Difference between Unix & Linux Presentation.ppt
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This document compares Unix and Linux operating systems, detailing their functionalities, histories, and key characteristics. Linux, developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, is an open-source and user-friendly OS with a strong community, known for its adaptability and security. Unix, created in the late 1960s, is a multi-user and multitasking system that has influenced many modern operating systems but is typically less accessible due to its proprietary nature.
Difference between Unix & Linux Presentation.ppt
- 1. Difference Between Unix & Linux By Sarwech Abro BSE-22F-138 Abdul Rehman BSE-22F-145
- 2. What is an Operating System? • The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all. • In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It manages all the available resources on a computer, from the CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses. • Tasks the operating system must perform: • Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the parts of the computer and attempts to get everything working together. • Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run application software. This would include word processors, web browsers, games, etc... • Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to organize your computer. Through the OS you are able to do a number of things to data, including copy, move, delete, and rename it. This makes it much easier to find and organize what you have.
- 3. What is Linux? Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used across various types of hardware, from personal computers to servers, mobile devices, and even home appliances. It’s similar to other operating systems like Windows, iOS, and macOS, but it’s known for its reliability and security. Linux is everywhere, from smartphones (Android is based on Linux) to supercomputers and the internet. It’s known for its performance and flexibility, as well as being free to use and modify, which has contributed to its widespread adoption and community support.
- 4. History of Linux In 1991, a young Finnish student named Linus Torvalds set out to create a free and open-source alternative to the powerful but commercially licensed Unix operating system. Drawing inspiration from Minix, a small Unix-like system for educational purposes, Torvalds began working on his own kernel, the core of an operating system. The initial version of Linux released in 1991 was a basic kernel with limited functionality, but its open-source nature paved the way for a collaborative development process that would revolutionize the software landscape.
- 5. History of Linux The true power of Linux lies in its open-source development model. By releasing the source code freely, Torvalds invited programmers worldwide to contribute, improve, and expand the functionality of the kernel. This collaborative approach fostered a thriving developer community that rapidly extended Linux's capabilities. Over time, various distributions emerged, which bundled the Linux kernel with additional software and user interfaces, making it easier for users to install and use Linux on their personal computers. Today, Linux is a robust, feature-rich operating system powering a vast array of devices, from smartphones and supercomputers to servers and personal computers. Its flexibility and continuous innovation continue to make it a popular choice for individuals and businesses alike.
- 6. General Characteristics of Linux as an Operating System (OS) • Open-source: One of the defining features of Linux is that it's open-source. The source code is freely available for anyone to inspect, modify, and distribute. This openness fosters a large community of developers who contribute to its ongoing development and improvement. • Free: Along with being open-source, Linux is typically free to use and distribute. There are no licensing fees involved, making it an attractive option for individuals and organizations on a budget. • Security: Due to its open-source nature, Linux code is constantly reviewed and improved by a global community. This can lead to a more secure system as vulnerabilities are identified and patched quickly. • Stability: Linux is known for its stability and reliability. Servers running Linux often go for months or even years without needing a reboot. • Flexibility: Linux is highly customizable. Users can tweak and modify the system to fit their specific needs and preferences. This makes it a favorite among power users and developers. • Command-line interface (CLI): Traditionally, Linux has been known for its command-line interface (CLI). While some may find this intimidating, the CLI offers a powerful and efficient way to interact with the system.
- 7. General Characteristics of Linux as an Operating System (OS) • Command-line interface (CLI): Traditionally, Linux has been known for its command-line interface (CLI). While some may find this intimidating, the CLI offers a powerful and efficient way to interact with the system. • Graphical User Interface (GUI): However, Linux is not all about the command line. Most distributions come with a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Windows or macOS, making it user-friendly for beginners. • Package management: Software installation and updates on Linux are typically handled through a package manager. This provides a convenient and centralized way to manage your software. • Multi-user: Linux is a multi-user operating system, meaning multiple users can access the system simultaneously and have their own accounts and settings. • Wide range of distributions: There's no single version of Linux. Numerous distributions cater to different needs and preferences, from beginner-friendly options to those geared towards servers or specific tasks. • Scalability: Linux can be scaled to run on a wide range of devices, from tiny embedded systems to powerful supercomputers. This makes it a versatile OS for various applications.
