Enhancing Data Transmission and Protection in Wireless Sensor Node- A Review

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 412
Enhancing Data Transmission and Protection in Wireless Sensor Node-
A Review
Prajwali wamanrao Gawande 1, Prof. Vijay Bagdi 2
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Abha Gaikwad Pati College of Engineering Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Abha Gaikwad Pati College of Engineering Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
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Abstract-A wireless sensor network (WSN) have
many different spatially distributed independent
Sensors to observe physical or environmental
conditions, such as sound, temperature, pressure, etc.
and to pass their data to a main location through the
network. Adittional Traffic is created with manegment
requests and responses and the data issuing from the
network’s actual sensing application. Sending and
processing the data together, rather than individually
can reduce the system’s energy. As the processing of
data in WSN consumes more energy. So the data is
being transmitted without processing it. By applying
various cryptographic techniques we can transmit the
data securely over WSN. In this paper we discuss the
problem with wireless sensor network and have
proposed the technique for increasing the efficiency of
a node as well as for transmitting the data securely.
Keyword: - WSN, RC-6, LEACH
1. INTRODUCTION
Each sensor node has a constraint energy capacity in
wireless sensor network, so energy-efficient mechanism is
important. Sending packets from the source node to the
destination node should be at highest priority than rather
sensing the event. A typical node (Berkeley node) in [13]
have a configuration of 8-bit CPU(4MHz), 128KB flash,4KB
RAM and Transmission range of 100 Feet. The nodes in
WSN are made of electronic devices that are able to sense,
compute and transmit data from physical environments.
These sensor nodes have limited energy resources. So, to
extend the lifetime of network, energy resources for
wireless sensor networks should be managed wisely.
1.1Efficiency of node:-
In wireless communications, energy wastage shortens the
networks lifetime.
Following are the 4 reasons of energy wastage.
1) Collisions:-
When two nodes transmit at the same time and interfere
with each other.
2) Idle listening: -
It happens when the radio is listening to the channel to
receive a possible data that is not sent.
3) Overhearing: -
When a sensor node receives packets that are not destined
to it.
This is the dominant factor of energy wastage, when traffic
load is heavy and node density is high.
4) Control: -
Packet overhead for protocols to exchange required
information.
Security: -
Basically nature of WSN is to design low power, which
forces security mechanisms to fit under very limiting
processing and bandwidth constraints, so security to data
has been the challenging issue. The security requirements
in WSN are the authentication of entity, message, data,
especially in data critical applications. It is observed in
[12] that due to Sensor Node Constraints and Networking
Constraints in WSN’s. Most of the protocols [13][14] are
based on Symmetric key cryptography.
2. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING METHODS
This section provides review of the existing techniques for
important roving energy efficiency of node and provides
security to data. Author in [1] has worked on improving
the energy efficiency of the node. By considering some
parameters.
2.1 By Reducing the Communication Costs Radio:
In most wireless sensor network platforms, one of the key
energy consumers is Communication. When the data is not
been sent or receive. There are different medium access
protocols that allow the radio chip to be put into a low
power sleep mode (eg. BMAC, XMAC, and SMAC). Avoiding
radio communication saves energy. The conclusions for
this observation for a management system were
discussed.
1) The management data was sent first, followed by the
sensing data after a gap of four seconds.
2) Sending the management data and the sensing data
together in a single packet

