Enhanced Routing and Cluster Based Algorithms in WSNs to Improve Communication and Energy Efficiency

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov- Dec 2019
Available at www.ijsred.com
ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 362
Enhanced Routing and Cluster Based Algorithms in WSNs to
Improve Communication and Energy Efficiency
Dr.J.Daniel Mano
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Applications, Erode Arts and Science College
Erode Tamilnadu India
Email: danie2516@gmail.com
----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
Abstract:
Wireless Sensor Network [WSN] is a without wired network of many autonomous small size sensor nodes that are self
organized and use a sensor to monitor the physical conditions of the real world. The development of wireless sensor network
was motivated by military applications for the battlefield and surveillance, but today such networks are used in many industrial
and consumer applications [1]. In this paper, proposed algorithms namely RTP-AMODV, MAODV, MM-LEACH and E-
LEACH are compared with the existing routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSDV and TEEN, HEED, LEACH of
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols using the Network Simulator2. The performance of the protocols are measured based on
metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End Delay, Throughput and Node Left Energy.
Keywords —NS2, Routing, Frequency, Cluster Based Routing, Wireless Sensor Networks
----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern digital era, Wireless Sensor
Networks [WSNs] are most preferred networks
in real time applications such as ecological
supervision and target tracking. WSNs are
constructed with a collection of hundred to
thousand sensor nodes. During the data
transmission process over WSNs for longer
distance, the consumption of energy in the form
of battery power, storage, limited processing
capacity, etc., is very high. It is the main cause
of dead state nodes and loss of information in
WSNs environment. In this situation, replacing
the dead nodes caused by energy’s depletion
with new ones to supply energy is difficult.
Routing protocols can also be
classified based on whether they are reactive or
proactive. A proactive protocol sets up routing
paths and states before there is a demand for
routing traffic. Paths are maintained even there
is no traffic flow at that time. In reactive routing
protocol, routing actions are triggered when
there is data to be sent and disseminated to other
nodes. Here paths are setup on demand when
queries are initiated.
This leads to a research that can be
used to transmit message without any loss of
information. Cluster based routing protocols
can be used in saving the energy consumption
in Wireless Sensor Networks. Grouping of
sensor nodes are performed based on the
distance of nodes in cluster based routing
protocols. Each grouped nodes are called as
clusters. Cluster head is chosen for each cluster.
The main role of cluster head is to deal the
entire communication that happens between the
cluster and the Base station. A cluster node
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

performs aggregation function on data sending
and receiving to Base station. This research
work focuses on proposing reduction of energy
consumption using Modified Multi hop LEACH,
Enhanced LEACH and handle the issues of
cluster based routing protocol such as
adjustment battery level, etc., in WSNs
environment.
II. RELATED WORKS
The literature review is important because, it
gives a deep insight on research and also
describes how the proposed research is related
to prior research in statistics. It shows the
originality and relevance of the research
problem identified for this work. Specifically,
how the present research is different from other
research work done by various authors proposed
for Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in
Wireless Sensor Networks.
Rasih et al., [RASI13] focused a Survey on
the Energy Efficiency of Vertical Handover
Mechanism which emphasised an improved
handoff decision module including additional
parameters which consider position of movable
node and network conditions during handover
decision in order to improve the performance.
The authors conclude that there is an
improvement in performance through
simulation results with respect to less power
consumption calculations and speed of Moving
Nodes.
Roman et al., [ROMA14] compared the
performance of three routing protocols namely
AODV, AOMDV and DSDV, It is comparing
End to End delay, Throughput, Normalized
routing Load and Energy Consumption of the
network. Finally the simulation result shows
that the AOMDV protocol gives better result in
terms of throughput, energy consumption and
delay when compared with AODV and DSDV.
Boyinbode et al., [BOYI10] presented a survey
on clustering algorithms for WSNs. The main
challenges for clustering algorithms are
discussed. In this survey paper, nine popular
clustering algorithms for WSNs such as
LEACH, TL-LEACH, EECS, HEED, EEUC,
etc. are analysed. It compares these clustering
algorithms based on metrics such as residual
energy, uniformity of CH distribution, cluster
size, delay, hop distance and cluster formation
methodology.
Lotf et al., [LOTF10] discussed several
clustering protocols in the survey paper, in
addition to that the author analysed the
advantages and limitations of each algorithm.
The author selected seven popular clustering
algorithms for WSNs, such as LEACH, TL-
LEACH, EECS, TEEN, APTEEN, and etc.
Additionally, the survey compared these
clustering protocols in terms of energy
consumption and network lifetime.
III. CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH
WORK AND METHODOLOGIES
3.1 RELATION TERMINATION POINT
ALGORITHM SCHEME
Signal strength algorithm consumes the
receiving sensor node’s computing power and
it does not depend on any add-on device. There
are four link prediction algorithms that can be
used to calculate the Relation Termination
Point (RTP) between two sensor nodes on an
active route. Initially, sender power level is
assumed as constant. Radio propagation model
is an optimistic radio transmission model.
TwoRayGround Reflection Approximation is
used as radio propagation model to measure the
distance.
Global Position System algorithm is a
prediction algorithm using GPS that is
proposed for determining the duration of time
when two neighbours are connected. The
Signal strength algorithm uses the signal
strength of receiving packet when the two
nodes are moving out of the radio transmission
range. It assumes that the signal power
threshold for wireless sensor network interface

