Fluency introduction
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Fluency refers to the ease and flow of speech. There are two main components of fluency - linguistic fluency which refers to language skills, and speech fluency which refers to continuity, rate, duration, and effort of speech. Linguistic fluency includes skills like using complex syntax, large vocabulary, and pronouncing difficult sounds. Speech fluency disorders include stuttering, psychogenic stuttering, neurogenic stuttering, cluttering, and normal non-fluency in young children. Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in speech flow. Psychogenic and neurogenic stuttering have origins in emotional trauma or brain injury respectively. Cluttering involves a rapid irregular
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Fluency introduction
- 1. FLUENCY BY – ANANT ARUN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT OF ASLP
- 3. INTRODUCTION Fluency – derived from Latin word ‘Flure’ Fluent speaker - some one whose speech is easy and that flows from word to word without effort The speech flows easily and smoothly in terms of both sound and information There are no disruptions of the message and the listener can attend to the message
- 4. DEFINITION Fluency: “People who are fluent are so skilled in the performance of speech and language behaviors that they don't need to put much thought or energy into talking.“ ( Stark Weather, 1987 )
- 5. COMPONENTS OF FLUENCY Starkweather (1987) suggests, - 2 components Linguistic fluency (Language) Syntactic Semantic Phonologic Pragmatic Speech Fluency Continuity Rate Duration Effort
- 6. LINGUISTIC FLUENCY (LANGUAGE) Syntactically fluent: able to construct highly complex sentences using variety of complex forms. Semantically fluent: Speakers are readily able to possess large vocabularies. Phonologically fluent: Speakers are able to pronounce long and complicated sequence of sounds and syllables. Pragmatically fluent: Make timely and appropriate verbal responses in a variety of social and cultural contexts.
- 7. SPEECH FLUENCY CONTINUITY Speech is continuous if it flows without hesitation/stoppage/disfluencies Pauses/hesitations – filled/unfilled pauses Filled Pause - Neutral/meaningless sounds (‘um’, ‘er’, ‘uh’, ‘ah’) Unfilled pause- silence Goldman-Eiler (1968), Clarke (1971) • Conventional pauses – used for emphasis or linguistic purpose • Idiosyncratic pauses – uncertainty over word choice, style or syntax – more common in spontaneous speech, longer, complex utterances
- 8. RATE Refers to the speed in which the words are spoken According to speaking task, there is considerable variability in rate in terms of such factors as formality of speaking situation, time pressure,… Rate is measured in terms of words or syllables per minute (WPM/SPM) For Hindi-speaking adults, the mean overall speaking rate is 120 - 130 words/minute (wpm)
- 9. DURATION Relates closely to the co articulation of the segments The duration of CV of a language varies considerably with speech rate and phonetic and linguistic context Stressed syllables - longer than unstressed (Umeda, 1975)
- 10. EFFORT It refers to the ease with which an act is performed Stark weather (1987) distinguishes 2 types of effort: - Physical effort (Muscle movement) - Mental effort (Linguistic planning) Mental effort: encoding process, difficult to measure Physical effort : Refers to action in respiratory, articulatory and laryngeal system.
- 11. FLUENCY DISORDER STUTTERING PSYCHOGENIC STUTTERING NEUROGENIC STUTTERING CLUTTERING NORMAL NON FLUENCY (NNF)
- 12. STUTTERING Stuttering is the most common fluency disorder , is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by repetitions (speech , syllables , words , phrases ) , sound prolongations , blocks , interjections and revisions , which may affect the rate & rhythm of speech . These disfluencies may be accompanied by physical tension , negative reactions , secondary behaviors & avoidance of sound , word or speaking situations . ASHA 1993 / Yaruss 2004
- 13. PSYCHOGENIC STUTTERING Psychogenic Stuttering is a type of stuttering, can be caused by emotional trauma or problem with thought or reasoning. ( NIDCD – Fact Sheet Stuttering )
- 14. NEUROGENIC STUTTERING Neurogenic stuttering is a type of fluency disorder in which a person has difficulty in producing speech in a normal, smooth fashion. Individuals with fluency disorders may have speech that sounds fragmented or halting, with frequent interruptions and difficulty producing words without effort or struggle. Neurogenic stuttering typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system i.e. the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, sub-cortex, cerebellar, and even the neural pathway regions. ( THE STUTTERING FOUNDATION )
- 15. CLUTTERING Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rapid or irregular speaking rate , excessive dys-fluencies & often other symptoms such as language or phonological errors & attention deficits . Characterized by repetitions of 6-10 units , poor concentrations , short attention span , perceptual weakness , poorly organized thinking , jerky respiration , delayed speech / late talking . ASHA 2000
- 16. NORMAL NON-FLUENCY Normal non-fluency of speech between 2 - 7, with a heightened occurrence between 2 ½ and 4 years. (GUITAR 98)
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