Enhanced Security Through Token

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1675
Enhanced Security Through Token
Rahil Amin Bhurani1, Prof. Dr. Girish K. Patnaik2
1M.E. Student, Department of Computer Engineering, SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon(M.S.), India
2Professor and Head, Department of Computer Engineering, SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon(M.S.), India
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Abstract - Access control is a procedure that allows, denies
or restricts access to a system. It may, as well, monitor and
record all attempts made to access a system. Access Control
may also identify users attempting to access a system
unauthorized. With Server Computing to meet multiple
objectives such as cost, performance, reliability,
maintainability, and security, trade-offs have to be made. Any
server is vulnerable to an attacker with unlimited time and
physical access to the server. Additionally, physical problems
could cause the server to have down time. The main goal is to
ensure the data integrity and security. Existing Algorithms
focus on encrypting data on user side, which incurs high
computational and communication costs on user side. To
maintain the data securely in distributed environment, Token
Generation algorithm in a distributed environment for data
files checking is as a secure and dependable Server storage
service. A new token generation scheme is suggested to
encrypt the user with specified key parameters to make the
resource more robust. Token generation scheme will add
security for not only authentication but also authorization.
Key Words: Man In Middle Attacks, Security, Threats,
Authentication, Token Generation Algorithm.
1. INTRODUCTION
Server computing is the delivery of computing as a service
rather than a product. It provides shared resources,
software, and information to computers and other devices
over a network. This might involve conforming the identity
of a person, tracing the origins of an artifact, ensuring that a
product is what its packaging and labeling claims to be, or
assuring that a computer program is a trusted one [1] [2].
Every person in the world has a trust on web based
applications. With the increase in popularity of the Internet
the number of frauds and abuses is literally exploding. But
the information stored in digital form on web is easily
accessible to anyone. Man in Middle attack is a kind of
eavesdropper attack [4]. To enhance the security, the
introduction of the new additional devices couldbecostlyor
the service providers in terms of deployment. Further,there
is very little re-use and sharing of additional devices such
that the same security token can be used for several systems
[3]. To avoid the tedious task of remembering difficult
passwords, users often behave less securely by using weak
passwords [5].
Server computing provides the storage and supports for
outsourcing of data without having the local copy of data or
files. Similarly, when a suspicious user tries to access
messages in a closed group, our system generatesa question
from one of the messages posted in that group [8]. In the
given Figure 1, the scenario of attacker is shown. The
attacker tricks the victim or uses an exploit in order to
execute the Switcher. The Switcherthenplantstheattacker’s
synchronization token into the Drive. When this first switch
is complete, the Switcher copiestheoriginal synchronization
token into the synced folder. The Drive Application syncs
with the attackers account. The attackerthenhaspossession
of the victim’s synchronization token. Theattackerthenuses
the stolen synchronizationtokentoconnect withthevictim’s
file synchronization account. The Switcher tool runs for the
second time on the victim’s machine, restoring the original
synchronization token of the victim,essentially restoringthe
Drive to its original state. [7]
To maintain the data integrity and data availability
researchers proposed several algorithms and methods. The
main purpose of token generation algorithm is to ensurethe
data integrity and security. The suggested scheme of Token
generation algorithmwhichis simpleandsecuremethod and
less overhead due to few parameters that has to be
considered. Challenge verification scheme designed in easy
and efficient way to prevent data from Man in middle
attacks.
Section 2 describes Literature Survey based on token
generation algorithm used in various domains. The solution
based on Related Work and analysis of problems in token
generation algorithms is given in Section 3. Section 4 gives
the conclusion implicating benefits of solution.

