![International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 4679~4686
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4679-4686 4679
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based
GMSK system on FPGA platform
Renuka Kajur1
, K. V. Prasad2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PESIT, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BIT, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 24, 2019
Revised Mar 25, 2020
Accepted Apr 1, 2020
The gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is one of the best suited digital
modulation schemes in the global system for mobile communication (GSM)
because of its constant envelop and spectral efficiency characteristics. Most
of the conventional GMSK approaches failed to balance the digital
modulation with efficient usage of spectrum. In this article, the hardware
architecture of the optimized CORDIC-based GMSK system is designed,
which includes GMSK Modulation with the channel and GMSK
Demodulation. The modulation consists of non-return zero (NRZ) encoder,
an integrator followed by Gaussian filtering and frequency modulation (FM).
The GMSK demodulation consists of FM demodulator, followed by
differentiation and NRZ decoder. The FM Modulation and demodulation use
the optimized CORDIC model for an In-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) phase
generation. The optimized CORDIC is designed by using quadrant mapping
and pipelined structure to improve the hardware and computational
complexity in GMSK systems. The GMSK system is designed on the Xilinx
platform and implemented on Artix-7 and Spartan-3EFPGA. The hardware
constraints like area, power, and timing utilization are summarized.
The comparison of the optimized CORDIC model with similar CORDIC
approaches is tabulated with improvements.
Keywords:
Differentiator
Digital frequency synthesizer
FPGA
Frequency demodulation
Frequency modulation
GMSK
Integrator
Pipelined CORDIC
Copyright © 2020Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Renuka Kajur,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
PESIT, Bengaluru, India.
Email: renukakajur@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the current era of high-speed communication, the prime objective of the system is to achieve
modulation that has a power spectrum with a constant amplitude and adequate bandwidth. Out of all, some of
the efficient techniques are minimum shift keying (MSK) and GMSK. They are derived from the constant-
phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) family of modulation operating at a constant envelope [1, 2].
As a modulated signal has the characteristic of constant amplitude, the power utilization will be low by using
a class CRF amplifier. Employing an amplifier is necessary for battery operated units. The GMSK is well
suited digital modulation type and used in the GSM standard. The spectral efficiency and constant envelope
are two unique characteristics in GMSK are credited in enhancing result despite the adjacent channel
interference (ACI) and non-linear amplifiers presence. The GMSK signal is an extended form of MSK signal
by performing pre-filtering over it and also converts a particular case in the CPFSK or a filtered offset-
quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK). The GMSK signal is generated from the various methods [3-10]
and is classified as high-resolution synthesizer indirect modulation, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
direct modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The GMSK modulation technique is well
known partial response continuous phase modulation (CPM) and suitable for the non-linear power amplifier.
The GMSK system is used in many applications as a modulation technique, which includes the automatic](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-1-320.jpg)
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identification system (AIS) receiver for ship-based radio-data transmission systems, spectrum sensing for
cognitive radio (CR) and vessel monitoring using status data transmitting model [11].
Section 2 describes the proposed optimized CORDIC based GMSK system with detailed
architecture and also explains the optimized CORDIC model adopted in GMSK systems. Section 3 explains
the simulation results of the GMSK system and analyzes the hardware constraints of optimized CORDIC
based GMSK systems and comparison of the optimized CORDIC model with existing techniques. Section 4
concludes the overall work with improvements.
This section discusses the existing work of GMSK systems and its applications and also discussion
of existing CORDIC techniques. The Babu et al. [12] describes the GMSK modulator for GSM applications,
which includes differential encoder followed by pre-calculated gaussian values for pulse shaping, an IQ
generation using a lookup table (LUT) based sine-cosine generator. Walter et al. [13] explain about GMSK
Modulator, which performs the modulation using a delta-sigma frequency discriminator based synthesizer
to produce the RF modulated signal and also prototyped the GMSK Modulator for GSM transmitter
standards. The Gao et al. [14] presents the GMSK Demodulation using the general processing unit (GPU) on
the ompute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming platform and mainly includes Read-only
memory (ROM) modules for Waveform generation, low pass FIR filter followed by multiplication and
addition. Ghnimi et al. [15] present GMSK modulation under radio mobile propagation environments with
different channels on a software-based environment. Supriya et al. [16] present reconfigurable coordinate
rotation digital computer (CORDIC) based on rotating, vectoring mode for circular and hyperbolic trajectory.