is fixed and the prediction time is constant if
two nodes keep moving in the same direction
during the prediction period. In Path Length
Calculation of Ad-hoc on Multi path Distance
Vector (AOMDV) protocol there may be
multiple paths to the destination for the given
nodes. For each node there is a different next
hop node.
3.2 PROPOSED MODIFIED AODV
PROTOCOL
The purpose of this research work is to
find protocols that are energy efficient and
support real-time traffic for environments.
Wireless Sensor Nodes are operated with the
help of battery used for detecting and collecting
information from the areas where there is very
little scope for manual handling to recharge or
change batteries. These sensing nodes collect
the information and pass them on to the
network towards the sink for further actions.
For a better functioning and a longer lifetime
for a sensing node within the network, there is
need to consider its energy consumption as a
major factor of concern.
In Modified AODV Protocol, the
control packet RREQ and RREP are routed in
the broadcast way. When the source wishes to
transmit, it checks its routing table for any
valid route to the desired destination. If this is
not the case, it starts the detection phase
(discovery route process) by broadcasting
control packet RREQ. Enhanced [Modified]
AODV protocol to minimize the tasks and
discovery phase is delegated in all scenarios to
the source node for number of attempts
RREQ_RETRIES.[16]
3.3 MODIFIED MULTI-HOP LEACH
PROCEDURE
Clusters regions are group of circle
clusters that forms a zone. Each zone must
contain at least one advanced cluster. The
advanced cluster nodes participate in the
selection of the advanced cluster head by using
the same method as followed by other clusters.
The ideas of regions are to manage and balance
the network traffic coming from the farther
cluster nodes. The cluster heads from other
region areas send their traffic to the cluster
head of the advanced cluster which forwards it
to the base station. The advanced cluster head
communicates with only those cluster heads
that belong to its region.
The LEACH protocol uses dynamic
clustering technique. The proposed Modified
Multi-hop LEACH protocol opts for static
clustering. It is a round based protocol like
LEACH and every round consists of two
phases: the setup phase and steady state phase.
The proposed Multi-hop LEACH protocol
introduces two additional concepts which are
logical formations of circle clusters and circle
clusters to form region as combined group. In
circle clusters formation, the entire network is
divided into fixed circle formation clusters.
These Clusters are heterogeneous; that is each
cluster may have a different number of nodes.
Usually, the base station is placed in the
middle of the deployment area. The formations
of circle clusters require the dimensions of the
deployment area. It is assumed that the
dimensions of the deployment area and position
of the base station are known. The subdivision
of sensor area starts from the middle and the
area covered by each cluster is the same.
3.4 ADJUSTING & RESIDUAL BATTERY
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Routing protocols are divided into
many categories like structure-based routing
protocols and operation-based routing protocols.
All these sub layers like flat routing, location-
based, multipath-based, query-based and
negotiation-based comes under the classes like
hierarchical based routing are data-centric
routing, location-based routing and network
flow–Quality-of Service based routing
protocols.
Adjusting of Battery Energy in the transmission
range will depend on the residual battery energy of

