Cracking the Algorithm & Coding Interview
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This document contains slides from a presentation given by Gayle Laakmann McDowell on how to approach coding interviews. The presentation covers preparing for interviews by learning essential data structures and algorithms, expectations during interviews, techniques for solving problems, and how to approach writing code on a whiteboard. Key points emphasized include not expecting to know all the answers, driving towards a solution even when stuck, and showing how you think through problems.
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![gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 19
Ex:Intersection ofTwo Sorted Arrays
Most people draw somethinglike this:
[1, 12, 15, 19]
[2, 12, 13, 20]
Toosmall
Toospecial-case-y
• same size, one common element, sameindex](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/crackingthealgorithmcodinginterview-svcc-151003202443-lva1-app6891/85/Cracking-the-Algorithm-Coding-Interview-19-320.jpg)
![gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 20
Ex:Intersection ofTwo Sorted Arrays
Better:
[1, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21]
[2, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27]
Big
No specialcases](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/crackingthealgorithmcodinginterview-svcc-151003202443-lva1-app6891/85/Cracking-the-Algorithm-Coding-Interview-20-320.jpg)
![Gayle Laakmann McDowell 25gayle in/gaylemcdgayle
What’s the bottleneck?
Ex: countingthe intersection
[1, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21]
[2, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27]
Bottleneck:searching
B](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/crackingthealgorithmcodinginterview-svcc-151003202443-lva1-app6891/85/Cracking-the-Algorithm-Coding-Interview-25-320.jpg)
![Gayle Laakmann McDowell 33gayle in/gaylemcdgayle
Space/Time Tradeoffs Hashtables
Find # pairs withsum
INPUT: array = [5, 15, 8, 9, 3, 2, -1, 4]
sum = 7
OUTPUT: 3
pairs = (5, 2), (8, -1), (3, 4)
Putitemsinto hashtable](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/crackingthealgorithmcodinginterview-svcc-151003202443-lva1-app6891/85/Cracking-the-Algorithm-Coding-Interview-33-320.jpg)
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- 1. GayleL.McDowell | Founder/ CEO gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Cracking the Algorithm & Coding Interview SVCC SiliconValleyCodeCamp
- 2. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 2 Hi! I’m Gayle LaakmannMcDowell Author Interview Coach Interview Consulting <dev> </dev> (CS) (MBA)
- 3. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 3gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Yes! Slidesare online! Gayle.com Click“Events” Ctrl-F for “SiliconValley”
- 4. But why? Why why why why why why meeeee 01
- 5. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 5 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell What Really Happens
- 6. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 6gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Why? Strong CS fundamentals Analytical skills Make tradeoffs Push throughhard problems Communication How you think
- 7. Preparation Why why why why why why meeeee 02
- 8. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 8 Essential Knowledge Data Structures Algorithms Concepts ArrayLists Merge Sort BigO Time Hash Tables QuickSort BigO Space Trees(+Tries) Breadth-FirstSearch Recursion Graphs Depth-FirstSearch Memoization/ Dynamic Programming Stacks/ Queues BinarySearch Heaps
- 9. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 9 Preparation ImplementDS/Algorithms MASTER BigO Practice with interviewquestions Code on paper/whiteboard Mock interviews PUSHYOURSELF!
- 10. Expectations & Evaluation Why why why why why why meeeee 03
- 11. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 11 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell What is NOT expected To know the answers To solve immediately To code perfectly (It’snice.Itjustdoesn’t happen*.) *Okayfine.Ithappenedonce,in2000+hiringpackets.
- 12. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 12 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell What IS expected Be excitedabout hard problems More thanjust “correct” Drive! Keeptrying when stuck Write real code Showmehowyouthink!
- 13. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 13 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell How You’re Evaluated RELATIVE Not a “metric” / timer Nooneisperfect!
- 14. Solving Why why why why why why meeeee 04
- 15. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 15 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell How To Approach CrackingTheCodingInterview.com“Resources”
- 16. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 16Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Listen (for clues)
- 17. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 17gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’sthe clue? Anagram server Ex: rates ->aster, stare, taser, tears Clue:why is it ona server?
- 18. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 18Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Draw an Example Big Enough General Purpose +
- 19. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 19 Ex:Intersection ofTwo Sorted Arrays Most people draw somethinglike this: [1, 12, 15, 19] [2, 12, 13, 20] Toosmall Toospecial-case-y • same size, one common element, sameindex
- 20. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 20 Ex:Intersection ofTwo Sorted Arrays Better: [1, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21] [2, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27] Big No specialcases
- 21. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 21Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Brute Force / Naive Stupid&terribleisokay!