The designs use more coordinate calculation unit for recursive and pipelined architecture in both the modes
of the CORDIC, which consumes more chip area.Chen et al. [17] present multiple rotation CORDIC for
configurable fast fourier transform (FFT) accelerator, the FFT twiddle factors calculation based on
the CORDIC rotation, which saves the hardware cost and CORDIC model designed using compression
iteration with four rotations, twiddles direction prediction and segmented parallel iteration. However, this
process utilizes much time in the FFT process. Chung et al. [18] present the FPGA based biped robot angles
and distance calculation using pipelined CORDIC based inverse kinematic. To reduce the hardware cost,
hardware sharing machine techniques are adopted and replaced the multipliers and dividers by adders and
shifters. The biped robot angle design uses 18-stages pipelined architecture to increases the operating
frequency of the model. Chinnathambi et al. [19] present the area efficient CORDIC algorithm, which uses
six stages with four different methods includes without and with a pipelined method, unrolled CORDIC, and
mux based CORDIC. The Tiwari et al. [20] presents the hybrid CORDIC algorithm which includes mixed
two CORDIC processor of same angle input and another partitioned hybrid CORDIC algorithm, which
includes two CORDIC processors of divided angle inputs. However, these architectures utilize more time
process and consume more power. Torres et al. [21] present FPGA based optimized CORDIC based atan2
computation, which includes z-path implementation using LUT and cascaded carry chain. Wang et al. [22]
present 16-bit CORDIC algorithm implementation, which calculation the full range calculation of angles for
sine, cosine, and tangent. The CORDIC algorithms used in many applications for angle calculation includes
quick response (QR) Decomposition multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel detection [23], online
spike time-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning with neurons [24].
From the review of recent literature, it has been noticed that the amount of work carried on GMSK
systems is majorly based on software approaches and few on hardware-based approaches. In the available
existing hardware-based approaches carried neither on GMSK Modulator nor on GMSK Demodulator, and
not the complete framework. The available existing works are facing hardware complexity, performance
degradation, and more chip area consumption with huge power consumption. The ROM based LUT table is
used for IQ generation, and Local oscillators or VCO are used IQ Modulation in all the approaches, which
consumes more chip area and affect the system performance. To compute the IQ generation efficiently by
incorporating the CORDIC method in GMSK systems. The existing CORDIC methods are highly
conventional, uses more iterations, ROM based table used tangent generation. Thus there is a need for
"Optimized CORDIC method for cost-effective GMSK systems."
2. OPTIMIZED CORDIC BASED GMSK SYSTEM
In this section, the proposed GMSK system using the optimized CORDIC model is explained with
its hardware architectures. The design flow of the proposed GMSK system is represented in Figure 1.
It mainly consists of a GMSK modulator and demodulator along with the channel. The GMSK modulator
mainly consists of hardware blocks of NRZ (non-return-zero) encoder, integrator, Gaussian filter, and
frequency modulation (FM) using optimized CORDIC and digital frequency synthesizer (DFS). Similarly,
the GMSK demodulator mainly consists of hardware blocks of FM demodulation using optimized CORDIC](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-2-320.jpg)
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2.2. Channel
The channel is used to generate the random sequence generation that is called noise. The GMSK
modulated output is mixed with the channel output to generate the randomized output, which is input
to the GMSK demodulator. The channel module is designed using pseudorandom (PR) or maximum
length (m) sequences based on the Galois field (GF) theory.
The m-sequences are generated from the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and which is
commonly known as Galois-LFSR. For high-speed hardware implementation, Galois-LFSR is a better option
than Fibonacci-LFSR because it consumes fewer clock cycles to clock delay path than Fibonacci-LFSR.
In design, The Galois-LFSR for a 5th
order generating polynomial is considered in GF (2). The 5th
order
generator polynomial of the designed LFSR is
(1)
The Galois-LFSR design uses 6-multipliers, 6-delay elements, and 5-adders. The six coefficient are
used in the generator polynomial is G= [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]. The two LFSR of the same polynomial is considered;
add the two LFSR outputs to generate the random sequence. The random sequence is similar to the additive
white gaussian noise [AWGN] generation in real-time considerations.
2.3. GMSK demodulator
The GMSK demodulator is mainly incorporating FM Demodulator along with Differentiator and
NRZ decoder. The 12-bit channel output is input to GMSK Demodulator. The Hardware architecture of FM
Demodulation is represented in Figure 3. The CORDIC model generates the cosine and sine output based on
the phase inputs. In that, consider the cosine (cos1) for the DFS module, which generates the updated output
(cos2). The control unit receives the delayed DFS output and channel output, perform the comparison to
generate the FM demodulated output.
The differentiator receives the 1-bit FM demodulated output as an input, and it mainly consists of
four temporary registers and subtract or units. It performs the differentiator operation to generate the 1-bit
output. The NRZ decoder decodes the differentiator output and generates the 1-bit GMSK demodulated
output. The GMSK output must match with GMSK input in order to ensure that the GMSK system is
working correctly.
Optimized Cordic
Model for IQ
Generation
DFS-1 for
IQ Modulation
Control Unit
cos1
cos
2
Channel_out
output
phase_in FM Demodulation
Delay
Register
Figure 3. Hardware architecture of FM demodulation
2.4. Optimized CORDIC model
The optimized CORDIC model overcomes the conventional CORDIC problems like rotational angle
coverage, more iterative stages, and less convergence speed. The proposed CORDIC model will be used for
optimizing the angle range, computational and hardware complexity, usage of read-only memory (ROM)
resources for LUT updation. The optimized CORDIC model is a preprocessing unit, pipelined CORDIC,
a delay unit, and a post-processing unit is represented in Figure 4. The preprocessing unit has an 8-bit phase
input and allocates the first 2-bit of MSB, i.e., phase input [7:6] has a 1st
quadrant and the same 2-bit inputs
to delay unit. In design, the delay unit is used for the synchronization process. The preprocessing unit finds
the quadrant location based on the MSB 2-bits. The preprocessed 8-bit output is input to the pipelined
CORDIC module. The delay unit output and pipelined CORDIC module output generates parallelly to
maintain the synchronization.
