Getting started with the entity framework 4.1 using asp.net mvc

Getting Started with the Entity
Framework 4.1 Using ASP.NET MVC
Tom Dykstra
Summary: In this book, you'll learn the basics of using Entity Framework Code First to
display and edit data in an ASP.NET MVC application.
Category: Step-by-Step
Applies to: ASP.NET 4.0, MVC 3, Entity Framework 4.1, Visual Studio 2010
Source: ASP.NET site (link to source content)
E-book publication date: June 2012

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Copyright © 2012 by Microsoft Corporation
All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the publisher.
Microsoft and the trademarks listed at
http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/en/us/IntellectualProperty/Trademarks/EN-US.aspx are trademarks of the
Microsoft group of companies. All other marks are property of their respective owners.
The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, email addresses, logos, people, places, and events
depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, email address,
logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
This book expresses the author’s views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided without any
express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will
be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book.

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Contents
Creating an Entity Framework Data Model for an ASP.NET MVC Application.............................................................7
The Contoso University Web Application.........................................................................................................................7
Entity Framework Development Approaches .............................................................................................................. 11
Database First........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Model First................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Code First ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
POCO (Plain Old CLR Objects) ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Creating an MVC Web Application.................................................................................................................................. 13
Setting Up the Site Style....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Creating the Data Model...................................................................................................................................................... 18
The Student Entity................................................................................................................................................................... 19
The Enrollment Entity ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
The Course Entity .................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Creating the Database Context ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Setting the Connection String............................................................................................................................................ 24
Initializing the Database with Test Data......................................................................................................................... 24
Creating a Student Controller............................................................................................................................................ 27
Conventions............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Implementing Basic CRUD Functionality.................................................................................................................................. 35
Creating a Details Page......................................................................................................................................................... 39
Creating a Create Page......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Creating an Edit Page............................................................................................................................................................ 47
Entity States and the Attach and SaveChanges Methods....................................................................................... 48
Creating a Delete Page......................................................................................................................................................... 51
Ensuring that Database Connections Are Not Left Open ....................................................................................... 56
Sorting, Filtering, and Paging....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Adding Column Sort Links to the Students Index Page .......................................................................................... 58
Adding Sorting Functionality to the Index Method .................................................................................................. 58

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Adding Column Heading Hyperlinks to the Student Index View......................................................................... 60
Adding a Search Box to the Students Index Page ..................................................................................................... 62
Adding Filtering Functionality to the Index Method................................................................................................. 62
Adding a Search Box to the Student Index View........................................................................................................ 63
Adding Paging to the Students Index Page................................................................................................................. 64
Installing the PagedList NuGet Package........................................................................................................................ 65
Adding Paging Functionality to the Index Method................................................................................................... 66
Adding Paging Links to the Student Index View........................................................................................................ 69
Creating an About Page That Shows Student Statistics .......................................................................................... 73
Creating the View Model ..................................................................................................................................................... 74
Modifying the Home Controller........................................................................................................................................ 74
Modifying the About View.................................................................................................................................................. 75
Creating a More Complex Data Model..................................................................................................................................... 78
Using Attributes to Control Formatting, Validation, and Database Mapping ................................................ 79
The DisplayFormat Attribute............................................................................................................................................... 79
The MaxLength Attribute..................................................................................................................................................... 81
The Column Attribute............................................................................................................................................................ 83
Creating the Instructor Entity............................................................................................................................................. 85
The Required and Display Attributes .............................................................................................................................. 86
The FullName Calculated Property................................................................................................................................... 86
The Courses and OfficeAssignment Navigation Properties ................................................................................... 87
Creating the OfficeAssignment Entity............................................................................................................................. 87
The Key Attribute .................................................................................................................................................................... 88
The Instructor Navigation Property................................................................................................................................. 88
Modifying the Course Entity............................................................................................................................................... 89
The DatabaseGenerated Attribute.................................................................................................................................... 90
Foreign Key and Navigation Properties ......................................................................................................................... 90
Creating the Department Entity........................................................................................................................................ 91
The Column Attribute............................................................................................................................................................ 92
Modifying the Student Entity............................................................................................................................................. 93
Modifying the Enrollment Entity....................................................................................................................................... 94

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Many-to-Many Relationships............................................................................................................................................. 96
The DisplayFormat Attribute............................................................................................................................................... 99
Entity Diagram Showing Relationships........................................................................................................................... 99
Customizing the Database Context...............................................................................................................................101
Initializing the Database with Test Data.......................................................................................................................102
Dropping and Re-Creating the Database....................................................................................................................107
Reading Related Data....................................................................................................................................................................111
Lazy, Eager, and Explicit Loading of Related Data ...................................................................................................112
Creating a Courses Index Page That Displays Department Name ....................................................................114
Creating an Instructors Index Page That Shows Courses and Enrollments....................................................118
Creating a View Model for the Instructor Index View ............................................................................................120
Adding a Style for Selected Rows...................................................................................................................................120
Creating the Instructor Controller and Views ............................................................................................................121
Modifying the Instructor Index View.............................................................................................................................124
Adding Explicit Loading......................................................................................................................................................131
Updating Related Data..................................................................................................................................................................135
Customizing the Create and Edit Pages for Courses ..............................................................................................138
Adding an Edit Page for Instructors...............................................................................................................................146
Adding Course Assignments to the Instructor Edit Page......................................................................................153
Handling Concurrency...................................................................................................................................................................163
Concurrency Conflicts..........................................................................................................................................................165
Pessimistic Concurrency (Locking) .................................................................................................................................165
Optimistic Concurrency......................................................................................................................................................165
Detecting Concurrency Conflicts ....................................................................................................................................169
Adding a Tracking Property to the Department Entity..........................................................................................170
Creating a Department Controller..................................................................................................................................171
Testing Optimistic Concurrency Handling ..................................................................................................................175
Adding a Delete Page..........................................................................................................................................................184
Implementing Inheritance............................................................................................................................................................194
Table-per-Hierarchy versus Table-per-Type Inheritance ......................................................................................194
Creating the Person Class..................................................................................................................................................196

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Adding the Person Entity Type to the Model ............................................................................................................198
Changing InstructorID and StudentID to PersonID.................................................................................................199
Adjusting Primary Key Values in the Initializer..........................................................................................................199
Changing OfficeAssignment to Lazy Loading............................................................................................................200
Testing.......................................................................................................................................................................................200
Implementing the Repository and Unit of Work Patterns ..............................................................................................203
The Repository and Unit of Work Patterns.................................................................................................................203
Creating the Student Repository Class.........................................................................................................................205
Changing the Student Controller to Use the Repository......................................................................................208
Implementing a Generic Repository and a Unit of Work Class ..........................................................................216
Creating a Generic Repository.........................................................................................................................................216
Creating the Unit of Work Class......................................................................................................................................221
Changing the Course Controller to use the UnitOfWork Class and Repositories.......................................224
Advanced Scenarios.......................................................................................................................................................................231
Performing Raw SQL Queries...........................................................................................................................................233
Calling a Query that Returns Entities.............................................................................................................................233
Calling a Query that Returns Other Types of Objects ............................................................................................235
Calling an Update Query....................................................................................................................................................237
No-Tracking Queries............................................................................................................................................................244
Examining Queries Sent to the Database....................................................................................................................249
Working with Proxy Classes..............................................................................................................................................253
Disabling Automatic Detection of Changes ...............................................................................................................254
Disabling Validation When Saving Changes ..............................................................................................................254
Links to Entity Framework Resources............................................................................................................................254

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Creating an Entity Framework Data Model for an
ASP.NET MVC Application
The Contoso University sample web application demonstrates how to create ASP.NET MVC applications using
the Entity Framework. The sample application is a website for a fictional Contoso University. It includes
functionality such as student admission, course creation, and instructor assignments.
This tutorial series explains the steps taken to build the Contoso University sample application. You can
download the completed application or create it by following the steps in the tutorial. The tutorial shows
examples in C#. The downloadable sample contains code in both C# and Visual Basic. If you have questions that
are not directly related to the tutorial, you can post them to the ASP.NET Entity Framework forum or the Entity
Framework and LINQ to Entities forum.
This tutorial series assumes you know how to work with ASP.NET MVC in Visual Studio. If you don’t, a good
place to start is a basic ASP.NET MVC Tutorial. If you prefer to work with the ASP.NET Web Forms model, see
the Getting Started with the Entity Framework and Continuing with the Entity Framework tutorials.
Before you start, make sure you have the following software installed on your computer:
• Visual Studio 2010 SP1 or Visual Web Developer Express 2010 SP1 (If you use one of these links, the
following items will be installed automatically.)
• ASP.NET MVC 3 Tools Update
• Microsoft SQL Server Compact 4.0
• Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 SP1 Tools for SQL Server Compact 4.0
The Contoso University Web Application
The application you'll be building in these tutorials is a simple university website.

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Users can view and update student, course, and instructor information. A few of the screens you'll create are
shown below.

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The UI style of this site has been kept close to what's generated by the built-in templates, so that the tutorial
can focus mainly on how to use the Entity Framework.
Entity Framework Development Approaches

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As shown in the following diagram, there are three ways you can work with data in the Entity Framework:
Database First, Model First, and Code First.
Database First
If you already have a database, the Entity Framework can automatically generate a data model that consists of
classes and properties that correspond to existing database objects such as tables and columns. The
information about your database structure (store schema), your data model (conceptual model), and the
mapping between them is stored in XML in an .edmx file. Visual Studio provides the Entity Framework designer,
which is a graphical designer that you can use to display and edit the .edmx file. The Getting Started With the
Entity Framework and Continuing With the Entity Frameworktutorial sets use Database First development.
Model First

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If you don't yet have a database, you can begin by creating a model using the Entity Framework designer in
Visual Studio. When the model is finished, the designer can generate DDL (data definition language) statements
to create the database. This approach also uses an .edmx file to store model and mapping information. The
What's New in the Entity Framework 4 tutorial includes a brief example of Model First development.
Code First
Whether you have an existing database or not, you can code your own classes and properties that correspond
to tables and columns and use them with the Entity Framework without an .edmx file. That's why you
sometimes see this approach called code only, although the official name is Code First. The mapping between
the store schema and the conceptual model represented by your code is handled by convention and by a
special mapping API. If you don't yet have a database, the Entity Framework can automatically create the
database for you, or drop and re-create it if the model changes. This tutorial series uses Code First
development.
The data access API that was developed for Code First is based on the DbContext class. This API can also be
used with the Database First and Model First development workflows. For more information, see When is Code
First not code first? on the Entity Framework team blog.
POCO (Plain Old CLR Objects)
By default, when you use the Database First or Model First development approaches, the entity classes in your
data model inherit from the EntityObject class, which provides them with Entity Framework functionality. This
means that these classes technically aren't persistence ignorant and so don't conform fully to one of the
requirements of domain-driven design. All development approaches of the Entity Framework can also work
with POCO (plain old CLR objects) classes, which essentially means that they are persistence-ignorant because
they don't inherit from the EntityObject class. In this tutorial you'll use POCO classes.
Creating an MVC Web Application
Before you start, make sure you have the following installed on your computer:
• Visual Studio 2010 SP1 or Visual Web Developer Express 2010 SP1 (If you use one of these links, the
following items will be installed automatically.)
• ASP.NET MVC 3 Tools Update
• Microsoft SQL Server Compact 4.0
• Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 SP1 Tools for SQL Server Compact 4.0

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Open Visual Studio and create a new project named "ContosoUniversity" using the ASP.NET MVC 3 Web
Application template:
In the New ASP.NET MVC 3 Project dialog box select the Internet Application template and the Razor view
engine, clear the Create a unit test project check box, and then click OK.