Figure 1: Exiting Attacker Model
2. RELATED WORK
In the past, there was lot of research done on the token
generation algorithm and authentication methods. Many
schemes have been proposed to enhance authenticationand
verification, but they may requirespecializeddevicesorthey
may not be always reliable. ThisToken Generationprocessis
the backbone of the most authentication systems. A
disadvantage like compromising of token appears like
stealing the synchronization token. Therefore a large
requirement to have a strong authentication method is
needed to secure the system as possible. This section
describes related work ofvarioustechniquesand methods to
secure the data at server side through the use of tokens. To
enhance security using token generation algorithm in
domains such as Token Generation, Privacy and SecureData
De-Duplication, are described below in related work.
Bharti Dhote and A.M.Kanthe, in [5], proposed a schemeis to
build efficient data security model which supports for Data
Integrity, to ensure the users data is correct and stored in
cloud server, effectively locate the server on which data has
been modified by unauthorized user, support for the
dynamic data like append, delete, insert, update while
retaining the same storage correctness and uses token
generation algorithm to pre-computes the verification
tokens. This would be a loss of availability. The drawback of
this system is upload time and download timeoftokenwhile
pre computation of individual block of server.
Bhagyashree Alhat and Amar Buchade, [19], proposed a
concept of token generation and replacing the token byhash
value. In cloud storage data is stored ina distributedmanner
at different servers. Users can remotely store their data in
cloud storage without having physical possession of the
outsourced data, which encounters security risks in
integrity, correctness and availability of the data in the
storage system.
P.Srinivas and Rajesh Kumar, in [18], proposed a concept of
Secure Data transfer in Cloud Storage Systems using
Dynamic Tokens. Though it eliminates the responsibility of
local machines to maintain data, there are chances to lose
data or it effects from external or internal attacks. Due to
Increased bandwidth and less reliable network connections
in cloud authors proposed a scheme of Flexible distributed
scheme with token generation algorithm for data stored in
cloud which is highly efficient against data modification
attack and gives Secure and dependable server storage
service but no block storage implemented.
Jan Camenisch et al., in [10], proposed a practical scheme to
apply the data minimization principle, when the verifiers'
authentication logs are subjected to external audits and
extended PABC scheme in which verifier further remove
attributes from presentation tokens before handing them to
an auditor. The Advantage of this scheme is Audited tokens
can be linked to the presentation from which they were
derived which can be used as a feature when the verifier
must be unable to initiate the numberofpresentationsthatit
performed, and it also is a privacy drawback.
Himika Parmar et al., in [12], proposed an image based
authentication scheme on the base of pre-chosen categories
of grid of pictures to eliminate the need of text passwords
and to generate OTP Token for authorized user after image
authentication using Hash Message Authentication Code
HMAC based technique. A hash-based OTP starts with the
input parameters as synchronization value, username,
password, and encrypt them throughthecryptographichash
function, which produces the fixed-length password, in the
form of OTP. The OTP operates in two modes of deliverytext
messaging as well as Email services, also has a drawback of
spam in the form of email. The Proposed algorithm uses the
Time Synchronized OTP Values to generate the token, and
has drawback of expiring the token if the session is expired.
Sohil Sharma et al., in [4], proposed a concept of Two Layer
Encryption techniquesinwhichtheuserperformsthecoarse
grained encryption which reduces the costs on user side
while the Server provides _negrained encryptiontechniques
which ensures the confidentiality of the system as well as
also reduces costs on user side. The proposed system is to
provide user with a safe and secure environment in public
clouds to ensure that user receives benefits incurring costs.
Using the proposed system the confidentiality of the data
will be totally ensured. Hence using the proposed system
there is decentralization of attributes and no interference of
roles as there was in previous kinds of algorithms. Because
encrypting data on user side incurshighcomputational costs
but load increases on server side result in a drawback.
Deepali C. Ghosalkar, in [13], proposed convergent
encryption technique to enforce data confidentiality while
making De-Duplication feasiblebecausedata De-Duplication
at server storage reduces the amount of storage space and
saves bandwidth. The proposed system encrypts as well as
decrypts a data with a convergent key, is obtained by
encrypting the hash value of the content of the data. After
key generation and data encryption, users retain the keys
and send the cipher text to the cloud. The proposed
Encryption scheme is deterministic which is derived from
data content has a drawback of data modification.