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development
©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved
a sensor node. They are classified as three types
namely, Type-I, Type-II and Type-III. Sensor node
adapt a large transmission range to shorten the
routing path, while a sensor node with only a Low
Residual Energy can tune the transmission range to
be small to conserve its Residual Energy. Enhanced
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (E
LEACH) is one of the new cluster routing
approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks. The
fundamental idea of LEACH has been an
inspiration for many subsequent cluster routing
protocols such as E-LEACH. The main objective of
E-LEACH is to select sensor nodes as CHs by
rotation. Hence, the high energy dissipation in
communicating with the BS is spread to all sensor
nodes in the network.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS NETWORK
SIMULATOR 2
To simulate the network
environment, requires network simulator NS2
in which TCL code runs and also can generate
result by analyzing trace files after each
scenario run.
• Steps to generate scenario in NS2.34
• Sensor generator specifying position f
discrete time or by Sensor movement.
• View the movement of Sensor using
traffic simulator.
• Configuration files which run in traffic
simulator converted in TCL script
language code.
• TCL code can be executed in Network
Simulator2.
The performance of protocols are measured
using the following metric
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
End to End Delay
Throughput
Node Left Energy
Total Energy
Average Energy
The main objective of our research is to design,
develop, implement and test an energy constrained
Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 2 Issue 6
©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved
a sensor node. They are classified as three types
III. Sensor node
adapt a large transmission range to shorten the
routing path, while a sensor node with only a Low
Residual Energy can tune the transmission range to
be small to conserve its Residual Energy. Enhanced
Hierarchy (E-
LEACH) is one of the new cluster routing
approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks. The
fundamental idea of LEACH has been an
inspiration for many subsequent cluster routing
LEACH. The main objective of
ensor nodes as CHs by
rotation. Hence, the high energy dissipation in
communicating with the BS is spread to all sensor
NETWORK
To simulate the network
environment, requires network simulator NS2
in which TCL code runs and also can generate
result by analyzing trace files after each
Steps to generate scenario in NS2.34
Sensor generator specifying position for
discrete time or by Sensor movement.
View the movement of Sensor using
Configuration files which run in traffic
simulator converted in TCL script
TCL code can be executed in Network
ocols are measured
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
The main objective of our research is to design,
develop, implement and test an energy constrained
cluster based algorithm that reduces energy
consumption. A comparison has been done among
these Algorithms and results are listed in Table 4.1
& 4.2..
TABLE 4.1
(PDR & DELAY)
TABLE 4.2
(THROUGHPUT/TOTAL ENERGY AND
PDR
Figure 4.1 shows that the proposed protocol
Enhanced LEACH gives improved result in terms
of Packet Delivery Ratio when compared to
protocols such as, RTP-AOMDV, Modified
MAODV, and MM-LEACH.
Figure 4.1: PDR- Proposed Methodology
92 94
RTP-AOMDV
Modified AODV
MM-LEACH
E-LEACH
Methodology
(PDR%)
Phase Nodes Proposed Work
1
200
RTP-AOMDV
2 Modified AODV
3 MM-LEACH
4 E-LEACH
Proposed Work Throughput
(Kbps)
RTP-AOMDV 430.61
Modified AODV 486.38
MM-LEACH 637.72
E-LEACH 980.59
Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov- Dec 2019
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Page 365
cluster based algorithm that reduces energy
A comparison has been done among
these Algorithms and results are listed in Table 4.1
NERGY AND AVERAGE ENERGY)
Figure 4.1 shows that the proposed protocol
Enhanced LEACH gives improved result in terms
of Packet Delivery Ratio when compared to
AOMDV, Modified-
Proposed Methodology
96 98 100
%
PDR (%) Delay(Ms)
96.4202 0.307538
96.8835 0.21851
94.6662 0.23989
99.0875 0.20837
Throughput Total
Energy
(Joules)
Average
Energy
(%)
1100 (J) 55 %
1260 (J) 63 %
1420 (J) 71 %
1800 (J) 90 %

DELAY
The Figure 4.2 shows that the proposed
protocol Enhanced LEACH is reducing the delay
when compared to protocols such as, RTP-
AOMDV, MAODV and MM-LEACH.
Figure 4.2 Delay – Proposed Methodology
Nodes Left Energy Consumption – RTP-
AOMDV, MAODV, MM-LEACH and E-
LEACH
Figure 4.3 demonstrates the Node Left
Energy comparison of the proposed Methodology
RTP-AOMDV, Modified AODV, MM-LEACH
and E-LEACH with the existing protocols namely
AOMDV, AODV, DSDV, TEEN, HEED and
LEACH.
Figure 4.3: Overall Research Work – Node Left Energy Consumption
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter, the current research and the
major findings are presented. The communication
and cluster based algorithms with the two phase
processes is discussed. Although these routing
algorithms show the improvements but still there is
possibility of improvements in wireless sensor
networks. The main objective of our research is to
design, develop, implement and test an energy
constrained cluster based algorithm that reduces
energy consumption. A comparison has been done
among these Algorithms and results are listed in
Table 4.1/4.2 and Figure 4.3.
The Analysis of simulation result shows that the
proposed cluster based routing algorithm Enhanced
LEACH-(E-LEACH) achieved a better
performance than existing algorithms, in terms of
metrics such as Throughput, the Packet Delivery
Ratio, Delay, Average Energy, Total Energy and
the Node Left energy consumption for data
transmission. In addition to that E-LEACH
improves the Network Lifetime.
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