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Setting Up the Site Style
A few simple changes will set up the site menu, layout, and home page.
In order to set up the Contoso University menu, in the ViewsShared_Layout.cshtml file, replace the existing h1
heading text and the menu links, as shown in the following example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

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<head>
<title>@ViewBag.Title</title>
<linkhref="@Url.Content("~/Content/Site.css")"rel="stylesheet"type="text/css"/>
<scriptsrc="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-
1.5.1.min.js")"type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<divclass="page">
<divid="header">
<divid="title">
<h1>Contoso University</h1>
</div>
<divid="logindisplay">
@Html.Partial("_LogOnPartial")
</div>
<divid="menucontainer">
<ulid="menu">
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Home", "Index", "Home")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("About", "About", "Home")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Students", "Index", "Student")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Courses", "Index", "Course")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Instructors", "Index", "Instructor")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Departments", "Index", "Department")</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<divid="main">
@RenderBody()
</div>
<divid="footer">
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
In the ViewsHomeIndex.cshtml file, delete everything under the h2 heading.

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In the ControllersHomeController.cs file, replace "Welcome to ASP.NET MVC!" with "Welcome to Contoso
University!"
In the ContentSite.css file, make the following changes in order to move the menu tabs to the left:
• In the definition for #main, add clear: both;, as shown in the following example:
#main
{
clear: both;
padding:30px30px15px30px;
background-color:#fff;
border-radius:4px000;
-webkit-border-radius:4px000;
-moz-border-radius:4px000;
}
• In the definition for nav and #menucontainer, add clear: both; float: left;, as shown in the
following example:
nav,
#menucontainer {
margin-top:40px;
clear: both;
float: left;
}
Run the site. You see the home page with the main menu.

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Creating the Data Model
Next you'll create your first entity classes for the Contoso University application. You'll start with the following
three entities:

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There's a one-to-many relationship between Student and Enrollment entities, and there's a one-to-many
relationship between Course and Enrollment entities. In other words, a student can be enrolled in any
number of courses, and a course can have any number of students enrolled in it.
In the following sections you'll create a class for each one of these entities.
Note If you try to compile the project before you finish creating all of these entity classes, you'll get compiler
errors.
The Student Entity

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In the Models folder, create Student.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Collections.Generic;
namespaceContosoUniversity.Models
{
publicclassStudent
{
publicintStudentID{get;set;}
publicstringLastName{get;set;}
publicstringFirstMidName{get;set;}
publicDateTimeEnrollmentDate{get;set;}
publicvirtualICollection<Enrollment>Enrollments{get;set;}
}
}
The StudentID property will become the primary key column of the database table that corresponds to this
class. By default, the Entity Framework interprets a property that's named ID or classnameID as the primary
key.
The Enrollments property is a navigation property. Navigation properties hold other entities that are related
to this entity. In this case, the Enrollments property of a Student entity will hold all of the Enrollment
entities that are related to that Student entity. In other words, if a given Student row in the database has two
related Enrollment rows (rows that contain that student's primary key value in their StudentID foreign key
column), that Student entity's Enrollments navigation property will contain those two Enrollment entities.

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Navigation properties are typically defined as virtual so that they can take advantage of an Entity Framework
function called lazy loading. (Lazy loading will be explained later.) If a navigation property can hold multiple
entities (as in many-to-many or one-to-many relationships), its type must be ICollection.
The Enrollment Entity
In the Models folder, create Enrollment.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassEnrollment
{
publicintEnrollmentID{get;set;}
publicintCourseID{get;set;}
publicdecimal?Grade{get;set;}
publicvirtualCourseCourse{get;set;}
publicvirtualStudentStudent{get;set;}
}
}
The question mark after the decimal type declaration indicates that the Grade property is nullable. A grade
that's null is different from a zero grade — null means a grade hasn't been assigned yet, while zero means a
zero grade has been assigned.

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The StudentID property is a foreign key, and the corresponding navigation property is Student. An
Enrollment entity is associated with one Student entity, so the property can only hold a single Student
entity (unlike the Student.Enrollments navigation property you saw earlier, which can hold multiple
Enrollment entities).
The CourseID property is a foreign key, and the corresponding navigation property is Course. An
Enrollment entity is associated with one Course entity.
The Course Entity
In the Models folder, create Course.cs, replacing the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassCourse
{
publicstringTitle{get;set;}
publicintCredits{get;set;}
}
}
The Enrollments property is a navigation property. A Course entity can be related to any number of
Enrollment entities.

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Creating the Database Context
The main class that coordinates Entity Framework functionality for a given data model is the database context
class. You create this class by deriving from the System.Data.Entity.DbContext class. In your code you
specify which entities are included in the data model. You can also customize certain Entity Framework
behavior. In the code for this project, the class is named SchoolContext.
Create a DAL folder. In that folder create a new class file named SchoolContext.cs, and replace the existing code
with the following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Data.Entity;
usingContosoUniversity.Models;
usingSystem.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions;
{
publicclassSchoolContext:DbContext
{
publicDbSet<Student>Students{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Enrollment>Enrollments{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Course>Courses{get;set;}
protectedoverridevoidOnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();
}
}
}
This code creates a DbSet property for each entity set. In Entity Framework terminology, an entity set typically
corresponds to a database table, and an entity corresponds to a row in the table.
The statement in the OnModelCreating method prevents table names from being pluralized. If you didn't do
this, the generated tables would be named Students, Courses, and Enrollments. Instead, the table names
will be Student, Course, and Enrollment. Developers disagree about whether table names should be

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pluralized or not. This tutorial uses the singular form, but the important point is that you can select whichever
form you prefer by including or omitting this line of code.
(This class is in the Models namespace, because in some situations Code First assumes that the entity classes
and the context class are in the same namespace.)
Setting the Connection String
You don't have to create a connection string. If you don't create one, the Entity Framework will automatically
create a SQL Server Express database for you. In this tutorial, however, you'll work with SQL Server Compact, so
you need to create a connection string to specify that.
Open the project Web.config file and add a new connection string to the connectionStrings collection, as
shown in the following example. (Make sure you update the Web.config file in the root project folder. There's
also a Web.config file is in the Views subfolder that you don't need to update. )
<addname="SchoolContext"connectionString="Data
Source=|DataDirectory|School.sdf"providerName="System.Data.SqlServerCe.4.0"/>
By default, the Entity Framework looks for a connection string named the same as the object context class. The
connection string you've added specifies a SQL Server Compact database named School.sdf located in the
App_Data folder.
Initializing the Database with Test Data
The Entity Framework can automatically create (or drop and re-create) a database for you when the application
runs. You can specify that this should be done every time your application runs or only when the model is out
of sync with the existing database. You can also write a class that includes a method that the Entity Framework
automatically calls after creating the database in order to populate it with test data. In this section you'll specify
that the database should be dropped and re-created whenever the model changes.
In the DAL folder, create a new class file named SchoolInitializer.cs and replace the existing code with the
following code, which causes a database to be created when needed and loads test data into the new database.
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Web;

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namespaceContosoUniversity.DAL
{
publicclassSchoolInitializer:DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<SchoolContext>
{
protectedoverridevoidSeed(SchoolContext context)
{
var students =newList<Student>
{
newStudent{FirstMidName="Carson",LastName="Alexander",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("
2005-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Meredith",LastName="Alonso",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2
002-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Arturo",LastName="Anand",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003
-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Gytis",LastName="Barzdukas",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2
002-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Yan",LastName="Li",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-09-
01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Peggy",LastName="Justice",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("200
1-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Laura",LastName="Norman",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003
-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Nino",LastName="Olivetto",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("200
5-09-01")}
};
students.ForEach(s => context.Students.Add(s));
context.SaveChanges();
var courses =newList<Course>
{
newCourse{Title="Chemistry",Credits=3,},
newCourse{Title="Microeconomics",Credits=3,},
newCourse{Title="Macroeconomics",Credits=3,},
newCourse{Title="Calculus",Credits=4,},
newCourse{Title="Trigonometry",Credits=4,},

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newCourse{Title="Composition",Credits=3,},
newCourse{Title="Literature",Credits=4,}
};
courses.ForEach(s => context.Courses.Add(s));
var enrollments =newList<Enrollment>
{
newEnrollment{StudentID=1,CourseID=1,Grade=1},
newEnrollment{StudentID=3,CourseID=1},
newEnrollment{StudentID=4,CourseID=1,},
};
enrollments.ForEach(s => context.Enrollments.Add(s));
}
}
}
The Seed method takes the database context object as an input parameter, and the code in the method uses
that object to add new entities to the database. For each entity type, the code creates a collection of new
entities, adds them to the appropriate DbSet property, and then saves the changes to the database. It isn't
necessary to call the SaveChanges method after each group of entities, as is done here, but doing that helps
you locate the source of a problem if an exception occurs while the code is writing to the database.
Make the following changes in the Global.asax.cs file to cause this initializer code to run when the application
begins:
• Add using statements:

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usingContosoUniversity.DAL;
• In the Application_Start method, call an Entity Framework method that runs the database initializer
code:
Database.SetInitializer<SchoolContext>(newSchoolInitializer());
The application is now set up so that when you access the database for the first time in a given run of the
application, the Entity Framework compares the database to the model (your SchoolContext class). If there's
a difference, the application drops and re-creates the database.
Note When you deploy an application to a production web server, you must remove code that seeds the
database.
Now you'll create a web page to display data, and the process of requesting the data will automatically trigger
the creation of the database. You'll begin by creating a new controller. But before you do that, build the project
to make the model and context classes available to MVC controller scaffolding.
Creating a Student Controller
To create a Student controller, right-click the Controllers folder in Solution Explorer, select Add, and then
click Controller. In the Add Controller dialog box, make the following selections and then click Add:
• Controller name: StudentController.
• Template: Controller with read/write actions and views, using Entity Framework. (The default.)
• Model class: Student (ContosoUniversity.Models). (If you don't see this option in the drop-down list,
build the project and try again.)
• Data context class: SchoolContext (ContosoUniversity.Models).
• Views: Razor (CSHTML). (The default.)

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Open the ControllersStudentController.cs file. You see a class variable has been created that instantiates a
database context object:
privateSchoolContext db =newSchoolContext();
The Index action method gets a list of students from the Students property of the database context instance:
publicViewResultIndex()
{
returnView(db.Students.ToList());
}
The automatic scaffolding has also created a set of Student views. To customize the default headings and
column order in the Index view, open ViewsStudentIndex.cshtml and replace the existing code with the
following code:
@modelIEnumerable<ContosoUniversity.Models.Student>

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@{
ViewBag.Title="Students";
}
<h2>Students</h2>
<p>
@Html.ActionLink("Create New", "Create")
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>FirstName</th>
<th>Enrollment Date</th>
</tr>
@foreach (var item in Model) {
<tr>
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id=item.StudentID }) |
@Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new { id=item.StudentID }) |
@Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new { id=item.StudentID })
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.LastName)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.FirstMidName)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.EnrollmentDate)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>

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Run the site, click the Students tab, and you see a list of students.

31
Close the browser. In Solution Explorer, select the ContosoUniversity project (make sure the project and not
the solution is selected). Click Show all Files if you aren't already in that mode. Click Refresh and then expand
the App_Data folder to see the School.sdf file.
Double-click School.sdf to open Server Explorer. Then expand the Tables folder to see the tables that have
been created in the database.
Note If you get an error when you double-click School.sdf, make sure you have installed Visual Studio 2010
SP1 Tools for SQL Server Compact 4.0. (For links to the software, see the list of prerequisites at the top of this
page.) If you install the tools now, you'll have to close and re-open Visual Studio.

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There's one table for each entity set, plus one additional table. The EdmMetadata table is used by the Entity
Framework to determine when the model and the database are out of sync.
Right-click one of the tables and select Show Table Data to see the data that was loaded in the table by the
SchoolInitializer class.
When you're finished, close the connection. (If you don't close the connection, you might get an error the next
time you run the project).