Aparna Ajit Patil and Dhanahree Kulkarni, in [14], proposed
a concept of token generation usingconvergentkeyforblock
level data duplication in hybrid cloud systems which uses
authorized duplicate check which gives confidentiality of
data incurring minimum overhead but with non-web
interface. The proposed system encrypts data with a
convergent key, the content of the data obtained by
computing the cryptographic hash value. After the data
encryption and key generation process user retain the keys
and send the cipher text to the cloud. The encryption
operation is determinative and derived from the data
contents, same.
Data copies will generate the same convergent key and
hence the same cipher text. A secure proof of ownership
protocol is provided to prevent the unauthorized access.

Xin Jin et al., in [15], proposed of Attribute based access
control where access requests are evaluated based on the
attributes of cloud users and those of objects such as virtual
machines, storage volumes, networks, due to lack of flexible
model to accommodate diverse policyrequirements,theCSP
needs a flexible model to accommodate diverse policy
requirements, though the scheme proposed is suitable for
server model not for administration model.
3. PROPOSED SOLUTION
With reference to literature work, Identification is a process
to determine an unknown individual out of many. The
proposed solution introduces a new token generation
mechanism by using user given attributes and data for
authentication to authenticate the user. In proposed
solution, token generation methods and mathematical
formulation of those methods are described in detail.
3.1 Proposed Approach
An existing system consist drawback of single step
verification i.e. less security level is exist in the existing
system. The proposed solution overcomes with this
drawback by providing more security in the system using
two step verification processes. The two step verification
process includes token generation with attribute and token
generation without attribute methods. The proposed token
generation algorithm takes a few parameters in the form of
questions and answers and uses attribute base parameters
to compute the token. As using the algorithm token is
generated at server side, it is difficult to reveal the
generation algorithm or scheme. After generating token,
token will be ensuring correct answers from authenticated
and authorized users. Every user needs to authenticate by
providing correct answers. Compromised Tokens retrieved
by attackers will also go through the authentication and
authorization phase, so the attacks would be nullified with
this. The suggested solution of token generation algorithm
generates a token by taking the input data from users in the
form of question and answers. After taking input from user
the token generated in the form of question of which user
knows the answer. By providing the correct answer in
challenge verification step by algorithm the user is
authenticated with server and the starts synchronization
with server. Various steps involvedforsecuringclientserver
environment using token generation observed as:
1. Token generation algorithm using question and
answers as an input to generate token with
additional attribute based policies is a secure
method and less overhead due to few parameters
that has to be chosen.
2. Challenge verification scheme was designed ineasy
and efficient way to prevent data from Man in
middle attacks and data dependability detection.
3. Servers ensure that the tokens were saved
successfully without block modifications. This can
be achieved by two way token checking.
4. Token generation algorithm is very cost effectiveas
it does not require any costly certification.
5. It requires very less time consuming process as it
perform simple and easy results.
6. It reduces the threat on confidentiality as it stops
the disclosure of data from attackers.
7. In case token in stolen, deleted or misplaced by any
outsider, will to unable to access the victims
account.
3.2 Proposed System Architecture
Architecture is a system that unifies its components into
coherent and functional blocks. Figure 2 shows architecture
of the proposed system. User requests for token generation
at server side by providing the necessary input. Verification
is done using the generated token at server side with the
user. If token matches then synchronizationstartsotherwise
fails. Initially the user request token to server by providing
input data in the form of question and answers. When user
accesses the token, the token requesttheanswerfollowed by
the question to the user. Hence the authorized user who has
provided input for token generation cangivetheanswerand
the synchronization starts. The proposed scheme is highly
efficient and resilient against attacks like Man in Middle
attack. The Two way verification of token which result in
more robust and ensure thatdata will notbemodified before
reaching to server. Authentication is the act of establishing
something as authentic, i.e. that claims made by or about the
subject are true.