- 22. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 22Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Optimize Walk through brute force Look for optimizations
- 23. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 23gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Techniques to Develop Algorithms Optimize A. BUD B. Space/time C. Doityourself Solve D. Recursion E. Solve “incorrectly” F. Other data structures Pushyourself!
- 24. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 24gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (A) Look for BUD Bottlenecks Unnecessary work Duplicated work
- 25. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 25gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s the bottleneck? Ex: countingthe intersection [1, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21] [2, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27] Bottleneck:searching B
- 26. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 26gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s unnecessary? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 Unnecessary: looking for d U
- 27. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 27gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s unnecessary? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 Unnecessary: looking for d U
- 28. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 28gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s duplicated? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 Duplicated: c, d pairs D
- 29. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 29gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s duplicated? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 Duplicated: c, d pairs D
- 30. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 30gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s duplicated? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 D
- 31. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 31gayle in/gaylemcdgayle What’s duplicated? Ex: a3 + b3 = c3 + d3 (1 <=a,b, c, d<= 1000 D
- 32. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 32gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (B)Space/TimeTradeoffs Hashtables & other datastructures Precomputing
- 33. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 33gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Space/Time Tradeoffs Hashtables Find # pairs withsum INPUT: array = [5, 15, 8, 9, 3, 2, -1, 4] sum = 7 OUTPUT: 3 pairs = (5, 2), (8, -1), (3, 4) Putitemsinto hashtable
- 34. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 34gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Space/Time Tradeoffs Precomputing Find rectangle at origin w biggest sum 6 5 -9 2 -2 -5 -2 7 3 -2 10 13 -8 -3 1 -2 Brute force: compute all rectanglesand sums
- 35. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 35gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Space/Time Tradeoffs Precomputing Find rectangle with biggest sum 6 5 -9 2 -2 -5 -2 7 3 -2 10 13 -8 -3 1 -2 -+ + 10=
- 36. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 36gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Space/Time Tradeoffs Precomputing Find rectangle with biggest sum 6 5 -9 2 -2 -5 -2 7 3 -2 10 13 -8 -3 1 -2 -+ + 13=
- 37. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 37gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (C)Do it yourself Findpermutationsof swithinb s = abbc b = babcabbacaabcbabcacbb Findthem! … now how didyou actuallydoit?
- 38. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 38gayle in/gaylemcdgayle Techniques to Develop Algorithms Optimize A. BUD B. Space/time C. Doityourself Solve D. Recursion E. Solve “incorrectly” F. Other data structures Pushyourself!
- 39. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 39gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (D) Recursion/ Base Case & Build Subsets of a set {} {} {a} {}, {a} {a, b} {}, {a}, {b}, {a, b} {a, b, c} … Subsets of {S1…Sn-1} + Sn to each
- 40. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 40gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (E) Solve “incorrectly” ① Develop incorrectsolution ② Identifywhy preciselyit’s incorrect ③ Repair ④ (& Repeat)
- 41. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 41gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (E)Solve “incorrectly” Random node in BST Try: flipcoin Coin=Heads Branch Left Coin=Tails Branch Right
- 42. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 42gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (E)Solve “incorrectly” Random node in BST Try: random number in {0, 1, 2} R=0 Branch Left R=2 Branch Right R=1 Return root
- 43. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 43gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (E)Solve “incorrectly” Random node in BST Try: Return rootwith1/n probability Then flipcoin(heads left,tails->right)
- 44. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 44gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (E)Solve “incorrectly” Random node in BST Try: pick random # 0 throughn-1 R=0 Return root R>left.size Branch right 1<=R<=left.size Branch left
- 45. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 45gayle in/gaylemcdgayle (F) Other Data Structures Giving outphone numbers “I wantany availablenumber” “I wantthisnumber” Try: sorted array?Sorted linkedlist?Hashtable? BST?
- 46. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 46Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Walk Through Know the variables andwhen they change
- 47. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 47Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Write Beautiful Code
- 48. Gayle Laakmann McDowell 48gayle in/gaylemcdgayle How to Write WhiteboardCode Modularized Error cases / TODOs Good variables Write straight Top-leftcorner Use arrows if needed Languagechoiceisuptoyou!
- 49. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 49 Modularization
- 50. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 50Gayle Laakmann McDowell step Testing FIRST Analyze What’sitdoing?Why? Anythingthatlooksweird? Errorhotspots THEN use test cases Smalltestcases Edgecases Bigger testcases
- 52. gayle in/gaylemcdgayle 52 z Gayle Laakmann McDowell It’s done for a reason! Be a great teammate. Be a great engineer.
- 53. gayle in/gaylemcdgayleGayle Laakmann McDowell 53 Other Resources Gayle.com CareerCup.com CrackingThe CodingInterview.com Or, follow me online • facebook.com/gayle • twitter.com/gayle • gayle.com • [email protected] • quora.com