The hardware architecture of the pipelined CORDIC module is represented in Figure 5. For a high-
speed CORDIC module with cosine and sine, a calculation is done by a single step pipelined technique.
The preprocessed output (phase value) is input to Z0 and set the initial values to X0 and Y0. In the design, six](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-4-320.jpg)
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Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform (Renuka Kajur)
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iteration stages are used with pipeline structure. For each iteration stage, the angle (a) value updated directly
to eliminate the ROM LUT table. Each stage, a set of outputs like X1, Y1, and Z1 are obtained in each clock
cycle, and processing speed of it will not affect the CORDIC calculation in stages because of the pipeline
structure. The pipeline structure is directly proportional to the accuracy calculation. The sign (S) value will
be updated based on the MSB (7th
) bit of Z input value or next stage values like Z1... Z6. The addition or
subtraction will be performed by using Sign (S) value. The 6th
stage outputs are final cosine and sine values
of pipeline CORDIC. The post preprocessing unit is used to convert the pipelined CORDIC output results
based quadrants of the input values. In optimized CORDIC model, the input quadrant will be set “00” for
input angle [0o
, 90o
], “01” for angle [90o
, 180o
], “10” for angle [180o
, 270o
] and “11” for angle [270o
, 360o
].
Preprocessing
Unit
Pipelined Cordic
Module
Postprocessing
Unit
Delay module
cosine
sinePhase
Input
8
MSB 2-bits [7:6] 2
2
8
8
8
8
8
2
Figure 4. Optimized CORDIC model
>>0 >>0
± ± ±
X0 Y0 Z0
S0
a0
>>1 >>1
± ± ±
X1 Y1 Z1
S1
a1
>>n-1 >>n-1
± ± ±
Xn-1 Yn-1 Zn-1
Sn-1
an-1
Cosine Value Sine Value
Figure 5. Hardware architecture of pipelined CORDIC module
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The optimized CORDIC based GMSK System results are analyzed in the below section.
The proposed work is designed using Xilinx ISE 14.7 tool using Verilog-HDL language, and modelsim
6.5f is used for simulation. The proposed design is prototyped and implemented on the both Spartan3E and
Artix-7 FPGA platform by considering devices-XC3S250E-4FT256 and XC7A100T-3CSG324 respectively.
The optimized CORDIC based GMSK system simulation results are represented in Figure 6.
The global clock (clk) signal is activated with a positive edge along with active-low reset (rst). The control
signals like enable (en) and start signals are activated high and used in the GMSK modulation process.
Assign the 1-bit GMSK input (gmsk_in) according to the user's interest. The GMSK system process starts
according to the design process. The GMSK input assigned randomly with long delays to visualize](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-5-320.jpg)
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the GMSK modulation output. Based on the GMSK inputs in modulation, 12-bit GMSK modulated output
(gmsk_mod_out) is generated. When the gmsk_in is high, the GMSK Modulated output works at 1.72 MHz,
and when gmsk_in is low, the gmsk_mod_out output works at 485.43 kHz frequency for one sinusoidal wave
signal. The demodulated output (gmsk_out) is generated after the GMSK demodulation process. The GMSK
output is the same as the GMSK input with the delay of 1 clock cycle. This simulation result indicates that
the GMSK systems work effectively with low latency.
Figure 6. Simulation results of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system
The optimized CORDIC based GMSK System is synthesized, and after a place and route operation,
the hardware resource utilization in terms of area, time, and power are summarized in Table 1. The GMSK
system utilizes less chip area in terms of 271 slices, 331 Slice Flip-flops, and 499four-Input LUTson FPGA.
The GMSK system operated a maximum frequency of 89.068 MHz with a minimum period of 11.227ns on
Spartan-3EFPGA. The power consumption report is generated using the X-Power analyzer tool with an
FPGA system frequency of 100 MHz. The GMSK system consumes the 0.052W total power.
The optimized CORDIC model is synthesized separately, and after a place and route operation,
the hardware resource utilization in terms of area and time are summarized in Table 2. The optimized
CORDIC model utilizes 88 slices, 119 Slice flip-flops, and 157four-Input LUTs on FPGA. The optimized
CORDIC operated at 156.937 MHz maximum frequencies with a minimum period of 6.372ns on
Spartan-3EFPGA.
Table 1. Hardware utilization summary of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on Spartan-3EFPGA
Hardware Resources Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system
Area Number of Slices 271
Slice Flip-Flops 331
4-input LUTs 499
Time Minimum Period (ns) 11.227
Max.Frequency (MHZ) 89.068
Power Total power (W) 0.052
Table 2. Hardware resource utilization of optimized CORDIC module on Spartan-3EFPGA
Resource Utilization Optimized CORDICDesign
Number of Slices 88
Slice Flip-Flops 119
4-input LUTs 157
Max.Frequency (MHZ) 156.937
The proposed optimized CORDIC model is compared concerning previous CORDIC methods
like general unrolled CORDIC, Pipelined unrolled, and mux based CORDIC [25] in terms of
performance parameters like area (Slice flip-flops, number of slices) and Latency (Number of clock cycles)
are tabulated in Table 3. The performance parameter results are analyzed on the Spartan-3E FPGA for all
the CORDIC methods.