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Conventions
The amount of code you had to write in order for the Entity Framework to be able to create a complete
database for you is minimal because of the use of conventions, or assumptions that the Entity Framework
makes. Some of them have already been noted:
• The pluralized forms of entity class names are used as table names.
• Entity property names are used for column names.
• Entity properties that are named ID or classnameID are recognized as primary key properties.
• The Entity Framework connects to your database by looking for a connection string that has the same
name as your context class (in this case, SchoolContext).
You've seen that conventions can be overridden (for example, you specified that table names shouldn't be
pluralized), and you'll learn more about conventions and how to override them later.

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You've now created a simple application that uses the Entity Framework and SQL Server Compact to store and
display data. In the following tutorial you'll learn how to perform basic CRUD (create, read, update, delete)
operations.
Links to other Entity Framework resources can be found at the end of this e-book.

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Implementing Basic CRUD Functionality
In the previous tutorial you created an MVC application that stores and displays data using the Entity
Framework and SQL Server Compact. In this tutorial you will review and customize the CRUD (create, read,
update, delete) code that the MVC scaffolding automatically creates for you in controllers and views.
Note It's a common practice to implement the repository pattern in order to create an abstraction layer
between your controller and the data access layer. To keep these tutorials simple, you won't implement a
repository until a later tutorial in this series.
In this tutorial, you will create the following web pages:

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The scaffolded code for the Index page left out the Enrollments property, because that property holds a
collection. In the Details page you will display the contents of the collection in an HTML table.
In ControllersStudentController.cs, the action method for the Details view resembles the following example:
publicViewResultDetails(int id)
{
Student student = db.Students.Find(id);
returnView(student);
}
The code uses the Find method to retrieve a single Student entity corresponding to the key value that's
passed to the method as the id parameter. The id value comes from a query string in the Details hyperlink on
the Index page.
Open ViewsStudentDetails.cshtml. Each field is displayed using a DisplayFor helper, as shown in the
following example:
<divclass="display-label">LastName</div>
<divclass="display-field">
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.LastName)
</div>
To display a list of enrollments, add the following code after the EnrollmentDate field, immediately before
the closing fieldset tag:
<divclass="display-label">
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Enrollments)
</div>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Course Title</th>
<th>Grade</th>
</tr>
@foreach (var item in Model.Enrollments)
{

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<tr>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Course.Title)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Grade)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
</div>
This code loops through the entities in the Enrollments navigation property. For each Enrollment entity in
the property, it displays the course title and the grade. The course title is retrieved from the Course entity
that's stored in the Course navigation property of the Enrollments entity. All of this data is retrieved from
the database automatically when it's needed. (In other words, you are using lazy loading here. You did not
specify eager loading for the Courses navigation property, so the first time you try to access that property, a
query is sent to the database to retrieve the data. You can read more about lazy loading and eager loading in
the Reading Related Data tutorial later in this series.)
Run the page by selecting the Students tab and clicking a Details hyperlink. You see the list of courses:

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Creating a Create Page
In ControllersStudentController.cs, replace the HttpPostCreate action method with the following code to add
a try-catch block to the scaffolded method:
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultCreate(Student student)
{
try
{
if(ModelState.IsValid)
{
db.Students.Add(student);
db.SaveChanges();
returnRedirectToAction("Index");
}
}
catch(DataException)
{
//Log the error (add a variable name after DataException)
ModelState.AddModelError("","Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem
persists see your system administrator.");
}
}
This code adds the Student entity created by the ASP.NET MVC model binder to the Students entity set and
then saves the changes to the database. (Model binder refers to the ASP.NET MVC functionality that makes it
easier for you to work with data submitted by a form; a model binder converts posted form values to .NET
Framework types and passes them to the action method in parameters. In this case, the model binder
instantiates a Student entity for you using property values from the Form collection.)
The try-catch block is the only difference between this code and what the automatic scaffolding created. If
an exception that derives from DataException is caught while the changes are being saved, a generic error
message is displayed. These kinds of errors are typically caused by something external to the application rather
than a programming error, so the user is advised to try again. The code in ViewsStudentCreate.cshtml is similar

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to what you saw in Details.cshtml, except that EditorFor and ValidationMessageFor helpers are used for
each field instead of DisplayFor. The following example shows the relevant code:
<divclass="editor-label">
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName)
</div>
<divclass="editor-field">
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.LastName)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.LastName)
</div>
No changes are required in Create.cshtml.
Run the page by selecting the Students tab and clicking Create New.

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Data validation works by default. Enter names and an invalid date and click Create to see the error message.

46
In this case you're seeing client-side validation that's implemented using JavaScript. But server-side validation is
also implemented. Even if client validation failed, bad data would be caught and an exception would be thrown
in server code.

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Change the date to a valid value such as 9/1/2005 and click Create to see the new student appear in the Index
page.
Creating an Edit Page

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In ControllersStudentController.cs, the HttpGetEdit method (the one without the HttpPost attribute) uses
the Find method to retrieve the selected Student entity, as you saw in the Details method. You don't need
to change this method.
However, replace the HttpPostEdit action method with the following code to add a try-catch block:
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(Student student)
{
try
{
{
db.Entry(student).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
{
}
}
This code is similar to what you saw in the HttpPostCreate method. However, instead of adding the entity
created by the model binder to the entity set, this code sets a flag on the entity that indicating it has been
changed. When the SaveChanges method is called, the Modified flag causes the Entity Framework to create
SQL statements to update the database row. All columns of the database row will be updated, including those
that the user didn't change, and concurrency conflicts are ignored. (You will learn how to handle concurrency in
the Handling Concurrency tutorial later in this series.)
Entity States and the Attach and SaveChanges Methods
The database context keeps track of whether entities in memory are in sync with their corresponding rows in
the database, and this information determines what happens when you call the SaveChanges method. For

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example, when you pass a new entity to the Add method, that entity's state is set to Added. Then when you call
the SaveChanges method, the database context issues a SQL INSERT command.
An entity may be in one of the following states:
• Added. The entity does not yet exist in the database. The SaveChanges method must issue an INSERT
statement.
• Unchanged. Nothing needs to be done with this entity by the SaveChanges method. When you read an
entity from the database, the entity starts out with this status.
• Modified. Some or all of the entity's property values have been modified. The SaveChanges method
must issue an UPDATE statement.
• Deleted. The entity has been marked for deletion. The SaveChanges method must issue a DELETE
statement.
• Detached. The entity isn't being tracked by the database context.
In a desktop application, state changes are typically set automatically. In this type of application, you read an
entity and make changes to some of its property values. This causes its entity state to automatically be changed
to Modified. Then when you call SaveChanges, the Entity Framework generates a SQL UPDATE statement that
updates only the actual properties that you changed.
However, in a web application this sequence is interrupted, because the database context instance that reads an
entity is disposed after a page is rendered. When the HttpPostEdit action method is called, this is the result
of a new request and you have a new instance of the context, so you have to manually set the entity state to
Modified. Then when you call SaveChanges, the Entity Framework updates all columns of the database row,
because the context has no way to know which properties you changed.
If you want the SQL Update statement to update only the fields that the user actually changed, you can save
the original values in some way (such as hidden fields) so that they are available when the HttpPostEdit
method is called. Then you can create a Student entity using the original values, call the Attach method with
that original version of the entity, update the entity's values to the new values, and then call SaveChanges. For
more information, see Add/Attach and Entity States and Local Data on the Entity Framework team blog.
The code in ViewsStudentEdit.cshtml is similar to what you saw in Create.cshtml, and no changes are required.
Run the page by selecting the Students tab and then clicking an Edit hyperlink.

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Change some of the data and click Save. You see the changed data in the Index page.

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In ControllersStudentController.cs, the template code for the HttpGetDelete method uses the Find method
to retrieve the selected Student entity, as you saw in the Details and Edit methods. However, to implement
a custom error message when the call to SaveChanges fails, you will add some functionality to this method
and its corresponding view.
As you saw for update and create operations, delete operations require two action methods. The method that is
called in response to a GET request displays a view that gives the user a chance to approve or cancel the delete
operation. If the user approves it, a POST request is created. When that happens, the HttpPostDelete
method is called and then that method actually performs the delete operation.
You will add a try-catch block to the HttpPostDelete method to handle any errors that might occur when
the database is updated. If an error occurs, the HttpPostDelete method calls the HttpGetDelete method,
passing it a parameter that indicates that an error has occurred. The HttpGet Delete method then redisplays
the confirmation page along with the error message, giving the user an opportunity to cancel or to try again.
Replace the HttpGetDelete action method with the following code, which manages error reporting:
publicActionResultDelete(int id,bool? saveChangesError)
{
if(saveChangesError.GetValueOrDefault())
{
ViewBag.ErrorMessage="Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists
see your system administrator.";
}
returnView(db.Students.Find(id));
}
This code accepts an optional Boolean parameter that indicates whether it was called after a failure to save
changes. This parameter is null (false) when the HttpGetDelete method is called in response to a page
request. When it is called by the HttpPostDelete method in response to a database update error, the
parameter is true and an error message is passed to the view.
Replace the HttpPostDelete action method (named DeleteConfirmed) with the following code, which
performs the actual delete operation and catches any database update errors.
[HttpPost,ActionName("Delete")]
publicActionResultDeleteConfirmed(int id)
{

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try
{
Student student = db.Students.Find(id);
db.Students.Remove(student);
db.SaveChanges();
}
{
returnRedirectToAction("Delete",
newSystem.Web.Routing.RouteValueDictionary{
{"id", id },
{"saveChangesError",true}});
}
}
This code retrieves the selected entity, then calls the Remove method to set the entity's status to Deleted.
When SaveChanges is called, a SQL DELETE command is generated.
If improving performance in a high-volume application is a priority, you could avoid an unnecessary SQL query
to retrieve the row by replacing the lines of code that call the Find and Remove methods with the following
code:
Student studentToDelete =newStudent(){StudentID= id };
db.Entry(studentToDelete).State=EntityState.Deleted;
This code instantiates a Student entity using only the primary key value and then sets the entity state to
Deleted. That's all that the Entity Framework needs in order to delete the entity.
As noted, the HttpGetDelete method doesn't delete the data. Performing a delete operation in response to a
GET request (or for that matter, performing an edit operation, create operation, or any other operation that
changes data) creates a security risk. For more information, see ASP.NET MVC Tip #46 — Don't use Delete Links
because they create Security Holes on Stephen Walther's blog.
In ViewsStudentDelete.cshtml, add the following code between the h2 heading and the h3 heading:

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<pclass="error">@ViewBag.ErrorMessage</p>
Run the page by selecting the Students tab and clicking a Delete hyperlink:

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Click Delete. The Index page is displayed without the deleted student. (You'll see an example of the error
handling code in action in the Handling Concurrency tutorial later in this series.)

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Ensuring that Database Connections Are Not Left Open
To make sure that database connections are properly closed and the resources they hold freed up, you should
see to it that the context instance is disposed. That is why you will find a Dispose method at the end of the
StudentController class in StudentController.cs, as shown in the following example:
protectedoverridevoidDispose(bool disposing)
{
db.Dispose();
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
The base Controller class already implements the IDisposable interface, so this code simply adds an
override to the Dispose(bool) method to explicitly dispose the context instance.
You now have a complete set of pages that perform simple CRUD operations for Student entities. In the next
tutorial you'll expand the functionality of the Index page by adding sorting and paging.
Links to other Entity Framework resources can be found at the end of the last tutorial in this series.