Figure 2: Proposed System Architecture
3.3 Design
The algorithm for the proposed system combines a
Encryption based approach with a Token generation
algorithm using RC6 Hashing technique [20]. With security
reasons rarely server stores user token in plain text form. In
the proposed concept, server storesuserstokeninhashform
so it cannot be returned in plain text form to unauthorized
person. A successful authentication requirements can be
interpreted as the result of the calculation hash of the token

sent by the client must be the same with the hash value of
token stored at the server side. HashFunctiontakesdata and
an initial value as an input and produces the hash value.
Cryptography is the ability of keeping message secure form
others while sendinginformationbetween participants.Data
Integrity is assuring that data received is same assent bythe
sender. Authentication is the ability to assure that
communicating party is who that it claims to be. Non-
Repudiation is the prevention against the denial by entities
involved in the communication. Access Control is the
prevention against the unauthorized use of resources. A
cryptographic hash function is a mathematical
transformation that takes a data of arbitrary length
computes a fixed length value also known as hash value,
message digest, hash code, hash sum, checksum, etc.
"h=H(M)", Where H is Hash Function, M is variable length
message; H is fixed size hash value. The hash value is then
concatenated with the Question and sends to the user. The
user authenticates the token by giving the answer.
3.4 Algorithm
The algorithm for token generation in the proposed system
combines encryption based approach using RC6 hashing
technique. The two algorithms are proposed. First for token
generation without attribute usinginputdata andsecondfor
token generation with attribute using input data. The
algorithm of both phases is as follows. Ensuring the security
and dependability for Server data storage, the aim to design
a token generation algorithm for dynamic data verification
and operations. To resolve the issues of tokengenerationfor
Authentication as well as authorization, some schemes have
to be introduced for both servers andclients.Toachievedata
storage correctness and data integrity, token generation
takes a few parameters in the form of question and answers
given by the authenticated user and uses attribute based
parameters and compute the token. Data Synchronization is
allowed with token verification. Server is responsible to
generate token and stores the token persistently and
securely for further verification. The very first challenge of
storage correctness is to ensure users that their data are
indeed stored appropriately and kept intact all the time at
the server is possible with the help of synchronization of
token. The second challenge is fast localization of data error
which is to effectively locate themalfunctioningserverwhen
data corruption has been detected which is possible when
the server is compromised and using the challenge
verification of token makes a feasiblesolution.To resolvethe
issues of token generation for authentication as well as
authorization, some schemes have to be introduced for both
servers and clients. To achieve data storage correctness and
data integrity, token generation takes a few parameters in
the form of question and answers given bytheauthenticated
user and uses attribute based parameters and compute the
token. Data Synchronization is allowed with token
verification. The proposed system provides a solution for
these challenges. The input to token generation algorithm is
data provided by the user. The algorithm accepts the data
and generates the base value for the data. After the base
value is generated it is converted into bytes and stored in a
temporary token. Then the length of token is calculated that
whether it is greater than the input if not then Hash value is
generated for the token and added to the temporary token.
Again the length of token is checked and final token is
generated and stored at server side.
Token Generation Algorithm:
Input: Tb : Base Value for token,
Th : hash value generated for token,
TR : Random Value,
TRb : Random Base Value,
TRh : Random Hash Value,
Rb : Remaining Base Value for parsing,
Rh : Remaining hash value for parsing,
N : Number of token characters,
Tn : Temp Token,
Vr: Total remaining.
Assume, Cn : Count number of digits,
Lc : List of tokens,
TVc : Total length of token.
1. Input question from user
2. Generate Base value ,
Tn = Tb * Th;
3. Input answer
Tn = TRb * TRh;
DO
4. If question then ,
Vr=Rc;
Rb = Tb;
Rh = Th;
5. Choose bits of token
6. If TRb > Rb then skip bits goto step 4
7. Else if TVc > Cn then skip bits goto step4
8. Else
9. Convert into bits and add to token,
Lc = Lc + CR
Add token into previous value
Add
TVc = TVc + Vcr
10. Increment the token length
Tn = Tn +1;
11. If Rb > CRb then generate hash value
Add token hash value
TVc = TVc + Th
12. Else
13. If Rh > CRb then Generate hash value for answer and
attribute Add token value to previous token
14. TVc = TVc + Th
15. Calculate token length
Tn = TVc / Cn ;
Display token generated
16. Decrement bits
Ln =Ln-1

17. Merge the token generated from question and answer
18. Display the final generated token.
While all bits are completed
i.e. while Ln=0
Token Generation With Attribute Algorithm:
Input: Tb : Base Value for token
Th : hash value generated for token
TR : Random Value
TRb : Random base value
TRh : Random Hash Value
Rb : Remaining Base Value for parsing
Rh : Remaining hash value for parsing
N : Number of token characters
Tn : Temp Token
Assume , Cn : count number of digits
Lc : List of tokens
TVc : Total length of token
1. Input question from user
2. Generate Base value ,
Tn = Tb * Th;
3. Input answer
Tn = TRb * TRh;
4. Input Attribute
Tn = Rb * Rh;
DO
5. If question then ,
Vr=Rc;
Rb = Tb;
Rh = Th;
6. Choose bits of token
7. If TRb > Rb then skip bits goto step 4
8. Else if TVc > Cn then skip bits goto step4
9. Else
10. Convert into bits and add to token,
Lc = Lc + CR
Add token into previous value
TVc = TVc + Vcr
11. Increment the length
Cn = Cn +1;
12. If Rb > CRb then generate hash value
Add token hash value
TVc = TVc + Th
13. Else
14. If Rh > CRb then
Generate hash value for answer, Addtokenvaluetoprevious
token
TVc = TVc + Tr
15. If Rh > CRb then
Generate hash value for answer, Addtokenvaluetoprevious
token
TVc = TVc + Tr
16. Calculate token length
Tn = TVc / Cn ;
Display token generated
17. Decrement bits
Ln =Ln-1
18. Merge the token generated from question and answer
19. Display the final generated token.
While all bits are completed
i.e. while Ln=0
3.5 RC6 Hashing
RC6 [20] is specified as RC6-w r b where w is the word size
in bits, r is the number of rounds and b is the length of the
encryption key in bytes. When any other value of w or r is
intended in the text, the parameter values will be specified
as RC6-w r. Four w-bit registers A, B, C, D contain the initial
input plain-text as well as the output ciphertext at the endof
encryption. Algorithm presented here has variable
parameters i.e. different parameter value can be taken
according to the need. Block size (b), Number of rounds (r),
length of hash value (l) are the different variable parameters
that are the inputs of the algorithm.
RC6 Hashing:
Input: Plaintext stored in four w-bit input registers A;B;C;D
Number r of rounds w-bit round keys S[0; ∶∶∶ ; 2r + 3]
Output: Ciphertext stored in A; B; C; D
1. B=B+S[0]
2. D=D+S[1]
3. Repeat step 4 to 8 for i=1 to r do
4. t = ((Bx(2B + 1)) <<< log2w)
5. u = ((Dx(2D + 1)) <<< log2w)
6. A = ((A + t) <<< u) + S[2i]
7. C = ((C + u) <<< t) + S[2i+ 1]
8. (A,B,C,D) = (B,C,D,A)
9. A = A + S[2r + 2]
10. C = C + S[2r + 3]
RC6 De-Hashing:
Input: Ciphertext storedinfourw-bitinputregistersA,B,C,D
Number r of rounds w-bit round keys S[0,…,2r + 3]
Output: Plaintext stored in A,B,C,D
1. C=C-S[2r+3]
2. A=A-S[2r+2]
3. Repeat step 4 to 8 for i=1 to r down to 1 do
4. (A,B,C,D) = (D,A,B,C)
5. u = ((Dx(2D + 1)) <<< log2w)
6. t = ((Bx(2B + 1)) <<< log2w)
7. C = ((C � S[2i + 1]) >>> t) + u
8. A = ((A + S[2i]) >>> u) + t
9. D = D - S[1]
10. B = B - S[0]
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Result and discussion section is an primary part of research
work. Evaluation of the proposed approach versus existing
approach is carried out in the result and discussion section.