The proposed method improves the area overhead around 36.36% in Slice-FF's 46.98% in slices
and 36.36% in latency concerning pipelined unrolled CORDIC method. Similarly, compared with pipelined](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-6-320.jpg)
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Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform (Renuka Kajur)
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mux based CORDIC method, around 4.8 % in slice-FF’s, 33.83% in slices, and 12.5% in latency
improvements. The above results, the proposed CORDIC is reduced the hardware complexity and improves
the performance with area optimization in GMSK systems. To improve the design constraints using FPGA
technology, here, Atrix-7 FPGA is considered, which is 28nm Technology compared with Spartan-3E FPGA,
which works at 90nm Technology. The hardware utilization of Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on
Artix-7 FPGA is tabulated in Table 4, and the hardware resource utilization of only optimized CORDIC
Module on Artix-7 FPGA is tabulated in Table 5.
Table 3. Performance comparison of optimized CORDIC module with previous [25]
CORDIC Method Slice Flip-flops No. of Slices Latency(Clock cycles)
General Unrolled CORDIC [20] 134 160 7
Pipelined Unrolled CORDIC [20] 187 166 11
Pipelined Mux based CORDIC [20] 125 133 8
Proposed Optimized CORDIC 119 88 7
Table 4. Hardware utilization summary of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on Artix-7FPGA
Hardware Resources Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system
Area Slice Registers 145
Slice LUTs 321
LUT-FF pairs 133
Time Minimum Period (ns) 3.854
Max.Frequency (MHZ) 259.477
Power Dynamic power (W) 0.008
Total power (W) 0.09
Table 5. Hardware resource utilization of optimized CORDIC module on Artix-7 FPGA
Resource Utilization Optimized CORDICDesign
Slice Registers 98
Slice LUTs 114
LUT-FF pairs 81
Max.Frequency (MHZ) 509.71
4. CONCLUSION
The optimized CORDIC based GMSK systems are designed and implemented on Spartan-3E and
Artx-7FPGA. The GMSK systems mainly contain NRZ-Encoder and decoder, integrator-differentiator,
Gaussian filter, and FM-modulation-demodulation along with channel. In FM modulation and demodulation,
the optimized CORDIC model is incorporated for IQ generation, and DFS has used IQ modulation.
The optimized CORDIC reduces the computational and hardware complexity by using pipeline structure along
with quadrant mapping in GMSK systems. The GMSK system is simulated and synthesized on the Xilinx
platform. The GMSK system resource constraints like area, time, and power utilization are tabulated.
The GMSK systems operate at 89.068 MHz and consume less power of 0.052W on sparatn-3E FPGA.
Similarly, on Artix-7 FPGA, the GMSK systems operate at 259.477 MHz and consume less power
of 0.09W. The optimized CORDIC model is compared with other CORDIC methods with improvements in
area and latency. The optimized CORDIC model utilization shows improvements around 33.83% in slices
and 12.5% in latency than pipelined-Mux based CORDIC technique.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Renuka R. Kajur is pursuing her Ph.D. from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
Karnataka, India. She has completed B.E from Basaveshwara Engineering College, Bagalkot,
India, and completed M.E from UVCE, Karnataka, India. She has around 15 years of experience
in teaching. Her area of interest is the Signal Processing and Communication System. She has
published 2 international conference papers.