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Sorting, Filtering, and Paging
In the previous tutorial you implemented a set of web pages for basic CRUD operations for Student entities. In
this tutorial you'll add sorting, filtering, and paging functionality to the Students Index page. You'll also create
a page that does simple grouping.
The following illustration shows what the page will look like when you're done. The column headings are links
that the user can click to sort by that column. Clicking a column heading repeatedly toggles between ascending
and descending sort order.

58
Adding Column Sort Links to the Students Index Page
To add sorting to the Student Index page, you'll change the Index method of the Student controller and add
code to the Student Index view.
Adding Sorting Functionality to the Index Method
In ControllersStudentController.cs, replace the Index method with the following code:

59
publicViewResultIndex(string sortOrder)
{
ViewBag.NameSortParm=String.IsNullOrEmpty(sortOrder)?"Name desc":"";
ViewBag.DateSortParm= sortOrder =="Date"?"Date desc":"Date";
var students =from s in db.Students
select s;
switch(sortOrder)
{
case"Name desc":
students = students.OrderByDescending(s => s.LastName);
break;
case"Date":
students = students.OrderBy(s => s.EnrollmentDate);
break;
case"Date desc":
students = students.OrderByDescending(s => s.EnrollmentDate);
break;
default:
students = students.OrderBy(s => s.LastName);
break;
}
returnView(students.ToList());
}
This code receives a sortOrder parameter from the query string in the URL, which is provided by ASP.NET
MVC as a parameter to the action method. The parameter will be a string that's either "Name" or "Date",
optionally followed by a space and the string "desc" to specify descending order.
The first time the Index page is requested, there's no query string. The students are displayed in ascending
order by LastName, which is the default as established by the fall-through case in the switch statement. When
the user clicks a column heading hyperlink, the appropriate sortOrder value is provided in the query string.
The two ViewBag variables are used so that the view can configure the column heading hyperlinks with the
appropriate query string values:

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These are ternary statements. The first one specifies that if the sortOrder parameter is null or empty,
ViewBag.NameSortParm should be set to "Name desc"; otherwise, it should be set to an empty string.
There are four possibilities, depending on how the data is currently sorted:
• If the current order is Last Name ascending, the Last Name link must specify Last Name descending, and
the Enrollment Date link must specify Date ascending.
• If the current order is Last Name descending, the links must indicate Last Name ascending (that is, empty
string) and Date ascending.
• If the current order is Date ascending, the links must indicate Last Name ascending and Date descending.
• If the current order is Date descending, the links must indicate Last Name ascending and Date ascending.
The method uses LINQ to Entities to specify the column to sort by. The code creates an IQueryable variable
before the switch statement, modifies it in the switch statement, and calls the ToList method after the
switch statement. When you create and modify IQueryable variables, no query is sent to the database. The
query is not executed until you convert the IQueryable object into a collection by calling a method such as
ToList. Therefore, this code results in a single query that is not executed until the return View statement.
Adding Column Heading Hyperlinks to the Student Index View
In ViewsStudentIndex.cshtml, replace the <tr> and <th> elements for the heading row with the following
code:
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>
@Html.ActionLink("Last Name", "Index", new { sortOrder=ViewBag.NameSortParm
})
</th>
<th>
First Name
</th>
<th>
@Html.ActionLink("Enrollment Date", "Index", new {
sortOrder=ViewBag.DateSortParm })
</th>
</tr>

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This code uses the information in the ViewBag properties to set up hyperlinks with the appropriate query string
values.
Run the page and click the column headings to verify that sorting works.

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Adding a Search Box to the Students Index Page
To add filtering to the Student Index page, you'll add a text box and a submit button to the view and make
corresponding changes in the Index method. The text box will let you enter a string to search for in the first
name and last name fields.
Adding Filtering Functionality to the Index Method
In ControllersStudentController.cs, replace the Index method with the following code:
publicViewResultIndex(string sortOrder,string searchString)
{
select s;
if(!String.IsNullOrEmpty(searchString))
{
students = students.Where(s =>
s.LastName.ToUpper().Contains(searchString.ToUpper())
|| s.FirstMidName.ToUpper().Contains(searchString.ToUpper()));
}
switch(sortOrder)
{
case"Name desc":
break;
case"Date":
break;
case"Date desc":
break;
default:
break;
}

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returnView(students.ToList());
}
You've added a searchString parameter to the Index method. You've also added a where clause to the
LINQ statement that selects only students whose first name or last name contains the search string. The search
string value is received from a text box that you'll add later to the Index view.The statement that adds the
where clause is executed only if there's a value to search for:
{
}
Note The .NET Framework implementation of the Contains method returns all rows when you pass an empty
string to it, but the Entity Framework provider for SQL Server Compact 4.0 returns zero rows for empty strings.
Therefore the code in the example (putting the Where statement inside an if statement) makes sure that you
get the same results for all versions of SQL Server. Also, the .NET Framework implementation of the Contains
method performs a case-sensitive comparison by default, but Entity Framework SQL Server providers perform
case-insensitive comparisons by default. Therefore, calling the ToUpper method to make the test explicitly
case-insensitive ensures that results do not change when you change the code later to use a repository, which
will return an IEnumerable collection instead of an IQueryable object. (When you call the Contains
method on an IEnumerable collection, you get the .NET Framework implementation; when you call it on an
IQueryable object, you get the database provider implementation.)
Adding a Search Box to the Student Index View
In ViewsStudentIndex.cshtml, add a caption, a text box, and a Search button immediately before the opening
table tag:
@using(Html.BeginForm())
{
<p>
Findby name:@Html.TextBox("SearchString")
<input type="submit" value="Search"/></p>
}

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Run the page, enter a search string, and click Search to verify that filtering is working.
Adding Paging to the Students Index Page
To add paging to the Student Index page, you'll start by installing the PagedList NuGet package. Then you'll
make additional changes in the Index method and add paging links to the Index view. The following
illustration shows the paging links.

65
Installing the PagedList NuGet Package
The NuGet PagedList package installs a PagedList collection type. When you put query results in a
PagedList collection, several properties and methods are provided that facilitate paging.
In Visual Studio, make sure the project (not the solution) is selected. From the Tools menu, select Library
Package Manager and then Add Library Package Reference.

66
In the Add Library Package Reference dialog box, click the Online tab on the left and then enter "pagedlist"
in the search box. When you see the PagedList package, click Install.
Adding Paging Functionality to the Index Method
In ControllersStudentController.cs, add a using statement for the PagedList namespace:
usingPagedList;
Replace the Index method with the following code:
publicViewResultIndex(string sortOrder,string currentFilter,string searchString,int?
page)
{
ViewBag.CurrentSort= sortOrder;

67
if(Request.HttpMethod=="GET")
{
searchString = currentFilter;
}
else
{
page =1;
}
ViewBag.CurrentFilter= searchString;
select s;
{
}
switch(sortOrder)
{
case"Name desc":
break;
case"Date":
break;
case"Date desc":
break;
default:
break;
}
int pageSize =3;

68
int pageNumber =(page ??1);
returnView(students.ToPagedList(pageNumber, pageSize));
}
This code adds a page parameter, a current sort order parameter, and a current filter parameter to the method
signature, as shown here:
page)
The first time the page is displayed, or if the user hasn't clicked a paging link, the page variable is null. If a
paging link is clicked, the page variable will contain the page number to display.
A ViewBag property provides the view with the current sort order, because this must be included in the paging
links in order to keep the sort order the same while paging:
Another ViewBag property provides the view with the current filter string, because this string must be restored
to the text box when the page is redisplayed. In addition, the string must be included in the paging links in
order to maintain the filter settings during paging. Finally, if the search string is changed during paging, the
page has to be reset to 1, because the new filter can result in different data to display, hence the original page
might not even exist anymore.
{
}
else
{
page =1;
}

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At the end of the method, the student query is converted to a PagedList instead of to a List so that it will be
passed to the view in a collection that supports paging. This is the code:
int pageSize =3;
The ToPagedList method takes a page number value. The two question marks represent an operator that
defines a default value for a nullable type; the expression (page ?? 1) means return the value of page if it
has a value, or return 1 if page is null.
Adding Paging Links to the Student Index View
In ViewsStudentIndex.cshtml, replace the existing code with the following code:
@modelPagedList.IPagedList<ContosoUniversity.Models.Student>
@{
ViewBag.Title="Students";
}
<h2>Students</h2>
<p>
</p>
{
<p>
Findby name:@Html.TextBox("SearchString",ViewBag.CurrentFilterasstring)
<input type="submit" value="Search"/></p>
}
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>
@Html.ActionLink("Last Name", "Index", new { sortOrder=ViewBag.NameSortParm,

70
currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
</th>
<th>
FirstName
</th>
<th>
@Html.ActionLink("Enrollment Date", "Index", new { sortOrder =
ViewBag.DateSortParm, currentFilter = ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
</th>
</tr>
@foreach (var item in Model) {
<tr>
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id=item.StudentID }) |
@Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new { id=item.StudentID }) |
@Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new { id=item.StudentID })
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.LastName)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.FirstMidName)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.EnrollmentDate)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
<div>
Page @(Model.PageCount < Model.PageNumber ? 0 : Model.PageNumber)
of @Model.PageCount
@if (Model.HasPreviousPage)
{

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@Html.ActionLink("<<", "Index", new { page = 1, sortOrder =
ViewBag.CurrentSort, currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
@Html.Raw(" ");
@Html.ActionLink("< Prev", "Index", new { page = Model.PageNumber - 1,
sortOrder = ViewBag.CurrentSort, currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
}
else
{
@:<<
@Html.Raw(" ");
@:< Prev
}
@if (Model.HasNextPage)
{
@Html.ActionLink("Next >", "Index", new { page = Model.PageNumber + 1,
sortOrder = ViewBag.CurrentSort, currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
@Html.Raw(" ");
@Html.ActionLink(">>", "Index", new { page = Model.PageCount, sortOrder =
ViewBag.CurrentSort, currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter })
}
else
{
@:Next >
@Html.Raw(" ")
@:>>
}
</div>
The @model statement at the top of the page specifies that the view now gets a PagedList object instead of a
List object.
The text box is initialized with the current search string so that the user can page through filter results without
the search string disappearing:
Findby name:@Html.TextBox("SearchString",ViewBag.CurrentFilterasstring)

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The column header links use the query string to pass the current search string to the controller so that the user
can sort within filter results:
@Html.ActionLink("Last Name","Index",new{ sortOrder=ViewBag.NameSortParm,
currentFilter=ViewBag.CurrentFilter})
On one line at the bottom of the page, this code displays the following navigation UI:
Page [current page number] of [total number of pages]<<< Prev Next >>>
The << symbol is a link to the first page, < Prev is a link to the previous page, and so on. If the user is currently
on page 1, the links to move backward are disabled; similarly, if the user is on the last page, the links to move
forward are disabled. Each paging link passes the new page number and the current sort order and search
string to the controller in the query string. This lets you maintain the sort order and filter results during paging.
If there are no pages to display, "Page 0 of 0" is shown. (In that case the page number is greater than the page
count because Model.PageNumber is 1, and Model.PageCount is 0.)
Run the page.