2.2 Different Degrees of Co-operative Behavior:
Either the management framework or the application has
to wait for the next packet to be sent, if packets are to be
shared between the sensor network application and the
management framework. As decided that there should be
no delay for messages sent by the application. In this
paper [2] Author has focused that during idle listening
energy wastage should be reduced.
Toughest task is co-coordinating the awake schedule of
both sender and receiver. They have designed
Neighborhood-based Power Management (NPM), an
energy-efficient hybrid MAC protocol that balances
synchronization and signaling overhead. In which a sender
knows exactly when a receiver is awake either through a
priori knowledge of or by synchronizing the wakeup
schedules. Thus, senders and receivers wake up at the
same time, transmit their data, and then go back to sleep.
2.3 Signaling Mechanisms:-
[2]All nodes in NPM periodically get active then they poll
the channel for activity to receive incoming data messages.
Due to the imperfect (out-of-date) synchronization
information available to the nodes, NPM must use
preambles before the actual data Messages, to signal the
receivers that they must stay active until the data
messages are received.
In this paper [3] Author has worked on Security of data in
WSN. Identity-based attacks are considered the first step
in an intruder’s attempt to launch a variety of attacks,
including denial of service (DOS), session hijacking, man-
in-the-middle, data modification, and sniffing. Following
are the two proposed techniques:
Software-based fingerprinting:-Off-the-shelf wireless
Devices and existing software ca be used for
recording and extracting Software-based fingerprinting.
Specifically, by putting the wireless card in monitor mode
and using TCP dump or wire shark, all frames sent over
the air can be sniffed. Therefore, the frame/beacon
interval, frame size, and source and destination addresses
of a frame can be easily obtained.
Hardware-based fingerprinting:- It is the reflection of
defects/unique design of the hardware on the transmitted
wave forms. This signature scheme uses the inherent
hardware imperfections and characteristics. It is hard to
spoof the signature by using off-the shelf wireless devices.
In this paper [4] DES algorithm has been used to encrypt
and decrypt data.
Fig1:-The symmetric data encryption/decryption
algorithm has been widely used in networks.
In fig 1:- Alice sends an encrypted message to Bob with a
secret key. Bob may use the secret key to decipher the
message. Because this message has been encrypted, even if
the message is intercepted, the eavesdropper between
Alice and Bob will not have the secret key to decipher the
message [4].
In paper [5], author has introduced a scheme that could be
used to achieve physical layer security against different
attacks. They have classified the existing physical layer
security methods into five major Categories: theoretical
secure capacity, channel, coding, power, and signal
detection approach.
The security services in a WSN should protect the
information transmitted over the public channels and the
resources from attacks and misbehavior of nodes. They
have proposed a protocol based on RSA.
Tiny PK: Watro et al [11] has proposed Tiny PK security
scheme. It is used to authenticate the user (external
agent). It allows the sensor to share a session key with
external agent. The infrastructure requirement for Tiny PK
is CA, EA and WSN. CA is a trusted Certification Authority.
It is an entity with public and private keys. CA is a trusted
entity by all friendly units. EA is an External agent is an
entity who tries to communicate with a sensor of WSN.
Every node is loaded with CA public key while deploying
into the network.
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Hera we have proposed a methodology to increase
efficiency of node and a technique to provide data security.

LEACH Protocol has been used for increasing the
Efficiency of node we are using a protocol ie.. LEACH is the
earliest proposed single-hop clustering routing protocol in
WSN; it can save network energy greatly compared with
the non-cluster routing algorithm. In LEACH protocol, all
clusters are self-organized, each cluster contains a cluster-
head and several non-cluster head nodes, and cluster-head
node consumes more energy than non-cluster head nodes.
With the purpose of balancing network energy
consumption and prolonging the network life cycle, it
selects cluster head randomly and each node has an equal
chance to be cluster-head [9]. Many other clustering
algorithm are proposed based on LEACH, such as TEEN
(Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network
Protocol)[6] ,PEGASIS(Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor
Information Systems)[7] ,HEED(Hybrid Energy-Efficient
Distributed Clustering)[8]. The cluster structure update
constantly and a single updating process are called a
round. Each round cycle consist two stages: set-up phase
and steady-state phase,
 Set-up phase is the establishment phase of the
cluster:- Each node generates a random number
between 0 to 1, and compares this number with
the threshold value T(n). If the number < T(n), the
node is selected as a cluster-head,
 The threshold T(n0) is set as follow;
Where n refers the node identification in the current
sensor network; p is the percentage of cluster-heads; r is
the current round number; G is the set of nodes that have
not been elected as cluster-head in the last 1/p rounds.
Steady-state phase is the stable data transfer phase,
members of the cluster send data to the cluster-head in
the way of single-hop during the allocated slot according
to the TDMA table, the cluster-head receives all the data
from each node in the cluster, fuses all the data into a
single signal, then the fusion signal is transmitted to the
base station by cluster-head. Data transmission lasts a
certain time, and then the entire network comes into the
next round.
For Security of data in WSN:-We are using a symmetric
key algorithm ie. RC6 (Rivest Cipher 6)[15] for security of
data. RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from
RC5.RC6 has a block size of 128 bits and supports key
sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
Encryption and Decryption Operation.:- RC6 works with
four w-bit registers A,B,C,D which contain the initial input
plaintext as well as the output cipher text at the end of
encryption. The first byte of plaintext or cipher text is
placed in the least-significant byte of A; the last byte of
plaintext or cipher text is placed into the most-significant
byte of D.
We use (A;B;C;D) = (B;C;D;A) to mean the parallel
assignment of values on the right to registers on the left.
4. CONCLUSION
Hence we have studied various energy efficiency
techniques and have also proposed the protocol which is
used to improve efficiency of node. We have proposed an
algorithm ie. RC6 (Rivest Cipher 6) to transmit the data
securely over WSN, which has a key size of 128 bits. Thus
the proposed technique is an effective and secure
approach to improve efficiency of node.

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