K.V. Prasad has pursued his University of Hull, Hull, England, and United Kingdom.He did his
B.Tech in 1983 and M.Tech in 1985 from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, and Andhra
Pradesh, India. Dr. K.V.Prasad is with the department since 2010 after brief industrial
experiences. Also, He was working for ISRO.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v25212961apr25mar24oct19fd-201216065745/85/Design-and-analysis-of-optimized-CORDIC-based-GMSK-system-on-FPGA-platform-8-320.jpg)
Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform
- 1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 4679~4686 ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4679-4686 4679 Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform Renuka Kajur1 , K. V. Prasad2 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PESIT, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BIT, India Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Oct 24, 2019 Revised Mar 25, 2020 Accepted Apr 1, 2020 The gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is one of the best suited digital modulation schemes in the global system for mobile communication (GSM) because of its constant envelop and spectral efficiency characteristics. Most of the conventional GMSK approaches failed to balance the digital modulation with efficient usage of spectrum. In this article, the hardware architecture of the optimized CORDIC-based GMSK system is designed, which includes GMSK Modulation with the channel and GMSK Demodulation. The modulation consists of non-return zero (NRZ) encoder, an integrator followed by Gaussian filtering and frequency modulation (FM). The GMSK demodulation consists of FM demodulator, followed by differentiation and NRZ decoder. The FM Modulation and demodulation use the optimized CORDIC model for an In-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) phase generation. The optimized CORDIC is designed by using quadrant mapping and pipelined structure to improve the hardware and computational complexity in GMSK systems. The GMSK system is designed on the Xilinx platform and implemented on Artix-7 and Spartan-3EFPGA. The hardware constraints like area, power, and timing utilization are summarized. The comparison of the optimized CORDIC model with similar CORDIC approaches is tabulated with improvements. Keywords: Differentiator Digital frequency synthesizer FPGA Frequency demodulation Frequency modulation GMSK Integrator Pipelined CORDIC Copyright © 2020Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. Corresponding Author: Renuka Kajur, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PESIT, Bengaluru, India. Email: [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION In the current era of high-speed communication, the prime objective of the system is to achieve modulation that has a power spectrum with a constant amplitude and adequate bandwidth. Out of all, some of the efficient techniques are minimum shift keying (MSK) and GMSK. They are derived from the constant- phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) family of modulation operating at a constant envelope [1, 2]. As a modulated signal has the characteristic of constant amplitude, the power utilization will be low by using a class CRF amplifier. Employing an amplifier is necessary for battery operated units. The GMSK is well suited digital modulation type and used in the GSM standard. The spectral efficiency and constant envelope are two unique characteristics in GMSK are credited in enhancing result despite the adjacent channel interference (ACI) and non-linear amplifiers presence. The GMSK signal is an extended form of MSK signal by performing pre-filtering over it and also converts a particular case in the CPFSK or a filtered offset- quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK). The GMSK signal is generated from the various methods [3-10] and is classified as high-resolution synthesizer indirect modulation, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) direct modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The GMSK modulation technique is well known partial response continuous phase modulation (CPM) and suitable for the non-linear power amplifier. The GMSK system is used in many applications as a modulation technique, which includes the automatic
- 2. ISSN: 2088-8708 Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 4679 - 4686 4680 identification system (AIS) receiver for ship-based radio-data transmission systems, spectrum sensing for cognitive radio (CR) and vessel monitoring using status data transmitting model [11]. Section 2 describes the proposed optimized CORDIC based GMSK system with detailed architecture and also explains the optimized CORDIC model adopted in GMSK systems. Section 3 explains the simulation results of the GMSK system and analyzes the hardware constraints of optimized CORDIC based GMSK systems and comparison of the optimized CORDIC model with existing techniques. Section 4 concludes the overall work with improvements. This section discusses the existing work of GMSK systems and its applications and also discussion of existing CORDIC techniques. The Babu et al. [12] describes the GMSK modulator for GSM applications, which includes differential encoder followed by pre-calculated gaussian values for pulse shaping, an IQ generation using a lookup table (LUT) based sine-cosine generator. Walter et al. [13] explain about GMSK Modulator, which performs the modulation using a delta-sigma frequency discriminator based synthesizer to produce the RF modulated signal and also prototyped the GMSK Modulator for GSM transmitter standards. The Gao et al. [14] presents the GMSK Demodulation using the general processing unit (GPU) on the ompute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming platform and mainly includes Read-only memory (ROM) modules for Waveform generation, low pass FIR filter followed by multiplication and addition. Ghnimi et al. [15] present GMSK modulation under radio mobile propagation environments with different channels on a software-based environment. Supriya et al. [16] present reconfigurable coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) based on rotating, vectoring mode for circular and hyperbolic trajectory. The designs use