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Click the paging links in different sort orders to make sure paging works. Then enter a search string and try
paging again to verify that paging also works correctly with sorting and filtering.
Creating an About Page That Shows Student Statistics
For the Contoso University website's About page, you'll display how many students have enrolled for each
enrollment date. This requires grouping and simple calculations on the groups. To accomplish this, you'll do the
following:

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• Create a view model class for the data that you need to pass to the view.
• Modify the About method in the Home controller.
• Modify the About view.
Creating the View Model
Create a ViewModels folder. In that folder, create EnrollmentDateGroup.cs and replace the existing code with the
following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespaceContosoUniversity.ViewModels
{
publicclassEnrollmentDateGroup
{
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:d}")]
publicDateTime?EnrollmentDate{get;set;}
publicintStudentCount{get;set;}
}
}
Modifying the Home Controller
In HomeController.cs, add the following using statements:
usingContosoUniversity.ViewModels;
Add a class variable for the database context:
privateSchoolContext db =newSchoolContext();

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Replace the About method with the following code:
publicActionResultAbout()
{
var data =from student in db.Students
group student by student.EnrollmentDateinto dateGroup
selectnewEnrollmentDateGroup()
{
EnrollmentDate= dateGroup.Key,
StudentCount= dateGroup.Count()
};
returnView(data);
}
The LINQ statement groups the student entities by enrollment date, calculates the number of entities in each
group, and stores the results in a collection of EnrollmentDateGroup view model objects.
Add a Dispose method:
{
db.Dispose();
}
Modifying the About View
Replace the code in the ViewsHomeAbout.cshtml file with the following code:
@modelIEnumerable<ContosoUniversity.ViewModels.EnrollmentDateGroup>
@{
ViewBag.Title="Student Body Statistics";
}
<h2>StudentBodyStatistics</h2>

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<table>
<tr>
<th>
Enrollment Date
</th>
<th>
Students
</th>
</tr>
@foreach(var item inModel){
<tr>
<td>
@String.Format("{0:d}", item.EnrollmentDate)
</td>
<td>
@item.StudentCount
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
Run the page. The count of students for each enrollment date is displayed in a table.

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You've now seen how to create a data model and implement basic CRUD, sorting, filtering, paging, and
grouping functionality. In the next tutorial you'll begin looking at more advanced topics by expanding the data
model.

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Creating a More Complex Data Model
In the previous tutorials you worked with a simple data model that was composed of three entities. In this
tutorial you'll add more entities and relationships and make use of data annotation attributes to control the
behavior of your model classes.
When you're finished, the entity classes will make up the completed data model that's shown in the following
illustration:

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Using Attributes to Control Formatting, Validation, and Database
Mapping
In this section you'll see examples of attributes you can add to model classes to specify formatting, validation,
and database mapping. Then in the following sections you'll create the complete School data model by adding
attributes to the classes you already created and creating new classes for the remaining entity types in the
model.
The DisplayFormat Attribute
For student enrollment dates, all of the web pages currently display the time along with the date, although all
you care about for this field is the date. By using data annotation attributes, you can make one code change
that will fix the display format everywhere. To see an example of that, you'll add an attribute to the
EnrollmentDate property in the Student class.
In ModelsStudent.cs, add a using statement for the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations
namespace and add a DisplayFormat attribute to the EnrollmentDate property, as shown in the following
example:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassStudent
{
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:d}",ApplyFormatInEditMode=true)]
}
}

80
The format string specifies that only a short date should be displayed for this property. The
ApplyFormatInEditMode setting specifies that this formatting should also be applied when the value is
displayed in a text box for editing. (You might not want that for some fields — for example, for currency values,
you might not want the currency symbol in the text box for editing.)
Run the Student Index page again and notice that times are no longer displayed for the enrollment dates. The
same will be true if you run the other Student pages.

81
The MaxLength Attribute
You can also specify data validation rules and messages using attributes. Suppose you want to ensure that
users don't enter more than 50 characters for a name. To add this limitation, add Range attributes to the
LastName and FirstMidName properties, as shown in the following example:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassStudent
{
[MaxLength(50)]
[MaxLength(50,ErrorMessage="First name cannot be longer than 50 characters.")]
}
}
If a user attempts to enter a last name that's too long, a default error message will be displayed. If a long first
name is entered, the custom error message you specified will be displayed.
Run the Create page, enter two names longer than 50 characters, and click Create to see the error messages.
(You'll have to enter a valid date in order to get past the date validation.)

83
It's a good idea to always specify the maximum length for string properties. If you don't, when Code First
creates the database, the corresponding columns will have the maximum length allowed for strings in the
database, which would be an inefficient database table structure.
The Column Attribute
You can also use attributes to control how your classes and properties are mapped to the database. Suppose
you had used the name FirstMidName for the first-name field because the field might also contain a middle
name. But you want the database column to be named FirstName, because users who will be writing ad-hoc
queries against the database are accustomed to that name. To make this mapping, you can use the Column
attribute.
The Column attribute specifies that when the database is created, the column of the Student table that maps
to the FirstMidName property will be named FirstName. In other words, when your code refers to
Student.FirstMidName, the data will come from or be updated in the FirstName column of the Student
table. (If you don't specify column names, they are assumed to be the same as property names.)
Add the column name attribute to the FirstMidName property, as shown in the following example:
[Column("FirstName")]
Run the Student Index page again and you see that nothing has changed. (You can't just run the site and view
the home page; you have to select the Student Index page because that causes the database to be accessed,
which causes the database to be automatically dropped and re-created.) However, if you open the database in
Server Explorer as you did earlier, you can expand the Student table to see that the column name is
FirstName.

84
In the Properties window, you'll also notice that the name-related fields are defined as 50 characters in length,
thanks to the MaxLength attributes you added earlier.
In most cases, you can also make mapping changes using method calls, as you'll see later in this tutorial.

85
In the following sections you'll make more use of data annotations attributes as you expand the School data
model. In each section you'll create a class for an entity or modify a class that you created in the first tutorial.
Note If you try to compile before you finish creating all of these entity classes, you might get compiler errors.
Creating the Instructor Entity
Create ModelsInstructor.cs, replacing the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassInstructor
{
publicInt32InstructorID{get;set;}
[Required(ErrorMessage="Last name is required.")]
[Display(Name="Last Name")]
[MaxLength(50)]
[Required(ErrorMessage="First name is required.")]
[Display(Name="First Name")]

86
[MaxLength(50)]
[Required(ErrorMessage="Hire date is required.")]
[Display(Name="Hire Date")]
publicDateTime?HireDate{get;set;}
publicstringFullName
{
get
{
returnLastName+", "+FirstMidName;
}
}
publicvirtualICollection<Course>Courses{get;set;}
publicvirtualOfficeAssignmentOfficeAssignment{get;set;}
}
}
Notice that several properties are the same in the Student and Instructor entities. In the Implementing
Inheritance tutorial later in this series, you'll refactor using inheritance to eliminate this redundancy.
The Required and Display Attributes
The attributes on the LastName property specify that it's a required field, that the caption for the text box
should be "Last Name" (instead of the property name, which would be "LastName" with no space), and that the
value can't be longer than 50 characters.
[MaxLength(50)]
The FullName Calculated Property

87
FullName is a calculated property that returns a value that's created by concatenating two other properties.
Therefore it has only a get accessor, and no FullName column will be generated in the database.
{
get
{
}
}
The Courses and OfficeAssignment Navigation Properties
The Courses and OfficeAssignment properties are navigation properties. As was explained earlier, they are
typically defined as virtual so that they can take advantage of an Entity Framework feature called lazy
loading. In addition, if a navigation property can hold multiple entities, its type must be ICollection.
An instructor can teach any number of courses, so Courses is defined as a collection of Course entities. On
the other hand, an instructor can only have one office, so OfficeAssignment is defined as a single
OfficeAssignment entity (which may be null if no office is assigned).
Creating the OfficeAssignment Entity
Create ModelsOfficeAssignment.cs, replacing the existing code with the following code:

88
usingSystem;
{
publicclassOfficeAssignment
{
[Key]
publicintInstructorID{get;set;}
[MaxLength(50)]
[Display(Name="Office Location")]
publicstringLocation{get;set;}
publicvirtualInstructorInstructor{get;set;}
}
}
The Key Attribute
There's a one-to-zero-or-one relationship between the Instructor and the OfficeAssignment entities. An
office assignment only exists in relation to the instructor it's assigned to, and therefore its primary key is also its
foreign key to the Instructor entity. But the Entity Framework can't automatically recognize InstructorID
as the primary key of this entity because its name doesn't follow the ID or classnameID naming convention.
Therefore, the Key attribute is used to identify it as the key:
[Key]
publicintInstructorID{get;set;}
You can also use the Key attribute if the entity does have its own primary key but you want to name the
property something different than classnameID or ID.
The Instructor Navigation Property
The Instructor entity has a nullable OfficeAssignment navigation property (because an instructor might
not have an office assignment), and the OfficeAssignment entity has a non-nullable Instructor navigation

89
property (because an office assignment can't exist without an instructor). When an Instructor entity has a
related OfficeAssignment entity, each entity will have a reference to the other one in its navigation property.
Modifying the Course Entity
In ModelsCourse.cs, replace the code you added earlier with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassCourse
{
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
[Display(Name="Number")]
[Required(ErrorMessage="Title is required.")]
[MaxLength(50)]
[Required(ErrorMessage="Number of credits is required.")]
[Range(0,5,ErrorMessage="Number of credits must be between 0 and 5.")]
publicintCredits{get;set;}

90
[Display(Name="Department")]
publicintDepartmentID{get;set;}
publicvirtualDepartmentDepartment{get;set;}
publicvirtualICollection<Instructor>Instructors{get;set;}
}
}
The DatabaseGenerated Attribute
The DatabaseGenerated attribute with the None parameter on the CourseID property specifies that primary
key values are provided by the user rather than generated by the database.
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
[Display(Name="Number")]
By default, the Entity Framework assumes that primary key values are generated by the database. That's what
you want in most scenarios. However, for Course entities, you'll use a user-specified course number such as a
1000 series for one department, a 2000 series for another department, and so on.
Foreign Key and Navigation Properties
The foreign key properties and navigation properties in the Course entity reflect the following relationships:
• A course is assigned to one department, so there's a DepartmentID foreign key and a Department
navigation property:
publicvirtualDepartmentDepartment{get;set;}
• A course can have any number of students enrolled in it, so there's an Enrollments navigation property:
publicvirtualICollectionEnrollments{get;set;}

91
• A course may be taught by multiple instructors, so there's an Instructors navigation property:
publicvirtualICollection<Instructor>Instructors{get;set;}
Creating the Department Entity
Create ModelsDepartment.cs, replacing the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassDepartment
{
[Required(ErrorMessage="Department name is required.")]
[MaxLength(50)]
publicstringName{get;set;}
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:c}")]
[Required(ErrorMessage="Budget is required.")]
[Column(TypeName="money")]
publicdecimal?Budget{get;set;}

92
[Required(ErrorMessage="Start date is required.")]
publicDateTimeStartDate{get;set;}
[Display(Name="Administrator")]
publicint?InstructorID{get;set;}
publicvirtualInstructorAdministrator{get;set;}
}
}
The Column Attribute
Earlier you used the Column attribute to change column name mapping. In the code for the Department
entity, the Column attribute is being used to change SQL data type mapping so that the column will be defined
using the SQL Server money type in the database:
[Column(TypeName="money")]
publicdecimal?Budget{get;set;}
This is normally not required, because the Entity Framework chooses the appropriate SQL Server data type
based on the CLR type that you define for the property. The CLR decimal type would normally map to a SQL
Server decimal type. But in this case you know that the column will be holding currency amounts, and the
money data type is more appropriate for that.
The foreign key and navigation properties reflect the following relationships:
• A department may or may not have an administrator, and an administrator is always an instructor.
Therefore the InstructorID property is included as the foreign key to the Instructor entity, and a
question mark is added after the int type designation to mark the property as nullable. The navigation
property is named Administrator but holds an Instructor entity:

93
publicint?InstructorID{get;set;}
publicvirtualInstructorAdministrator{get;set;}
• A department may have many courses, so there's a Courses navigation property:
publicvirtualICollectionCourses{get;set;}
Note By convention, the Entity Framework enables cascade delete for non-nullable foreign keys and for many-
to-many relationships. This can result in circular cascade delete rules, which will cause an exception when your
initializer code runs. For example, if you didn't define the Department.InstructorID property as nullable,
you'd get the following exception message when the initializer runs: "The referential relationship will result in a
cyclical reference that's not allowed."
Modifying the Student Entity
In ModelsStudent.cs, replace the code you added earlier with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassStudent
{

94
[MaxLength(50)]
[MaxLength(50)]
[Required(ErrorMessage="Enrollment date is required.")]
[Display(Name="Enrollment Date")]
{
get
{
}
}
}
}
This code just adds attributes that you've now already seen in the other classes.
Modifying the Enrollment Entity

95
In ModelsEnrollment.cs, replace the code you added earlier with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassEnrollment
{
publicintEnrollmentID{get;set;}
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:#.#}",ApplyFormatInEditMode=true,NullDisplayText=
"No grade")]
}
}

96
The foreign key properties and navigation properties reflect the following relationships:
• An enrollment record is for a single course, so there's a CourseID foreign key property and a Course
• An enrollment record is for a single student, so there's a StudentID foreign key property and a Student
Many-to-Many Relationships
There's a many-to-many relationship between the Student and Course entities, and the Enrollment entity
corresponds to a many-to-many join table with payload in the database. This means that the Enrollment table
contains additional data besides foreign keys for the joined tables (in this case, a primary key and a Grade
property).
The following illustration shows what these relationships look like in an entity diagram. (This diagram was
generated using the Entity Framework designer; creating the diagram isn't part of the tutorial, it's just being
used here as an illustration.)

