![Embedded SQL
• Host variables are ordinary programming language variables.
• To be set apart, they must be defined within a special section
known as a declare section.
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
char EmployeeID[7];
double Salary;
EXEC SQL END
DECLARE SECTION
• Each host variable must be
assigned a unique
name
even though declared in different
declaration section.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dynamicandembeddedsql-241018052623-826d080a/85/Dynamic-and-Embedded-SQL-for-db-practices-pptx-13-320.jpg)
![Embedded SQL
main() {
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
int OrderID, CustID;
char SalesPerson[10], Status[6];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
printf ("Enter order number: ");
scanf ("%d", &OrderID);
EXEC SQL SELECT CustID, SalesPerson, Status FROM
Orders WHERE OrderID = :OrderID INTO :CustID,
:SalesPerson, :Status;
printf ("Customer number: %d n", CustID);
printf ("Salesperson: %s n",
SalesPerson); printf ("Status: %s n",
Status);
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dynamicandembeddedsql-241018052623-826d080a/85/Dynamic-and-Embedded-SQL-for-db-practices-pptx-14-320.jpg)
Dynamic and Embedded SQL for db practices.pptx
- 2. Dynamic SQL • Dynamic SQL is a programming technique that enables you to build SQL statements dynamically at runtime. • SQL statement may be unknown at compilation.
- 3. Dynamic SQL
- 4. EXAMPLE 1(Dynamic statement – inline) CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DROP_TABLE2(P_TABLE VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE '||P_TABLE; END; /
- 5. EXAMPLE 1(Dynamic statement – inline) begin drop_table2('t5'); end; /
- 6. Example 2((Dynamic statement – variable) CREATE PROCEDURE DROP_TABLE3(P_TABLE VARCHAR2) IS NAME VARCHAR(100); BEGIN NAME := 'DROP TABLE '||P_TABLE; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE NAME; END; /
- 7. Example 2((Dynamic statement – variable) begin drop_table2('t5’); end; /
- 8. What is Dynamic SQL? • Dynamic SQL is a programming methodology for generating and running statements at run-time. • It is mainly used to write the general-purpose and flexible programs where the SQL statements will be created and executed at run-time based on the requirement.
- 9. What is Embedded SQL? • As a result, database applications are usually developed by combining capabilities of a high-level programming language with SQL. • The simplest approach is to embed SQL statements directly into the source code file(s) that will be used to create an application. This technique is referred to as embedded SQL programming. • sqlca.h – header file to be included.
- 10. Advantages Embedded SQL • Helps to access databases from anywhere. • Allows integrating authentication service for large scale applications. • Provides extra security to database transactions. • Avoids logical errors while performing transactions on our database(maintaining data integrity, accuracy, and reliability) • Makes it easy to integrate the frontend and the backend of our application.
- 11. Embedded SQL • High-level programming language compilers cannot interpret, SQL statements. • Hence source code files containing embedded SQL statements must be preprocessed before compiling. • Thus each SQL statement coded in a high-level programming language source code file must be prefixed with the keywords EXEC SQL and terminated with either a semicolon or the keywords END_EXEC.
- 12. Embedded SQL • Likewise, the Database Manager cannot work directly with high-level programming language variables. • Instead, it must use special variables known as host variables to move data between an application and a database. • Two types of Host variables:- 1. Input Host Variables – Transfer data to database 2. Output Host Variables – receives data from database
- 13. Embedded SQL • Host variables are ordinary programming language variables. • To be set apart, they must be defined within a special section known as a declare section. EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION char EmployeeID[7]; double Salary; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION • Each host variable must be assigned a unique name even though declared in different declaration section.
- 14. Embedded SQL main() { EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; int OrderID, CustID; char SalesPerson[10], Status[6]; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; printf ("Enter order number: "); scanf ("%d", &OrderID); EXEC SQL SELECT CustID, SalesPerson, Status FROM Orders WHERE OrderID = :OrderID INTO :CustID, :SalesPerson, :Status; printf ("Customer number: %d n", CustID); printf ("Salesperson: %s n", SalesPerson); printf ("Status: %s n", Status); }
- 15. Embedded SQL Connecting to Database using embedded sql EXEC SQL CONNECT :userid IDENTIFIED BY :passwd; EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE Test (a int); EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Test VALUES (1); EXEC SQL SELECT MAX (a) INTO :value from R; printf (“Max value=%dn”,value);
- 16. SQLJ(SQL for Java) • SQLJ – Standard for embedding SQL statements within Java code. • SQLJ provides a set of syntax and rules to facilitate the interaction between Java code and SQL • SQLJ is a programming language extension that allows SQL (Structured Query Language) statements to be embedded within Java programs. • It provides a way to integrate SQL queries directly into Java code, making it easier for developers to work with databases and retrieve or manipulate data. • An SQLJ translator converts SQL statements into Java • These are executed through the JDBC interface • Certain classes have to be imported E.g., java.sql
- 17. SQLJ • SQLJ precompiles SQL code in a Java program. • Provides greater compile-time checking of SQL statements. • Reduces the amount of code needed to execute SQL from within Java.
- 18. SQLJ v/s JDBC // SQLJ int n; #sql { INSERT INTO emp VALUES (:n)}; #sql is a directive indicating that an SQL statement follows. // JDBC int n; Statement stmt = conn.prepareStat ement (“INSERT INTO emp VALUES (?)”); //"?" is a placeholder for the parameter.
- 19. SQLJ import java.sql.*; //standard JDBC package, which allows you to select, insert, update, and delete data in SQL tables Imports Needed class X { void myJavaMethod() { try { #sql{update EMP set SAL = SAL + 100 where SAL < 1500}; } catch (SQLException e) {…} SQL statement placed in braces can throw SQLExcepti on }
- 20. SQLJ Loading the JDBC Driver SQLJ requires that the JDBC driver class is loaded. This can be performed in the same way as for JDBC JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. try { Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); } // dynamically load the driver's class file into memory, which automatically registers it. To establish a connection to an Oracle database. catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
- 21. SQLJ Specifying a Connection Context • All SQLJ statements execute in a “connection context” • Plays similar role as a Connection object does in JDBC. • Establishes the database we are connecting to, the user name, and the password. try { Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); DefaultContext.setDefaultContext(new DefaultContext( "jdbc:oracle:thin:@HOSTID:1521:ORCL", "theUser", "thePassword") ); //HOSTID is a placeholder for the actual hostname or IP address of the database server, and 1521 is the default port for Oracle databases. ORCL is the Oracle Service Name or SID.
- 22. SQLJ Passing Host Variables into a SQLJ Statement • Prefix the java variable name with a colon (:) #sql {delete from EMP where SAL >= :amt};
- 23. SQLJ Dealing with Query Result Sets • SQLJ can be used to execute queries that return a result set . • Toprocess the result set, define an “iterator” type that specifies the data type of each column • Iterator -> Object used for looping. #sql iterator MyIter(String ENAME, String JOB); class MyClass { MyIter iter; #sql iter = { select ENAME, JOB from EMP }; while(iter.next()) //Traverse through collection of records { String ename = iter.ENAME(); String job = iter.JOB(); }
- 24. When to Which? How do applications connect to a database? • App ↔ DBMS: Embedded SQL • App ↔ Driver ↔ DBMS: JDBC/ODBC or SQLJ What mechanisms exist to retrieve/modify data? • Static Queries: Embedded SQL, SQLJ • Dynamic Queries: JDBC/ODBC, Dynamic SQL
- 25. Thank you