more coordinate calculation unit for recursive and pipelined architecture in both the modes of the CORDIC, which consumes more chip area.Chen et al. [17] present multiple rotation CORDIC for configurable fast fourier transform (FFT) accelerator, the FFT twiddle factors calculation based on the CORDIC rotation, which saves the hardware cost and CORDIC model designed using compression iteration with four rotations, twiddles direction prediction and segmented parallel iteration. However, this process utilizes much time in the FFT process. Chung et al. [18] present the FPGA based biped robot angles and distance calculation using pipelined CORDIC based inverse kinematic. To reduce the hardware cost, hardware sharing machine techniques are adopted and replaced the multipliers and dividers by adders and shifters. The biped robot angle design uses 18-stages pipelined architecture to increases the operating frequency of the model. Chinnathambi et al. [19] present the area efficient CORDIC algorithm, which uses six stages with four different methods includes without and with a pipelined method, unrolled CORDIC, and mux based CORDIC. The Tiwari et al. [20] presents the hybrid CORDIC algorithm which includes mixed two CORDIC processor of same angle input and another partitioned hybrid CORDIC algorithm, which includes two CORDIC processors of divided angle inputs. However, these architectures utilize more time process and consume more power. Torres et al. [21] present FPGA based optimized CORDIC based atan2 computation, which includes z-path implementation using LUT and cascaded carry chain. Wang et al. [22] present 16-bit CORDIC algorithm implementation, which calculation the full range calculation of angles for sine, cosine, and tangent. The CORDIC algorithms used in many applications for angle calculation includes quick response (QR) Decomposition multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel detection [23], online spike time-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning with neurons [24]. From the review of recent literature, it has been noticed that the amount of work carried on GMSK systems is majorly based on software approaches and few on hardware-based approaches. In the available existing hardware-based approaches carried neither on GMSK Modulator nor on GMSK Demodulator, and not the complete framework. The available existing works are facing hardware complexity, performance degradation, and more chip area consumption with huge power consumption. The ROM based LUT table is used for IQ generation, and Local oscillators or VCO are used IQ Modulation in all the approaches, which consumes more chip area and affect the system performance. To compute the IQ generation efficiently by incorporating the CORDIC method in GMSK systems. The existing CORDIC methods are highly conventional, uses more iterations, ROM based table used tangent generation. Thus there is a need for "Optimized CORDIC method for cost-effective GMSK systems." 2. OPTIMIZED CORDIC BASED GMSK SYSTEM In this section, the proposed GMSK system using the optimized CORDIC model is explained with its hardware architectures. The design flow of the proposed GMSK system is represented in Figure 1. It mainly consists of a GMSK modulator and demodulator along with the channel. The GMSK modulator mainly consists of hardware blocks of NRZ (non-return-zero) encoder, integrator, Gaussian filter, and frequency modulation (FM) using optimized CORDIC and digital frequency synthesizer (DFS). Similarly, the GMSK demodulator mainly consists of hardware blocks of FM demodulation using optimized CORDIC
- 3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform (Renuka Kajur) 4681 and DFS, differentiator, and NRZ decoder. In this design, 1-bit GMSK input is considered and generate the 1-bit GMSK output. NRZ Encoder Integrator Gaussian Filter FM Modulation using Optimized Cordic and DFS Channel FM Demodulation using Optimized Cordic and DFSDifferentiatorNRZ Decoder GMSK Modulator GMSK Demodulator GMSK Input GMSK Output Figure 1. Design flow of proposed GMSK system 2.1. GMSK modulator The GMSK modulator process the 1-bit input information in NRZ encoder. The XOR module receives the GMSK 1-bit input along with the data flip-flop (D-FF) output as an input in feedback form and grants the 1-bit output, which is input to integrator block, The integrator block mainly has four temporary registers which store the integrator data serially and add the last temporary data with first input to generate the integrator 1-bit output. The Gaussian filter is designed using finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The Gaussian filter is designed for 8-tap and targets to generate 16-bit output. It mainly uses 8-multipliers to multiply 8 FIR coefficients with integrator output, 15-delay flip-flops, and 7-adders. The 7th adder output generates the Gaussian filter output, which is input to FM Modulation. The FM Modulation hardware architecture is represented in Figure 2. The FM modulation mainly contains an optimized CORDIC model for IQ generation and two DFS for IQ Modulation along with Control unit and Adder module. The optimized CORDIC model generates in-phase (I) for cosine (cos1) waveform and quadrature (Q) for sine (sine1) waveform based on the phase input (phase_in). The detailed optimized CORDIC model is explained in section 2.4. The CORDIC model outputs are inputs to two DFS module. The two DFS is used to generate the arbitrary waveforms for the corresponding CORDIC outputs. The cosine (cos2) and sine (sine2) waveforms are generated for IQ modulation. The control unit is used to control the cos2 and sine2 waveforms using integrator output. If the integrator output is ‘1’, then cos2 as an output (I) and integrator output is ‘0’, then sine2 as an output (Q). The adder adds I and Q signals and frame the 12-bit GMSK modulation output (Gmsk_mod = I+Q). Optimized Cordic Model for IQ Generation DFS-1 for IQ Modulation DFS-2 for IQ Modulation Control Unit Adder cos1 sine1 cos2 sine2 integrator_o ut Gmsk_mod I Q phase_in FM Modulation Figure 2. Hardware architecture of FM modulation