97
Each relationship line has a 1 at one end and an asterisk (*) at the other, indicating a one-to-many relationship.
If the Enrollment table didn't include grade information, it would only need to contain the two foreign keys
CourseID and StudentID. In that case, it would correspond to a many-to-many join table without payload (or
a pure join table) in the database, and you wouldn't have to create a model class for it at all. The Instructor
and Course entities have that kind of many-to-many relationship, and as you can see, there is no entity class
between them:

98
A join table is required in the database, however, as shown in the following database diagram:

99
The Entity Framework automatically creates the CourseInstructor table, and you read and update it
indirectly by reading and updating the Instructor.Courses and Course.Instructors navigation
properties.
The DisplayFormat Attribute
The DisplayFormat attribute on the Grade property specifies how the data will be formatted:
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:#.#}",ApplyFormatInEditMode=true,NullDisplayText=
"No grade")]
• The grade displays as two digits separated by a period — for example, "3.5" or "4.0".
• The grade is also displayed this way in edit mode (in a text box).
• If there's no grade (the question mark after decimal indicates that the property is nullable), the text "No
grade" is displayed.
Entity Diagram Showing Relationships
The following illustration shows the diagram that the Entity Framework Database First designer creates for the
School model.

100
Besides the many-to-many relationship lines (* to *) and the one-to-many relationship lines (1 to *), you can see
here the one-to-zero-or-one relationship line (1 to 0..1) between the Instructor and OfficeAssignment
entities and the zero-or-one-to-many relationship line (0..1 to *) between the Instructor and Department
entities.

101
Customizing the Database Context
Next you'll add the new entities to the SchoolContext class and customize some of the mapping using fluent
API calls. (The API is "fluent" because it's often used by stringing a series of method calls together into a single
statement.) In some cases you need to use methods rather than attributes because there's no attribute for a
particular function. In other cases you can choose to use a method when both methods and attributes are
available. (Some people prefer not to use attributes.)
Replace the code in DALSchoolContext.cs with the following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions;
{
publicclassSchoolContext:DbContext
{
publicDbSet<Course>Courses{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Department>Departments{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Enrollment>Enrollments{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Instructor>Instructors{get;set;}
publicDbSet<Student>Students{get;set;}
publicDbSet<OfficeAssignment>OfficeAssignments{get;set;}
protectedoverridevoidOnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();
modelBuilder.Entity<Instructor>()
.HasOptional(p => p.OfficeAssignment).WithRequired(p => p.Instructor);
modelBuilder.Entity<Course>()
.HasMany(c => c.Instructors).WithMany(i => i.Courses)
.Map(t => t.MapLeftKey("CourseID")
.MapRightKey("InstructorID")
.ToTable("CourseInstructor"));
modelBuilder.Entity<Department>()

102
.HasOptional(x => x.Administrator);
}
}
}
The new statements in the OnModelCreating method specify the following relationships:
• A one-to-zero-or-one relationship between the Instructor and OfficeAssignment entities:
modelBuilder.Entity<Instructor>()
.HasOptional(p => p.OfficeAssignment).WithRequired(p => p.Instructor);
• A many-to-many relationship between the Instructor and Course entities. The code specifies the table
and column names for the join table. Code First can configure the many-to-many relationship for you
without this code, but if you don't call it, you will get default names such as InstructorInstructorID
for the InstructorID column.
.MapRightKey("InstructorID")
• A zero-or-one-to-many relationship between the Instructor and Department tables. In other words, a
department may or may not have an instructor assigned to it as administrator; the assigned administrator
is represented by the Department.Administrator navigation property:
modelBuilder.Entity<Department>()
.HasOptional(x => x.Administrator);
For more details about what these "fluent API" statements are doing behind the scenes, see the Fluent API blog
post on the ASP.NET User Education Team's blog.
Initializing the Database with Test Data

103
Earlier you created DALSchoolInitializer.cs to initialize your database with test data. Now replace the code in
that file with the following code in order to provide test data for the new entities you've created.
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Web;
{
publicclassSchoolInitializer:DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<SchoolContext>
{
protectedoverridevoidSeed(SchoolContext context)
{
var students =newList<Student>
{
newStudent{FirstMidName="Carson",LastName="Alexander",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("
2005-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Meredith",LastName="Alonso",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2
002-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Arturo",LastName="Anand",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003
-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Gytis",LastName="Barzdukas",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2
002-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Yan",LastName="Li",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-09-
01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Peggy",LastName="Justice",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("200
1-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Laura",LastName="Norman",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("2003
-09-01")},
newStudent{FirstMidName="Nino",LastName="Olivetto",EnrollmentDate=DateTime.Parse("200
5-09-01")}
};
students.ForEach(s => context.Students.Add(s));

104
var instructors =newList<Instructor>
{
newInstructor{FirstMidName="Kim",LastName="Abercrombie",HireDate=DateTime.Parse("1995
-03-11")},
newInstructor{FirstMidName="Fadi",LastName="Fakhouri",HireDate=DateTime.Parse("2002-
07-06")},
newInstructor{FirstMidName="Roger",LastName="Harui",HireDate=DateTime.Parse("1998-07-
01")},
newInstructor{FirstMidName="Candace",LastName="Kapoor",HireDate=DateTime.Parse("2001-
01-15")},
newInstructor{FirstMidName="Roger",LastName="Zheng",HireDate=DateTime.Parse("2004-02-
12")}
};
instructors.ForEach(s => context.Instructors.Add(s));
var departments =newList<Department>
{
newDepartment{Name="English",Budget=350000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
01"),InstructorID=1},
newDepartment{Name="Mathematics",Budget=100000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
newDepartment{Name="Engineering",Budget=350000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
newDepartment{Name="Economics",Budget=100000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
01"),InstructorID=4}
};
departments.ForEach(s => context.Departments.Add(s));
var courses =newList<Course>
{
newCourse{CourseID=1050,Title="Chemistry",Credits=3,DepartmentID=3,Instructors=newLis
t<Instructor>()},
newCourse{CourseID=4022,Title="Microeconomics",Credits=3,DepartmentID=4,Instructors=n
ewList<Instructor>()},
newCourse{CourseID=4041,Title="Macroeconomics",Credits=3,DepartmentID=4,Instructors=n
ewList<Instructor>()},

105
newCourse{CourseID=1045,Title="Calculus",Credits=4,DepartmentID=2,Instructors=newList
<Instructor>()},
newCourse{CourseID=3141,Title="Trigonometry",Credits=4,DepartmentID=2,Instructors=new
List<Instructor>()},
newCourse{CourseID=2021,Title="Composition",Credits=3,DepartmentID=1,Instructors=newL
ist<Instructor>()},
newCourse{CourseID=2042,Title="Literature",Credits=4,DepartmentID=1,Instructors=newLi
st<Instructor>()}
};
courses[0].Instructors.Add(instructors[0]);
var enrollments =newList<Enrollment>
{
newEnrollment{StudentID=4,CourseID=1050,},
};
enrollments.ForEach(s => context.Enrollments.Add(s));

106
var officeAssignments =newList<OfficeAssignment>
{
newOfficeAssignment{InstructorID=1,Location="Smith 17"},
newOfficeAssignment{InstructorID=2,Location="Gowan 27"},
newOfficeAssignment{InstructorID=3,Location="Thompson 304"},
};
officeAssignments.ForEach(s => context.OfficeAssignments.Add(s));
}
}
}
As you saw in the first tutorial, most of this code simply creates new entity objects and loads sample data into
properties as required for testing. However, notice how the Course entity, which has a many-to-many
relationship with the Instructor entity, is handled:
var courses =newList
{
newCourse{CourseID=1050,Title="Chemistry",Credits=3,DepartmentID=3,Instructors=newLis
t()},
...
};
...
When you create a Course object, you initialize the Instructors navigation property as an empty collection
using the code Instructors = new List(). This makes it possible to add Instructor entities that are
related to this Course by using the Instructors.Add method. If you didn't create an empty list, you wouldn't
be able to add these relationships, because the Instructors property would be null and wouldn't have an
Add method.

107
Note Remember that when you deploy an application to a production web server, you must remove any code
you've added to seed the database.
Dropping and Re-Creating the Database
Now run the site and select the Student Index page.
The page looks the same as it did before, but behind the scenes the database has been re-created.

108
If you don't see the Student Index page and instead you get an error that indicates that the School.sdf file is in
use (see the following illustration), you need to reopen Server Explorer and close the connection to the
database. Then try displaying the Student Index page again.
After viewing the Student Index page, open the database in Server Explorer as you did earlier, and expand the
Tables node to see that all of the tables have been created.

109
Besides EdmMetadata, you see one table you didn't create a model class for: CourseInstructor. As
explained earlier, this is a join table for the many-to-many relationship between the Instructor and Course
entities.
Right-click the CourseInstructor table and select Show Table Data to verify that it has data in it as a result
of the Instructor entities you added to the Course.Instructors navigation property.

110
You now have a more complex data model and corresponding database. In the following tutorial you'll learn
more about different ways to access related data.

111
Reading Related Data
In the previous tutorial you completed the School data model. In this tutorial you'll read and display related
data — that is, data that the Entity Framework loads into navigation properties.
The following illustrations show the pages that you'll work with.

112
Lazy, Eager, and Explicit Loading of Related Data

113
There are several ways that the Entity Framework can load related data into the navigation properties of an
entity:
• Lazy loading. When the entity is first read, related data isn't retrieved. However, the first time you attempt
to access a navigation property, the data required for that navigation property is automatically retrieved.
This results in multiple queries sent to the database — one for the entity itself and one each time that
related data for the entity must be retrieved.
• Eager loading. When the entity is read, related data is retrieved along with it. This typically results in a
single join query that retrieves all of the data that's needed. You specify eager loading by using the
Include method.
• Explicit loading. This is similar to lazy loading, except that you explicitly retrieve the related data in code; it
doesn't happen automatically when you access a navigation property. You load related data manually by
getting the object state manager entry for an entity and calling the Collection.Load method for
collections or the Reference.Load method for properties that hold a single entity. (In the following
example, if you wanted to load the Administrator navigation property, you'd replace Collection(x =>
x.Courses) with Reference(x => x.Administrator).)

