Distributed Computing system
Download as PPTX, PDF5 likes5,366 views
This document provides an overview of distributed computing. It discusses the history and introduction of distributed computing. It describes the working of distributed systems and common types like grid computing, cluster computing and cloud computing. It covers the motivations, goals, characteristics, architectures, security challenges and examples of distributed computing. Advantages include improved performance and fault tolerance, while disadvantages are security issues and lost messages.
Distributed Computing system
- 1. Seminar on Distributed Computing LinkedIn: [email protected] Submitted By: Sarvesh Kumar Meena M.Tech-CSE
- 2. Contents Overview History Introduction Working of Distributed System Type Motivation Goals Characteristics Architecture Security and Standards Challenges Example Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion Reference
- 3. Overview of Distributed Computing • Distributed Computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. • A Distributed System is One in Which H/W & S/W Components Located at Networked Computers Communicate their Actions Only By Message Passing • In The Term Distributed Computing The Word Distributed Means Spread out across space. Thus, Distributed Computing is an activity performed on a distributed system. • These Networked Computers may be in the same city, same country i.e. in same world.
- 4. History • The use of concurrent processes that communicate by message-passing has its roots in operating system architectures studied in the 1960s • The study of distributed computing became its own branch of computer science in the late 1970s and early 1980s. • The first conference in the field, Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), dates back to 1982, and its European counterpart International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC) was first held in 1985.
- 5. Introduction
- 6. Introduction • The word distributed in terms such as “ distributed system", "distributed programming", and " distributed algorithm " originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within some geographical area. • The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense, even referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing.
- 7. Working of Distributed System • A distributed computing architecture consists of very lightweight software agents installed on a number of client systems, and one or more dedicated distributed computing management servers. • There may also be requesting clients with software that allows them to submit jobs along with lists of their required resources.
- 9. Distributed Application Middleware service Local OS Local OS Local OS Machine A Machine B Machine C
- 10. Types of Distributed System Distributed Computing System • Grid Computing • Cluster Computing • Cloud Computing Distributed Information System Distributed Pervasive System
- 11. Distributed Computing System Grid Computing :- Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal. Grid computing is a processor architecture that combines computer resources from various domains to reach a main objective. In grid computing, the computers on the network can work on a task together, thus functioning as a supercomputer.
- 13. • Cluster Computing :- A computer cluster is a single logical unit consisting of multiple computers that are linked through a LAN. The networked computers essentially act as a single, much more powerful machine. A computer cluster provides much faster processing speed, larger storage capacity, better data integrity, superior reliability and wider availability of resources. Computer clusters are, however, much more costly to implement and maintain. This results in much higher running overhead compared to a single computer.
- 15. • Cloud Computing :- Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications. In cloud computing, the word cloud (also phrased as "the cloud") is used as a metaphor for "the Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a type of Internet-based computing," where different services — such as servers, storage and applications — are delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the Internet.
- 17. Distributed Information System :- Goal :- Distributed Information System across several servers Remote processes called Clients access the servers to manipulate the information. Different communication models are used. The most usual are RPC (Remote Procedure Calls) and the object oriented RMI (Remote Method Invocations) often associated with Transaction systems Examples: o Banks o Travel Agencies o Rent-a-Cars………Etc……
- 18. Distributed Pervasive System These are the distributed system involving mobile and embedded computer devices like small, wireless, battery- powered devices(PDA’s, smart phone….etc.) These system characterized by their “instability” when compared to more “traditional” distributed systems pervasive system are all around us, and ideally should be able to adapt to the lack of human administrative control: • Automatically connect to a different n/w; • Discover services and react accordingly; • Automatic self configuration (e.g.: UPnP-Universal Plug and Play)….. Examples …. Home system, electronic Health care system, sensor networks, ……
- 19. Motivation The main motivation in Distributed System are the following ………. o Inherently distributed application. o Performance/Cost. o Resource Sharing. o Flexibility and Extensibility. o Availability and Fault Tolerance. o Scalability
- 20. Goals • Making Resources Accessible: The main goal od DS is to make it easy for the users and application to access remote resources, and to share then in a controlled and efficient way. • Distribution Transparency: An important goal of DS is to hide the fact that its processes and resources are physically across multiple computers. • Openness: An open DS is a system that offers services according to standard rules that describe the syntax and semantics of those services. • Scalability scalability of a system can be measured along at least three different dimensions.
- 21. Characteristics • Resource sharing • Openness • Concurrency • Scalability • Fault tolerance • Transparency
- 22. Architecture Client Server Architecture 3-Tier Architecture N-Tier Architecture Tightly Peer to Peer
- 23. Client–server Architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then format and display it to the users. Input at the client is committed back to the server when it represents a permanent change. Three-tier Architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. This simplifies application deployment. Most web applications are three-tier. N-tier Architectures that refer typically to web applications which further forward their requests to other enterprise services. This type of application is the one most responsible for the success of application servers. Peer-to-peer Architectures where there are no special machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and as servers
- 24. Security and Standards Challenges • The major challenges come with increasing scale. As soon as you move outside of a corporate firewall, security and standardization challenges become quite significant. • Most of today's vendors currently specialize in applications that stop at the corporate firewall, though Avail, in particular, is staking out the global grid territory. • Beyond spanning firewalls with a single platform, lies the challenge of spanning multiple firewalls and platforms, which means standards.
- 25. Example Examples of distributed systems and applications of distributed computing include the following…. Telecommunication Networks: telephone networks and cellular networks computer networks such as the Internet wireless sensor networks routing algorithms Network Applications: World Wide Web and peer-to-peer networks massively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities, distributed databases and distributed database management systems Network file systems
- 26. real-time process control: aircraft control systems industrial control systems parallel computation: scientific computing, including cluster computing and grid computing and various volunteer computing projects (see the list of distributed computing projects), distributed rendering in computer graphics
- 27. Advantages Give more performance than single system If one pc in distributed system malfunction or corrupts then other node or pc will take care of More resources can be added easily Resources like printers can be shared on multiple pc’s
- 28. Disadvantages Security problem due to sharing Some messages can be lost in the network system Bandwidth is another problem if there is large data then all network wires to be replaced which tends to become expensive Overloading is another problem in distributed operating systems If there is a database connected on local system and many users accessing that database through remote or distributed way then performance become slow The databases in network operating is difficult to administrate then single user system
- 29. Conclusion • In this age of optimization everybody is trying to get optimized output from their limited resources. The concept of distributed computing is the most efficient way to achieve the optimization. In case of distributed computing the actual task is modularized and is distributed among various computer system. It not only increases the efficiency of the task but also reduce the total time required to complete the task.