- 4. ISSN: 2088-8708 Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 4679 - 4686 4682 2.2. Channel The channel is used to generate the random sequence generation that is called noise. The GMSK modulated output is mixed with the channel output to generate the randomized output, which is input to the GMSK demodulator. The channel module is designed using pseudorandom (PR) or maximum length (m) sequences based on the Galois field (GF) theory. The m-sequences are generated from the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and which is commonly known as Galois-LFSR. For high-speed hardware implementation, Galois-LFSR is a better option than Fibonacci-LFSR because it consumes fewer clock cycles to clock delay path than Fibonacci-LFSR. In design, The Galois-LFSR for a 5th order generating polynomial is considered in GF (2). The 5th order generator polynomial of the designed LFSR is (1) The Galois-LFSR design uses 6-multipliers, 6-delay elements, and 5-adders. The six coefficient are used in the generator polynomial is G= [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]. The two LFSR of the same polynomial is considered; add the two LFSR outputs to generate the random sequence. The random sequence is similar to the additive white gaussian noise [AWGN] generation in real-time considerations. 2.3. GMSK demodulator The GMSK demodulator is mainly incorporating FM Demodulator along with Differentiator and NRZ decoder. The 12-bit channel output is input to GMSK Demodulator. The Hardware architecture of FM Demodulation is represented in Figure 3. The CORDIC model generates the cosine and sine output based on the phase inputs. In that, consider the cosine (cos1) for the DFS module, which generates the updated output (cos2). The control unit receives the delayed DFS output and channel output, perform the comparison to generate the FM demodulated output. The differentiator receives the 1-bit FM demodulated output as an input, and it mainly consists of four temporary registers and subtract or units. It performs the differentiator operation to generate the 1-bit output. The NRZ decoder decodes the differentiator output and generates the 1-bit GMSK demodulated output. The GMSK output must match with GMSK input in order to ensure that the GMSK system is working correctly. Optimized Cordic Model for IQ Generation DFS-1 for IQ Modulation Control Unit cos1 cos 2 Channel_out output phase_in FM Demodulation Delay Register Figure 3. Hardware architecture of FM demodulation 2.4. Optimized CORDIC model The optimized CORDIC model overcomes the conventional CORDIC problems like rotational angle coverage, more iterative stages, and less convergence speed. The proposed CORDIC model will be used for optimizing the angle range, computational and hardware complexity, usage of read-only memory (ROM) resources for LUT updation. The optimized CORDIC model is a preprocessing unit, pipelined CORDIC, a delay unit, and a post-processing unit is represented in Figure 4. The preprocessing unit has an 8-bit phase input and allocates the first 2-bit of MSB, i.e., phase input [7:6] has a 1st quadrant and the same 2-bit inputs to delay unit. In design, the delay unit is used for the synchronization process. The preprocessing unit finds the quadrant location based on the MSB 2-bits. The preprocessed 8-bit output is input to the pipelined CORDIC module. The delay unit output and pipelined CORDIC module output generates parallelly to maintain the synchronization. The hardware architecture of the pipelined CORDIC module is represented in Figure 5. For a high- speed CORDIC module with cosine and sine, a calculation is done by a single step pipelined technique. The preprocessed output (phase value) is input to Z0 and set the initial values to X0 and Y0. In the design, six
- 5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform (Renuka Kajur) 4683 iteration stages are used with pipeline structure. For each iteration stage, the angle (a) value updated directly to eliminate the ROM LUT table. Each stage, a set of outputs like X1, Y1, and Z1 are obtained in each clock cycle, and processing speed of it will not affect the CORDIC calculation in stages because of the pipeline structure. The pipeline structure is directly proportional to the accuracy calculation. The sign (S) value will be updated based on the MSB (7th ) bit of Z input value or next stage values like Z1... Z6. The addition or subtraction will be performed by using Sign (S) value. The 6th stage outputs are final cosine and sine values of pipeline CORDIC. The post preprocessing unit is used to convert the pipelined CORDIC output results based quadrants of the input values. In optimized CORDIC model, the input quadrant will be set “00” for input angle [0o , 90o ], “01” for angle [90o , 180o ], “10” for angle [180o , 270o ] and “11” for angle [270o , 360o ]. Preprocessing Unit Pipelined Cordic Module Postprocessing Unit Delay module cosine sinePhase Input 8 MSB 2-bits [7:6] 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 2 Figure 4. Optimized CORDIC model >>0 >>0 ± ± ± X0 Y0 Z0 S0 a0 >>1 >>1 ± ± ± X1 Y1 Z1 S1 a1 >>n-1 >>n-1 ± ± ± Xn-1 Yn-1 Zn-1 Sn-1 an-1 Cosine Value Sine Value Figure 5. Hardware architecture of pipelined CORDIC module 3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The optimized CORDIC based GMSK System results are analyzed in the below section. The proposed work is designed using Xilinx ISE 14.7 tool using Verilog-HDL language, and modelsim 6.5f is used for simulation. The proposed design is prototyped and implemented on the both Spartan3E and Artix-7 FPGA platform by considering devices-XC3S250E-4FT256 and XC7A100T-3CSG324 respectively. The optimized CORDIC based GMSK system simulation results are represented in Figure 6. The global clock (clk) signal is activated with a positive edge along with active-low reset (rst). The control signals like enable (en) and start signals are activated high and used in the GMSK modulation process. Assign the 1-bit GMSK input (gmsk_in) according to the user's interest. The GMSK system process starts according to the design process. The GMSK input assigned randomly with long delays to visualize