114
Because they don't immediately retrieve the property values, lazy loading and explicit loading are also both
known as deferred loading.
In general, if you know you need related data for every entity retrieved, eager loading offers the best
performance, because a single query sent to the database is typically more efficient than separate queries for
each entity retrieved. For example, in the above examples, suppose that each department has ten related
courses. The eager loading example would result in just a single (join) query. The lazy loading and explicit
loading examples would both result in eleven queries.
On the other hand, if you need to access an entity's navigation properties only infrequently or only for a small
portion of a set of entities you're processing, lazy loading may be more efficient, because eager loading would
retrieve more data than you need. Typically you'd use explicit loading only when you've turned lazy loading off.
One scenario when you might turn lazy loading off is during serialization, when you know you don't need all
navigation properties loaded. If lazy loading were on, all navigation properties would all be loaded
automatically, because serialization accesses all properties.
The database context class performs lazy loading by default. There are two ways to turn off lazy loading:
• For specific navigation properties, omit the virtual keyword when you declare the property.
• For all navigation properties, set LazyLoadingEnabled to false.
Lazy loading can mask code that causes performance problems. For example, code that doesn't specify eager or
explicit loading but processes a high volume of entities and uses several navigation properties in each iteration
might be very inefficient (because of many round trips to the database), but it would work without errors if it
relies on lazy loading. Temporarily disabling lazy loading is one way to discover where the code is relying on
lazy loading, because without it the navigation properties will be null and the code will fail.
Creating a Courses Index Page That Displays Department Name

115
The Course entity includes a navigation property that contains the Department entity of the department that
the course is assigned to. To display the name of the assigned department in a list of courses, you need to get
the Name property from the Department entity that is in the Course.Department navigation property.
Create a controller for the Course entity type, using the same options that you did earlier for the Student
controller, as shown in the following illustration:
Open ControllersCourseController.cs and look at the Index method:
{
var courses = db.Courses.Include(c => c.Department);
returnView(courses.ToList());
}
The automatic scaffolding has specified eager loading for the Department navigation property by using the
Include method.
Open ViewsCourseIndex.cshtml and replace the existing code with the following code:

116
@modelIEnumerable<ContosoUniversity.Models.Course>
@{
ViewBag.Title="Courses";
}
<h2>Courses</h2>
<p>
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Number</th>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Credits</th>
<th>Department</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Edit","Edit",new{ id=item.CourseID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Details","Details",new{ id=item.CourseID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Delete","Delete",new{ id=item.CourseID})
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.CourseID)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Title)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Credits)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Department.Name)

117
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
You've made the following changes to the scaffolded code:
• Changed the heading from Index to Courses.
• Moved the row links to the left.
• Added a column under the heading Number that shows the CourseID property value. (Primary keys
aren't scaffolded because normally they are meaningless. However, in this case the primary key is
meaningful and you want to show it.)
• Changed the last column heading from DepartmentID (the name of the foreign key to the Department
entity) to Department.
Notice that for the last column, the scaffolded code displays the Name property of the Department entity that's
loaded into the Department navigation property:
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Department.Name)
</td>
Run the page (select the Courses tab on the Contoso University home page) to see the list with department
names.

118
Creating an Instructors Index Page That Shows Courses and Enrollments
In this section you'll create a controller and view for the Instructor entity in order to display the Instructors
Index page:

119
This page reads and displays related data in the following ways:

120
• The list of instructors displays related data from the OfficeAssignment entity. The Instructor and
OfficeAssignment entities are in a one-to-zero-or-one relationship. You'll use eager loading for the
OfficeAssignment entities. As explained earlier, eager loading is typically more efficient when you need
the related data for all retrieved rows of the primary table. In this case, you want to display office
assignments for all displayed instructors.
• When the user selects an instructor, related Course entities are displayed. The Instructor and Course
entities are in a many-to-many relationship. You will use eager loading for the Course entities and their
related Department entities. In this case, lazy loading might be more efficient because you need courses
only for the selected instructor. However, this example shows how to use eager loading for navigation
properties within entities that are themselves in navigation properties.
• When the user selects a course, related data from the Enrollments entity set is displayed. The Course
and Enrollment entities are in a one-to-many relationship. You'll add explicit loading for Enrollment
entities and their related Student entities. (Explicit loading isn't necessary because lazy loading is
enabled, but this shows how to do explicit loading.)
Creating a View Model for the Instructor Index View
The Instructor Index page shows three different tables. Therefore, you'll create a view model that includes three
properties, each holding the data for one of the tables.
In the ViewModels folder, create InstructorIndexData.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassInstructorIndexData
{
publicIEnumerable<Instructor>Instructors{get;set;}
publicIEnumerable<Course>Courses{get;set;}
publicIEnumerable<Enrollment>Enrollments{get;set;}
}
}
Adding a Style for Selected Rows

121
To mark selected rows you need a different background color. To provide a style for this UI, add the following
code to the section marked MISC in ContentSite.css, as shown in the following example:
/* MISC
----------------------------------------------------------*/
.selectedrow
{
background-color:#EEEEEE;
}
Creating the Instructor Controller and Views
Create a controller for the Instructor entity type, using the same options that you did earlier for the
Student controller, as shown in the following illustration:
Open ControllersInstructorController.cs and add a using statement for the ViewModels namespace:
usingContosoUniversity.ViewModels;

122
The scaffolded code in the Index method specifies eager loading only for the OfficeAssignment navigation
property:
{
var instructors = db.Instructors.Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment);
returnView(instructors.ToList());
}
Replace the Index method with the following code to load additional related data and put it in the view model:
publicActionResultIndex(Int32? id,Int32? courseID)
{
var viewModel =newInstructorIndexData();
viewModel.Instructors= db.Instructors
.Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
.Include(i => i.Courses.Select(c => c.Department))
.OrderBy(i => i.LastName);
if(id !=null)
{
ViewBag.InstructorID= id.Value;
viewModel.Courses= viewModel.Instructors.Where(i => i.InstructorID==
id.Value).Single().Courses;
}
if(courseID !=null)
{
ViewBag.CourseID= courseID.Value;
viewModel.Enrollments= viewModel.Courses.Where(x => x.CourseID==
courseID).Single().Enrollments;
}
returnView(viewModel);
}

123
The method accepts optional query string parameters that provide the ID values of the selected instructor and
selected course, and passes all of the required data to the view. The query string parameters are provided by
the Select hyperlinks on the page.
The code begins by creating an instance of the view model and putting in it the list of instructors:
.Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment);
This statement specifies eager loading for the Instructor.OfficeAssignment and the
Instructor.Courses navigation property. For the related Course entities, eager loading is specified for the
Course.Department navigation property by using the Select method within the Include method. The
results are sorted by last name.
If an instructor was selected, the selected instructor is retrieved from the list of instructors in the view model.
The view model's Courses property is then loaded with the Course entities from that instructor's Courses
navigation property.
if(id !=null)
{
}
The Where method returns a collection, but in this case the criteria passed to that method result in only a single
Instructor entity being returned. The Single method converts the collection into a single Instructor
entity, which gives you access to that entity's Courses property.
You use the Single method on a collection when you know the collection will have only one item. The Single
method throws an exception if the collection passed to it is empty or if there's more than one item. An
alternative is SingleOrDefault, which returns null if the collection is empty. However, in this case that would
still result in an exception (from trying to find a Courses property on a null reference), and the exception

124
message would less clearly indicate the cause of the problem. When you call the Single method, you can also
pass in the Where condition instead of calling the Where method separately:
.Single(i => i.InstructorID== id.Value)
Instead of:
.Where(I => i.InstructorID== id.Value).Single()
Next, if a course was selected, the selected course is retrieved from the list of courses in the view model. Then
the view model's Enrollments property is loaded with the Enrollment entities from that course's
Enrollments navigation property.
if(courseID !=null)
{
}
Finally, the view model is returned to the view:
Modifying the Instructor Index View
In ViewsInstructorIndex.cshtml, replace the existing code with the following code:
@modelContosoUniversity.ViewModels.InstructorIndexData
@{
ViewBag.Title="Instructors";
}
<h2>Instructors</h2>

125
<p>
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>FirstName</th>
<th>Hire Date</th>
<th>Office</th>
</tr>
@foreach(var item inModel.Instructors)
{
string selectedRow ="";
if(item.InstructorID==ViewBag.InstructorID)
{
selectedRow ="selectedrow";
}
<tr class="@selectedRow" valign="top">
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Select","Index",new{ id = item.InstructorID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Edit","Edit",new{ id = item.InstructorID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Details","Details",new{ id = item.InstructorID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Delete","Delete",new{ id = item.InstructorID})
</td>
<td>
@item.LastName
</td>
<td>
@item.FirstMidName
</td>
<td>
@String.Format("{0:d}", item.HireDate)
</td>
<td>
@if(item.OfficeAssignment!=null)
{

126
@item.OfficeAssignment.Location
}
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
You've made the following changes to the existing code:
• Changed the page title from Index to Instructors.
• Moved the row link columns to the left.
• Removed the FullName column.
• Added an Office column that displays item.OfficeAssignment.Location only if
item.OfficeAssignment is not null. (Because this is a one-to-zero-or-one relationship, there might not
be a related OfficeAssignment entity.)
<td>
@if (item.OfficeAssignment != null)
{
@item.OfficeAssignment.Location
}
</td>
• Added code that will dynamically add class="selectedrow" to the tr element of the selected
instructor. This sets a background color for the selected row using the CSS class that you created earlier.
(The valign attribute will be useful in the following tutorial when you add a multirow column to the
table.)
if(item.InstructorID==ViewBag.InstructorID)
{
}
<tr class="@selectedRow" valign="top">

127
• Added a new ActionLink labeled Select immediately before the other links in each row, which causes
the selected instructor ID to be sent to the Index method.
Run the page to see the list of instructors. The page displays the Location property of related
OfficeAssignment entities and an empty table cell when there's no related OfficeAssignment entity.
While you still have ViewsInstructorIndex.cshtml open, after the table element, add the following code. This
displays a list of courses related to an instructor when an instructor is selected.
@if(Model.Courses!=null)
{
<h3>CoursesTaughtbySelectedInstructor</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>

128
<th>ID</th>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Department</th>
</tr>
@foreach(var item inModel.Courses)
{
if(item.CourseID==ViewBag.CourseID)
{
}
<tr class="@selectedRow">
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Select","Index",new{ courseID = item.CourseID})
</td>
<td>
@item.CourseID
</td>
<td>
@item.Title
</td>
<td>
@item.Department.Name
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
}
This code reads the Courses property of the view model to display a list of courses. It also provides a Select
hyperlink that sends the ID of the selected course to the Index action method.
Run the page and select an instructor. Now you see a grid that displays courses assigned to the selected
instructor, and for each course you see the name of the assigned department.

129
Note If the selected row isn't highlighted, click the Refresh button on your browser; this is sometimes required
in order to reload the .css file.
After the code block you just added, add the following code. This displays a list of the students who are
enrolled in a course when that course is selected.

130
@if(Model.Enrollments!=null)
{
<h3>
StudentsEnrolledinSelectedCourse</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Grade</th>
</tr>
@foreach(var item inModel.Enrollments)
{
<tr>
<td>
@item.Student.FullName
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Grade)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
}
This code reads the Enrollments property of the view model in order to display a list of students enrolled in
the course. The DisplayFor helper is used so that null grades will display as "No grade", as specified in the
DisplayFormat data annotation attribute for that field.
Run the page and select an instructor. Then select a course to see the list of enrolled students and their grades.