- 8. Parts of the Linux OS • Kernel: The heart of the Linux system, the kernel acts as the bridge between the hardware and the software. It manages resources like memory, CPU, and devices, and provides core functionalities like process management, security, and file systems. • Shell: The shell acts as the user interface for interacting with the Linux system. It allows users to execute commands and programs, typically through a command-line interface (CLI). Some popular shells include Bash (Bourne Again Shell) and Zsh. • Desktop Environment (Optional): While Linux can function purely through the command line, most users prefer a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease of use. A desktop environment provides a familiar desktop metaphor with elements like windows, icons, menus, and a taskbar. Popular desktop environments include GNOME, KDE Plasma, XFCE, and LXDE. • Applications: Just like any other operating system, Linux offers a vast array of applications for various purposes. These include web browsers, office suites, media players, games, and development tools. The availability of applications can vary depending on the chosen Linux distribution. • Package Manager: Linux distributions use a package manager for software installation, updates, and removal. This centralized system simplifies software management and ensures compatibility within the system. Popular package managers include APT (Advanced Package Tool) and Yum (Yellowdog Update Manager).
- 9. Flavors/Distributions of Linux Ubuntu: Probably the most well-known Linux distribution, Ubuntu is known for being user- friendly and a great choice for beginners. It features a clean and intuitive interface, a large software library, and a strong community for support. Linux Mint: Similar to Ubuntu in its user-friendliness, Linux Mint offers a familiar desktop experience for those coming from Windows or macOS. It's known for its stability, long-term support releases, and pre-installed codecs for multimedia playback. Fedora: This distribution focuses on providing the latest software and features, making it ideal for users who want to be on the cutting edge. It might require a little more technical knowledge compared to Ubuntu or Mint, but offers a powerful and customizable experience.
- 10. Flavors/Distributions of Linux CentOS/Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL): Often the go-to choice for servers, CentOS (although discontinued, its spirit lives on in Rocky Linux) and RHEL prioritize stability and security. They offer long-term support with regular updates and are known for their reliability in mission-critical environments. These distributions typically come with commercial support options. Debian: A stable and influential distribution, Debian serves as the foundation for many other distributions like Ubuntu. While not necessarily the easiest for beginners due to its focus on stability over bleeding-edge features, Debian offers a wide range of software and a highly customizable system.
- 11. Some differences are based on specific features Feature Linux Unix Developer Linus Torvalds Kenneth Lane Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others Written in C and other languages C and assembly language OS Family Unix-like Unix Working State Current Current Source Model Open-source Mixed (Open-source and closed source) Available in Multilingual English Initial Release September 1991 October 1973 (Developed since 1970)
- 12. Some differences are based on specific features Feature Linux Unix Kernel Type Monolithic kernel Varies (Monolithic, microkernel, hybrid) License GNUv2 (GPL) and others Varies (Proprietary and OSS) Official Website kernel.org opengroup.org/unix Default User Interface Unix shell CLI and Graphical (X Windows system) Text Mode Interface BASH (Bourne Again Shell) Bourne shell Cost Free and paid versions Varies by vendor Architecture Originally for x86 Compatible with PA, Itanium, x86/x64, PowerPC
- 13. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Linux operating system Feature Advantages Disadvantages Open-source Nature Linux is open-source, allowing for high customization and flexibility. The source code is available for anyone to modify and distribute, fostering a large community of contributors1. - Stability and Reliability Known for its stability, Linux can handle high workloads and is designed for extended uptime, making it ideal for servers and supercomputers1. - Security High-security standards with many eyes reviewing the open-source code, leading to a more secure system overall1. - Learning Curve - Linux requires users to have a deeper understanding of the system to use it effectively, which can be challenging for new users1.
- 14. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Linux operating system Feature Advantages Disadvantages Software Compatibility - While Linux has many available software programs and utilities, Windows has a larger selection of software programs. Hardware support from certain vendors may also be less comprehensive for Linux2. System Resources Linux can run with minimal system resources and is capable of reviving older systems or providing fast performance on modern hardware3. - Exposure to Malware Less exposed to malware compared to other operating systems, offering a safer environment for users3. -
- 15. What is Unix? Unix is a powerful, multitasking, and multi-user operating system that has had a significant impact on the computing world, Unix was designed to be a simple, yet robust system for use in various types of computers, from mainframes to servers and workstations Unix systems are characterized by their ability to handle multiple tasks and users simultaneously, providing a stable and secure environment for a wide range of computing activities. Its design principles and open-source variants have greatly influenced the development of many modern operating systems, including those used in today’s smartphones and servers
- 16. UNIX History The Unix operating system has a rich history dating back to the late 1960s. Developed at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, Unix was initially a small project focused on creating a more efficient way to write and manipulate text. It was written in assembly language for a DEC PDP-7 computer but was later ported to other machines due to its flexibility and power.
- 17. UNIX Legacy • Not commercially licensed initially, Unix gained popularity in universities and research institutions. • Openness and modular design allowed for easy customization and extension. • Spawned numerous variants like BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) and System V. • Indirectly led to the creation of the open-source Linux operating system. • Unix and Unix-like systems remain the foundation for modern server operating systems and are widely used in web development, scientific computing, and more.
- 18. General Characteristics of UNIX as an Operating System (OS) • Multi-user & Multi-tasking - most versions of UNIX are capable of allowing multiple users to log onto the system, and have each run multiple tasks. This is standard for most modern OSs. • Over 30 Years Old - UNIX is over 30 years old and it's popularity and use is still high. Over these years, many variations have spawned off and many have died off, but most modern UNIX systems can be traced back to the original versions. It has endured the test of time. For reference, Windows at best is half as old (Windows 1.0 was released in the mid 80s, but it was not stable or very complete until the 3.x family, which was released in the early 90s). • Large Number of Applications – there are an enormous amount of applications available for UNIX operating systems. They range from commercial applications such as CAD, Maya, WordPerfect, to many free applications. • Free Applications and Even a Free Operating System - of all of the applications available under UNIX, many of them are free. The compilers and interpreters that we use in most of the programming courses here at UMBC can be downloaded free of charge. Most of the development that we do in programming courses is done under the Linux OS. • Less Resource Intensive - in general, most UNIX installations tend to be much less demanding on system resources. In many cases, the old family computer that can barely run Windows is more than sufficient to run the latest version of Linux. • Internet Development - Much of the backbone of the Internet is run by UNIX servers. Many of the more general web servers run UNIX with the Apache web server - another free application.
- 19. Parts of the UNIX OS • The Kernel - handles memory management, input and output requests, and program scheduling. Technically speaking, the kernel is the OS. It provides the basic software connection to the hardware. The kernel is very complex and deals with the inner workings of these things, and is beyond the scope of this course. The kernel is covered in detail in “Operating Systems.” • The Shell and Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) - basic UNIX shells provides a “command line” interface which allows the user to type in commands. These commands are translated by the shell into something the kernel can comprehend, and then executed by the kernel. • The Built-in System Utilities - are programs that allow a user to perform tasks which involve complex actions. Utilities provide user interface functions that are basic to an operating system, but which are too complex to be built into the shell. Examples of utilities are programs that let us see the contents of a directory, move & copy files, remove files, etc... • Application Software & Utilities – these are not part of the operating system, per se. They are additional programs that are bundled with the OS distribution, or available separately. These can range from additional or different versions of basic utilities, to full scale commercial applications.
- 20. Flavors of UNIX macOS: macOS, developed by Apple, is a certified Unix-based operating system designed specifically for Apple computers. It provides a Unix-like experience with a unique Apple twist. While not a traditional Unix distribution in the sense that it offers various packages and configurations, macOS shares a common foundation with other Unix flavors and is certified compliant with specific Unix standards. BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution): Developed by the University of California, Berkeley, BSD was known for its open-source nature and focus on innovation. It introduced features like TCP/IP networking and virtual memory. Linux: Perhaps the most well-known Unix flavor today, Linux is a free and open-source operating system descended from BSD. It's known for its flexibility, wide range of hardware support, and active community development. HP-UX: Developed by Hewlett-Packard, HP-UX is a commercial Unix variant optimized for HP's PA- RISC and Itanium processors. It's known for its performance and reliability in enterprise environments.
- 21. Flavors of UNIX Solaris: Developed by Sun Microsystems, Solaris was a popular Unix variant known for its scalability and support for high-performance computing. It was widely used in web servers and enterprise applications. AIX: Developed by IBM, AIX is a commercial Unix variant designed for IBM's Power Systems servers. It's known for its security and reliability in mission-critical applications. IRIX: Developed by SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.), IRIX was a Unix variant known for its advanced graphics capabilities. It was popular in workstations used for computer-aided design (CAD), animation, and visual effects.
