Cyclotron_Presentation_theory, designMSc.pptx
- 1. Cyclotron – Theory, Design, and Applications An Advanced Perspective on Classical Particle Acceleration Presented by: Your Name M.Sc. Physics – Nuclear/Accelerator Physics
- 2. Introduction • A cyclotron is a circular particle accelerator using static magnetic and alternating electric fields. • Invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1930. • Used in isotope production, nuclear research, and medical therapy.
- 3. Basic Principle • • Based on Lorentz force: F = q(E + v × B) • • Magnetic field bends trajectory: qvB = mv²/r • • Alternating E-field accelerates particles at each Dee gap crossing • • Cyclotron resonance: f = qB / (2πm)
- 4. Construction • • Two D-shaped electrodes (Dees) • • Uniform perpendicular magnetic field • • High-frequency oscillator (~10–50 MHz) • • Ion source at center; vacuum chamber to reduce collisions • • Target placed at outer radius
- 5. Working Mechanism • 1. Ions injected at center • 2. Accelerated across Dee gap by alternating voltage • 3. Circular motion due to B-field • 4. Radius increases with energy; r v ∝ • 5. Particle exits at target when max energy reached
- 6. Equations Involved • • Radius: r = mv / qB • • Cyclotron frequency: f = qB / (2πm) • • Kinetic Energy: KE = ½mv² = (qBr)² / (2m)
- 7. Limitations • • Relativistic mass increase (m = γm₀) breaks resonance • • Space charge effects limit beam current • • Ineffective for heavy or relativistic particles • • Typical energy limit < 50 MeV for protons
- 8. Applications • • Nuclear physics research • • Medical applications: proton therapy • • PET isotope production (e.g., ¹⁸F, ¹¹C) • • Ion implantation in materials science
- 9. Advanced Variants • • Synchrocyclotron: varying RF frequency • • Isochronous cyclotron: radial magnetic field gradient • • Compact superconducting cyclotrons for medical use
- 10. Conclusion • • A cornerstone in classical accelerator physics • • Still crucial in medicine and applied sciences • • Basis for modern synchrotrons and large- scale accelerators
- 11. References • • W.R. Leo – Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments • • D. Griffiths – Introduction to Electrodynamics • • IAEA publications on radionuclide production • • hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu