
 The types can be grouped into the following categories:

 Exact width integer types - are guaranteed to have the
same number N of bits across all implementations.
Included only if it is available in the implementation.
 Least width integer types - are guaranteed to be the
smallest type available in the implementation, that has at
least specified number N of bits. Guaranteed to be
specified for at least N=8, 16, 32, 64.
 Fastest integer types - are guaranteed to be the fastest
integer type available in the implementation, that has at
least specified number N of bits. Guaranteed to be
specified for at least N=8, 16, 32, 64.
 Pointer integer types - are guaranteed to be able to hold a
pointer.
 Maximum width integer types - are guaranteed to be the
largest integer type in the implementation.

Type category
Signed types Unsigned types
Type Min value Max value Type Min value Max value
Exact width intN_t INTN_MIN INTN_MAX uintN_t 0 UINTN_MAX
Least width int_leastN_t INT_LEASTN_MIN INT_LEASTN_MAX uint_leastN_t 0 UINT_LEASTN_MAX
Fastest int_fastN_t INT_FASTN_MIN INT_FASTN_MAX uint_fastN_t 0 UINT_FASTN_MAX
Pointer intptr_t INTPTR_MIN INTPTR_MAX uintptr_t 0 UINTPTR_MAX
Maximum width intmax_t INTMAX_MIN INTMAX_MAX uintmax_t 0 UINTMAX_MAX
 The following table summarizes the types and
the interface to acquire the implementation
details (N refers to the number of bits).

USER DEFINED (DATA) TYPES
Keyword Size Note
struct
≥ sum of size
of each
member
An aggregate type which can contain more
than one different types.
tag or label is optional
struct theEmployee {
int age;
double salary;
char department;
char name[15];
char address[5][25];
};
struct theEmployee workerRec;
typedef struct
{
int x;
int SomeArray[100];
} MyFoo;
int main()
{
MyFoo strctVar;
return 0;
}
struct newPoint {
short xPoint;
short yPoint;
} justPoint;
justPoint thePoint;

union
≥ size of the
largest
member
An aggregate type which can contain more than
one other types. union uses shared memory
space compared to struct, so only one member
can be accessed at one time.
union someData
{
int pNum;
float qNum;
double rNum;
};
union someData simpleData;
union OtherData{
char aNum;
int xNum;
float fNum;
} simpleData;
simpleData saveData;

enum
≥ size of
char
Enumerations are a separate type from
ints, though they are mutually
convertible. Used to declare identifiers as
constants in an ordered manner.
enum ndays {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun};
/ * Creates enum days type, which the identifiers are set
automatically to the integers 0 to 6. */
enum ndays ndayCount;
enum trafficDirection{
north,
south,
east,
west
};
enum trafficDirection newDirection;
enum cColor = {red = 2,
green, blue, black};
Enum cColor ccolorCode;

typedef
same as the type;
being given a new
name
typedef used to give new identifier names or alias (to
simplify the long identifier names), normally used for
aggregate defined types.
typedef unsigned char BYTE; /* Declares BYTE to be a synonym for unsigned char */
typedef float FLOAT; /* Declares FLOAT (uppercase letter) to be a synonym for unsigned float
(lowercase) */
tag or label is optional
typedef struct simpleData
{ int nData;
char cData;
} newNameType;
Or
typedef struct { int nData; char
cData;} newNameType;
newNameType strctType;
typedef struct TOKEN_SOURCE {
CHAR SourceName[8];
LUID SourceIdentifier;
} TOKEN_SOURCE, *PTOKEN_SOURCE;
TOKEN_SOURCE newToken;
typedef union unData{
double lngSalary;
int nDay;
}newUntype;
newUnType lntotalSalary;
typedef enum DayNames { Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday, Saturday, Sunday
} Weekdays;
Weekdays dayOfWeek;

DERIVED (DATA) TYPES
Type Size Note
type*
(a pointer)
≥ size of char
 Hold the memory address which point to the actual
data/value.
 0 address always represents the null pointer (an
address where no data can be placed),
irrespective of what bit sequence represents the
value of a null pointer.
 Pointers to different types will have different sizes.
So they are not convertible to one another.
 Even in an implementation which guarantees all
data pointers to be of the same size, function
pointers and data pointers are in general
incompatible with each other.
 For functions taking a variable number of
arguments, the arguments passed must be of
appropriate type.
char *ptoChar;
char csimpleChr = 'T';
char *chptr;
// assignment
chptr = &csimpleChr;
int iNumber = 20;
int *imyPtr = &iNumber;

type [integer]
(an array)
≥ integer × size of
type
 Use to declare a variable with
collection of identical properties or
types.
 Simplify variable declaration.
 In a declaration which also initializes
the array (including a function
parameter declaration), the size of
the array (the integer) can be
omitted, which is called unsized.
 type [ ] is not the same as type*.
Only under some circumstances one
can be converted to the other.
int fstudentNumber[3] = {4,7,1};
int nrowandColumn[1][2] = {34, 21};
int nlongHeightWidth[3][4][5] = 0;
char cName1[ ] =
{'a','r','r','a','y'};
char cName2[ ] = {"array"};
char cName3[6] = "array";
int nrowCol[2][3] = {4,2,3,7,2,8};

type (comma-
delimited list of
types/declarations)
(a function pointers)
— 
allow referencing functions with a
particular signature.

Function pointers are invoked by
name just like normal function
calls. Function pointers are
separate from pointers and void
pointers.
/* two arguments function pointer */
int (* fptr) (int arg1, int arg2)
/* to store the address of the standard
function stdFunct in the variable myIntFunct */
int (*myIntFunct)(int) = stdFunct;

End of the C data types

cprogrammingdata_type in with explanation.ppt

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