- 6. ISSN: 2088-8708 Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 4679 - 4686 4684 the GMSK modulation output. Based on the GMSK inputs in modulation, 12-bit GMSK modulated output (gmsk_mod_out) is generated. When the gmsk_in is high, the GMSK Modulated output works at 1.72 MHz, and when gmsk_in is low, the gmsk_mod_out output works at 485.43 kHz frequency for one sinusoidal wave signal. The demodulated output (gmsk_out) is generated after the GMSK demodulation process. The GMSK output is the same as the GMSK input with the delay of 1 clock cycle. This simulation result indicates that the GMSK systems work effectively with low latency. Figure 6. Simulation results of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system The optimized CORDIC based GMSK System is synthesized, and after a place and route operation, the hardware resource utilization in terms of area, time, and power are summarized in Table 1. The GMSK system utilizes less chip area in terms of 271 slices, 331 Slice Flip-flops, and 499four-Input LUTson FPGA. The GMSK system operated a maximum frequency of 89.068 MHz with a minimum period of 11.227ns on Spartan-3EFPGA. The power consumption report is generated using the X-Power analyzer tool with an FPGA system frequency of 100 MHz. The GMSK system consumes the 0.052W total power. The optimized CORDIC model is synthesized separately, and after a place and route operation, the hardware resource utilization in terms of area and time are summarized in Table 2. The optimized CORDIC model utilizes 88 slices, 119 Slice flip-flops, and 157four-Input LUTs on FPGA. The optimized CORDIC operated at 156.937 MHz maximum frequencies with a minimum period of 6.372ns on Spartan-3EFPGA. Table 1. Hardware utilization summary of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on Spartan-3EFPGA Hardware Resources Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system Area Number of Slices 271 Slice Flip-Flops 331 4-input LUTs 499 Time Minimum Period (ns) 11.227 Max.Frequency (MHZ) 89.068 Power Total power (W) 0.052 Table 2. Hardware resource utilization of optimized CORDIC module on Spartan-3EFPGA Resource Utilization Optimized CORDICDesign Number of Slices 88 Slice Flip-Flops 119 4-input LUTs 157 Max.Frequency (MHZ) 156.937 The proposed optimized CORDIC model is compared concerning previous CORDIC methods like general unrolled CORDIC, Pipelined unrolled, and mux based CORDIC [25] in terms of performance parameters like area (Slice flip-flops, number of slices) and Latency (Number of clock cycles) are tabulated in Table 3. The performance parameter results are analyzed on the Spartan-3E FPGA for all the CORDIC methods. The proposed method improves the area overhead around 36.36% in Slice-FF's 46.98% in slices and 36.36% in latency concerning pipelined unrolled CORDIC method. Similarly, compared with pipelined
- 7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Design and analysis of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on FPGA platform (Renuka Kajur) 4685 mux based CORDIC method, around 4.8 % in slice-FF’s, 33.83% in slices, and 12.5% in latency improvements. The above results, the proposed CORDIC is reduced the hardware complexity and improves the performance with area optimization in GMSK systems. To improve the design constraints using FPGA technology, here, Atrix-7 FPGA is considered, which is 28nm Technology compared with Spartan-3E FPGA, which works at 90nm Technology. The hardware utilization of Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on Artix-7 FPGA is tabulated in Table 4, and the hardware resource utilization of only optimized CORDIC Module on Artix-7 FPGA is tabulated in Table 5. Table 3. Performance comparison of optimized CORDIC module with previous [25] CORDIC Method Slice Flip-flops No. of Slices Latency(Clock cycles) General Unrolled CORDIC [20] 134 160 7 Pipelined Unrolled CORDIC [20] 187 166 11 Pipelined Mux based CORDIC [20] 125 133 8 Proposed Optimized CORDIC 119 88 7 Table 4. Hardware utilization summary of optimized CORDIC based GMSK system on Artix-7FPGA Hardware Resources Optimized CORDIC based GMSK system Area Slice Registers 145 Slice LUTs 321 LUT-FF pairs 133 Time Minimum Period (ns) 3.854 Max.Frequency (MHZ) 259.477 Power Dynamic power (W) 0.008 Total power (W) 0.09 Table 5. Hardware resource utilization of optimized CORDIC module on Artix-7 FPGA Resource Utilization Optimized CORDICDesign Slice Registers 98 Slice LUTs 114 LUT-FF pairs 81 Max.Frequency (MHZ) 509.71 4. CONCLUSION The optimized CORDIC based GMSK systems are designed and implemented on Spartan-3E and Artx-7FPGA. The GMSK systems mainly contain NRZ-Encoder and decoder, integrator-differentiator, Gaussian filter, and FM-modulation-demodulation along with channel. In FM modulation and demodulation, the optimized CORDIC model is incorporated for IQ generation, and DFS has used IQ modulation. The optimized CORDIC reduces the computational and hardware complexity by using pipeline structure along with quadrant mapping in GMSK systems. The GMSK system is simulated and synthesized on the Xilinx platform. The GMSK system resource constraints like area, time, and power utilization are tabulated. The GMSK systems operate at 89.068 MHz and consume less power of 0.052W on sparatn-3E FPGA. Similarly, on Artix-7 FPGA, the GMSK systems operate at 259.477 MHz and consume less power of 0.09W. The optimized CORDIC model is compared with other CORDIC methods with improvements in area and latency. The optimized CORDIC model utilization shows improvements around 33.83% in slices and 12.5% in latency than pipelined-Mux based CORDIC technique. REFERENCES [1] M. E. Magana, Mario and A. Kandukuri, “Non-data-aided parametric-and nonparametric-based carrier frequency estimators for burst GMSK communication systems,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1783-1792, 2010. [2] D. Raphaeli, "A reduced complexity equalizer for OQPSK,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 1, 2010. [3] T. A. N. Dinh, et al., “A Status Data Transmitting System for Vessel Monitoring,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 917-925, 2018. [4] E. Kadhum, and R. Haitham, “Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15. 4 Transceiver System under Adaptive White Gaussian Channel,”International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 4184-4196, 2018. [5] H. N. Abdullah, T. R. Saeed, A. H. Sahar, "Efficient error correcting scheme for chaos shift keying signals,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 3550-3557, 2019.
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