Result section represents the experimental results of the
proposed approach as well as the existing approach.
Evaluation of the both the approaches are carried out in the
discussion section on the basis of obtained results.
4.1 Experimental Results
Experimental result present the effectiveness of proposed
system, in which involvement of authorization and
verification is proved better by carrying out experiments.
Results are carried out using java. In proposed system
considering the drawback of existingsystema ManinMiddle
attack is generated by stealing the security token. The
attacker successes to access the token but fails at
synchronization step to provide the required answer and
Attribute requested by the token. Hence if the attacker
possesses the victims token which is stored in a file in terms
of hash code encrypted at server side will be unable to
decrypt Answer from the token. All the evaluationisdone on
i3 processor with 4GB RAM and may vary as and when the
hardware is changed. The Figure 3 shows the scenario of
proposed system where the attacker fails to synchronizethe
victims account.
Figure 3: Prevention of MITM Attack
1. The attacker tricks the victim uses an exploit in order to
execute the Switcher.
2. The Switcher then plants the attacker’s synchronization
token into the Drive Application.
3. When this first switch is complete, the Switcher copies
the original synchronization token into the synced
folder.
4. The Drive Application syncs with the attackers account.
5. The attacker then has possession of the victims
synchronization token.
6. The attacker then uses the stolen synchronizationtoken
to connect with the victims filesynchronizationaccount.
7. Attacker is asked with question and answer generated
from token, attacker needs to provide with answer, and
verification of answer is done by the token itself.
8. Attacker is blocked for synchronization with stolen
token.
4.2 Discussions
The purpose of the discussion section is to state
interpretations and opinions, explain the implications of
findings in the experimental evaluation. Main role of this
section is to clarify the objectives posed in the Introduction,
explain how the results support the answers and, how the
answers with existing knowledge on the topic. The
discussion section is important to knowthedetail advantage
and need about proposed solution. Results of experiments
evaluate performance of proposed system at two levels of
attacks. Performance is improved as both the attacks Manin
the Middle and Authentication attack is prevented. The
attacks are prevented by proposed system faced by the
attack model having the security token as shown in results
section which gives the effectiveness of proposed system.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The Proposed system is developed keeping in mind the
problem of data security in server storage systems. To
ensure the correctness of user’s data in storage systems
scheme of the token generation using attributes base
parameters by the user ensures that the token is generated
securely by server. Hence was sent to the server with the
purpose of addressing shortcomings of existing
authentication solution. The generation of tokenandstoring
it to Server ensures confidentiality of data. Data storage on
server provides better performanceandcaneasilydistribute
the data to different server for more data availability. Data
Synchronization is easily possible simply by challenge
verification of token and utilizing the token with distributed
verification achieves the integration of storage correctness
insurance and data error localization.
In future, it would be a point of research to increase security
by using better user interface or combine these algorithms
with more famous algorithms to get better security.
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International Journal of Advance Foundation And Research
In Science Engineering, vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 14-20, 2015.
[20] K. Aggarwal and H. K. Verma, “Variable length hash
algorithm using rc6," International Conference on Advances
in Computer Engineering and Applications, vol. 50, no. 4, pp.
450-456, 2015.
BIOGRAPHIES
Rahil Amin Bhurani is a Student
pursuing M.E (Computer Science
and Engg) Final Semester in
Department of Computer
Engineering, SSBT’s COET,
Bambhori, Jalgaon (M.S.), India.
Prof. Dr. Girish K. Patnaik is a
Professor and Head in Department of
Computer Engineering, SSBT’s
COET, Bambhori,
Jalgaon(M.S.),India.

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