- 22. Proprietary vs. Open-Source Software in the context of Unix and Linux Proprietary Unix: Imagine a locked vault: Think of a high-security vault holding valuable jewels (the source code). This represents proprietary Unix variants, where the source code is inaccessible to the public and closely guarded by the owner (typically a company like Oracle or IBM). Limited access and control: Only authorized developers within the company can modify the codebase. Users are restricted to using the software as provided, with no ability to see how it works or customize it to their needs. Open-Source Linux: Picture a bustling workshop: Imagine a collaborative workshop filled with open toolboxes and shared blueprints. This represents Linux, an open-source operating system. The source code is freely available, like tools on a workbench, for anyone to inspect, modify, and contribute to. Community-driven development: A global community of developers can access, modify, and improve the codebase, fostering innovation and rapid development. Users can even tweak the system to their specific needs or create entirely new distributions.
- 23. Core Difference Between Unix and Linux Feature Linux Unix Origin GNU/Linux operating system kernel Developed by AT&T Initial Development By Linus Torvalds and the GNU Foundation By AT&T Trademark Owned by Linus Torvalds, managed by Linux Mark Institute Certified by the Open Group Derivatives Debian, Fedora, etc. FreeBSD, macOS, etc. License Open Source under GPL Partially open-source under BSD License; System-V under commercial license Maintenance By various communities; kernel merged by Linus By various companies, each with their own kernel Design Purpose General-purpose, scalable platform for various applications For a defined set of target platforms and applications
- 24. Core Difference Between Unix and Linux Feature Linux Unix Availability Configurable software download and installer Typically shipped with hardware (e.g., MacBook) Support Free community support; paid support available Paid commercial support only Interfaces Often evolve Usually stable Updates Frequent with quick bug fixes Not frequent, slower bug fixes File System Support Supports almost all file systems Supports two or three file systems Preferred Use Cloud deployment and data centers Special-purpose server requirements Scalability Achieved using clusters, grids, or cloud Achieved using clusters or grids
- 25. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Unix operating system Feature Unix Advantages Unix Disadvantages Flexibility Unix is a modular operating system that allows users to customize and configure it to meet their specific needs. This flexibility makes Unix an ideal choice for a wide range of applications, from personal computers to large-scale servers and supercomputers1. Unix can be challenging to learn and use, particularly for users who are not familiar with command-line interfaces. This complexity can make Unix a poor choice for casual users or organizations with limited IT resources1. Security Unix was designed with security in mind from the very beginning. It includes many built-in security features, such as file permissions, user authentication, and network security. These features make Unix an excellent choice for organizations that require high levels of security for their data and systems1. - Reliability Unix is known for its reliability and stability. It is designed to handle multiple users and processes simultaneously, and it includes many built-in features for fault tolerance and disaster recovery. These features make Unix an excellent choice for mission-critical applications that require high levels of uptime and reliability1. -
- 26. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Unix operating system Feature Unix Advantages Unix Disadvantages Scalability Unix is highly scalable and can run on a wide range of hardware, from personal computers to mainframes and supercomputers. This scalability makes Unix an ideal choice for organizations that need to scale their computing resources as their needs grow1. - Open- source Many Unix-based operating systems, such as Linux, are open-source. The source code is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. This open-source nature has led to a vast community of developers and users who have contributed to the development and improvement of Unix-based systems over the years1. - Complexity - Unix requires users to learn a new set of commands and syntax, which can be time- consuming and frustrating. This learning curve can make Unix a poor choice for organizations that need to train large numbers of users quickly1.
- 27. Conclusion Unix is ancient and is the base for other operating systems. Linux kernel also comes from Unix. The key difference between the Unix and Linux-based operating systems lies in how they work internally, especially at the kernel part. One significant difference you can consider is that Linux is available as an open-source and allows other developers to change the source code, which is impossible with Unix OS. If you choose between the two, pricing can be considered a deciding factor, as you have to pay for using Unix OS, which is not always the case with Linux OS. If we talk about flexibility, Linux is more flexible; that’s why it is more popular and used than Unix OS. Also, Unix and Linux commands are somehow similar but not the same. The decision lies in the purpose of using them, and the choice may vary accordingly.