132
Open InstructorController.cs and look at how the Index method gets the list of enrollments for a selected
course:
if(courseID !=null)
{
}
When you retrieved the list of instructors, you specified eager loading for the Courses navigation property and
for the Department property of each course. Then you put the Courses collection in the view model, and now
you're accessing the Enrollments navigation property from one entity in that collection. Because you didn't
specify eager loading for the Course.Enrollments navigation property, the data from that property is
appearing in the page as a result of lazy loading.
If you disabled lazy loading without changing the code in any other way, the Enrollments property would be
null regardless of how many enrollments the course actually had. In that case, to load the Enrollments
property, you'd have to specify either eager loading or explicit loading. You've already seen how to do eager
loading. In order to see an example of explicit loading, replace the Index method with the following code,
which explicitly loads the Enrollments property:
publicActionResultIndex(Int32? id,Int32? courseID)
{
if(id !=null)
{
}

133
if(courseID !=null)
{
var selectedCourse = viewModel.Courses.Where(x => x.CourseID== courseID).Single();
db.Entry(selectedCourse).Collection(x => x.Enrollments).Load();
foreach(Enrollment enrollment in selectedCourse.Enrollments)
{
db.Entry(enrollment).Reference(x => x.Student).Load();
}
viewModel.Enrollments= selectedCourse.Enrollments;
}
}
After getting the selected Course entity, the new code explicitly loads that course's Enrollments navigation
property:
db.Entry(selectedCourse).Collection(x => x.Enrollments).Load();
Then it explicitly loads each Enrollment entity's related Student entity:
db.Entry(enrollment).Reference(x => x.Student).Load();
Notice that you use the Collection method to load a collection property, but for a property that holds just
one entity, you use the Reference method. You can run the Instructor Index page now and you'll see no
difference in what's displayed on the page, although you've changed how the data is retrieved.
You've now used all three ways (lazy, eager, and explicit) to load related data into navigation properties. In the
next tutorial you'll learn how to update related data.
Links to other Entity Framework resources, can be found at the end of the last tutorial in this series.

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135
Updating Related Data
In the previous tutorial you displayed related data; in in this tutorial you'll update related data. For most
relationships, this can be done by updating the appropriate foreign key fields. For many-to-many relationships,
the Entity Framework doesn't expose the join table directly, so you must explicitly add and remove entities to
and from the appropriate navigation properties.
The following illustrations show the pages that you'll work with.

138
Customizing the Create and Edit Pages for Courses
When a new course entity is created, it must have a relationship to an existing department. To facilitate this, the
scaffolded code includes controller methods and Create and Edit views that include a drop-down list for
selecting the department. The drop-down list sets the Course.DepartmentID foreign key property, and that

139
is all the Entity Framework needs in order to load the Department navigation property with the appropriate
Department entity. You'll use the scaffolded code, but change it slightly to add error handling and sort the
drop-down list.
In CourseController.cs, delete the four Edit and Create methods and replace them with the following code:
publicActionResultCreate()
{
PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList();
returnView();
}
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultCreate(Course course)
{
try
{
{
db.Courses.Add(course);
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
{
persists, see your system administrator.");
}
PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
returnView(course);
}
publicActionResultEdit(int id)
{
Course course = db.Courses.Find(id);

140
returnView(course);
}
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(Course course)
{
try
{
{
db.Entry(course).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
{
}
returnView(course);
}
privatevoidPopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(object selectedDepartment =null)
{
var departmentsQuery =from d in db.Departments
orderby d.Name
select d;
ViewBag.DepartmentID=newSelectList(departmentsQuery,"DepartmentID","Name",
selectedDepartment);
}
The PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList method gets a list of all departments sorted by name, creates a
SelectList collection for a drop-down list, and passes the collection to the view in a ViewBag property. The

141
method accepts a parameter that allows the caller to optionally specify the item that will be selected initially
when the drop-down list is rendered.
The HttpGetCreate method calls the PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList method without setting the
selected item, because for a new course the department is not established yet:
{
returnView();
}
The HttpGetEdit method sets the selected item, based on the ID of the department that is already assigned
to the course being edited:
{
Course course = db.Courses.Find(id);
returnView(course);
}
The HttpPost methods for both Create and Edit also include code that sets the selected item when they
redisplay the page after an error:
{
}
returnView(course);
This code ensures that when the page is redisplayed to show the error message, whatever department was
selected stays selected.

142
In ViewsCourseCreate.cshtml, add a new field before the Title field to allow the user to enter the course
number. As explained in an earlier tutorial, primary key fields aren't scaffolded, but this primary key is
meaningful, so you want the user to be able to enter the key value.
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.CourseID)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>
In ViewsCourseEdit.cshtml, ViewsCourseDelete.cshtml, and ViewsCourseDetails.cshtml, add a new field
before the Title field to display the course number. Because it's the primary key, it's displayed, but it can't be
changed.
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>
Run the Create page (display the Course Index page and click Create New) and enter data for a new course:

144
Click Create. The Course Index page is displayed with the new course added to the list. The department name
in the Index page list comes from the navigation property, showing that the relationship was established
correctly.
Run the Edit page (display the Course Index page and click Edit on a course).

145
Change data on the page and click Save. The Course Index page is displayed with the updated course data.

146
Adding an Edit Page for Instructors
When you edit an instructor record, you want to be able to update the instructor's office assignment. The
Instructor entity has a one-to-zero-or-one relationship with the OfficeAssignment entity, which means
you must handle the following situations:
• If the user clears the office assignment and it originally had a value, you must remove and delete the
OfficeAssignment entity.
• If the user enters an office assignment value and it originally was empty, you must create a new
• If the user changes the value of an office assignment, you must change the value in an existing
Open InstructorController.cs and look at the HttpGetEdit method:
{
Instructor instructor = db.Instructors.Find(id);
ViewBag.InstructorID=newSelectList(db.OfficeAssignments,"InstructorID","Location",
instructor.InstructorID);
returnView(instructor);
}
The scaffolded code here isn't what you want. It's setting up data for a drop-down list, but you what you need
is a text box. Replace this method with the following code:
{
Instructor instructor = db.Instructors
.Include(i => i.Courses)
.Where(i => i.InstructorID== id)
.Single();
}

147
This code drops the ViewBag statement and adds eager loading for associated OfficeAssignment and
Course entities. (You don't need Courses now, but you'll need it later.) You can't perform eager loading with
the Find method, so the Where and Single methods are used instead to select the instructor.
Replace the HttpPostEdit method with the following code. which handles office assignment updates:
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(int id,FormCollection formCollection)
{
var instructorToUpdate = db.Instructors
.Single();
if(TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate,"",null,newstring[]{"Courses"}))
{
try
{
if(String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment.Location))
{
instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment=null;
}
db.Entry(instructorToUpdate).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
{
returnView();
}
}
returnView(instructorToUpdate);
}

148
The code does the following:
• Gets the current Instructor entity from the database using eager loading for the OfficeAssignment
and Courses navigation properties. This is the same as what you did in the HttpGetEdit method.
• Updates the retrieved Instructor entity with values from the model binder, excluding the Courses
If(TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate,"",null,newstring[]{"Courses"}))
(The second and third parameters specify no prefix on the property names and no list of properties to
include.) If validation fails, TryUpdateModel returns false, and the code falls through to the return
View statement at the end of the method.
• If the office location is blank, sets the Instructor.OfficeAssignment property to null so that the
related row in the OfficeAssignment table will be deleted.
{
}
• Saves the changes to the database.
In ViewsInstructorEdit.cshtml, after the div elements for the Hire Date field, add a new field for editing the
office location:
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
</div>
Run the page (select the Instructors tab and then click Edit on an instructor).

150
Change the Office Location and click Save.

152
The new location appears on the Index page, and you can see the table row when you open the
OfficeAssignment table in Server Explorer.
Return to the Edit page, clear the Office Location and click Save. The Index page shows a blank office location
and Server Explorer shows that the row has been deleted.
Return to the Edit page, enter a new value in the Office Location and click Save. The Index page shows the
new location, and Server Explorer shows that a row has been created.

153
Adding Course Assignments to the Instructor Edit Page
Instructors may teach any number of courses. You'll now enhance the Instructor Edit page by adding the ability
to change course assignments using a group of check boxes, as shown in the following screen shot:

154
The relationship between the Course and Instructor entities is many-to-many, which means you do not
have direct access to the join table or foreign key fields. Instead, you will add and remove entities to and from
the Instructor.Courses navigation property.
The UI that enables you to change which courses an instructor is assigned to is a group of check boxes. A check
box for every course in the database is displayed, and the ones that the instructor is currently assigned to are
selected. The user can select or clear check boxes to change course assignments. If the number of courses were
much greater, you probably would want to use a different method of presenting the data in the view, but you'd
use the same method of manipulating navigation properties in order to create or delete relationships.
To provide data to the view for the list of check boxes, you'll use a view model class. Create
AssignedCourseData.cs in the ViewModels folder and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassAssignedCourseData
{
publicboolAssigned{get;set;}
}
}
In InstructorController.cs, in the HttpGetEdit method, call a new method that provides information for the
check box array using the new view model class, as shown in the following example:
{
Instructor instructor = db.Instructors
.Single();

155
PopulateAssignedCourseData(instructor);
}
privatevoidPopulateAssignedCourseData(Instructor instructor)
{
var allCourses = db.Courses;
var instructorCourses =newHashSet<int>(instructor.Courses.Select(c => c.CourseID));
var viewModel =newList<AssignedCourseData>();
foreach(var course in allCourses)
{
viewModel.Add(newAssignedCourseData
{
CourseID= course.CourseID,
Title= course.Title,
Assigned= instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID)
});
}
ViewBag.Courses= viewModel;
}
The code in the new method reads through all Course entities in order to load a list of courses using the view
model class. For each course, the code checks whether the course exists in the instructor's Courses navigation
property. To create efficient lookup when checking whether a course is assigned to the instructor, the courses
assigned to the instructor are put into a HashSet collection. The Assigned property of courses that are
assigned to the instructor is set to true. The view will use this property to determine which check boxes must
be displayed as selected. Finally, the list is passed to the view in a ViewBag property.
Next, add the code that's executed when the user clicks Save. Replace the HttpPostEdit method with the
following code, which calls a new method that updates the Courses navigation property of the Instructor
entity.
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(int id,FormCollection formCollection,string[] selectedCourses)
{
var instructorToUpdate = db.Instructors

156
.Single();
if(TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate,"",null,newstring[]{"Courses"}))
{
try
{
{
}
UpdateInstructorCourses(selectedCourses, instructorToUpdate);
db.Entry(instructorToUpdate).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
{
}
}
PopulateAssignedCourseData(instructorToUpdate);
returnView(instructorToUpdate);
}
privatevoidUpdateInstructorCourses(string[] selectedCourses,Instructor
instructorToUpdate)
{
if(selectedCourses ==null)
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses=newList<Course>();
return;
}

157
var selectedCoursesHS =newHashSet<string>(selectedCourses);
var instructorCourses =newHashSet<int>
(instructorToUpdate.Courses.Select(c => c.CourseID));
foreach(var course in db.Courses)
{
if(selectedCoursesHS.Contains(course.CourseID.ToString()))
{
if(!instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses.Add(course);
}
}
else
{
if(instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses.Remove(course);
}
}
}
}
If no check boxes were selected, the code in UpdateInstructorCourses initializes the Courses navigation
property with an empty collection:
if(selectedCourses ==null)
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses=newList();
return;
}
The code then loops through all courses in the database. If the check box for a course was selected but the
course isn't in the Instructor.Courses navigation property, the course is added to the collection in the
navigation property.

158
if(selectedCoursesHS.Contains(course.CourseID.ToString()))
{
if(!instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses.Add(course);
}
}
If a course wasn't selected, but the course is in the Instructor.Courses navigation property, the course is
removed from the navigation property.
else
{
if(instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
{
instructorToUpdate.Courses.Remove(course);
}
}
In ViewsInstructorEdit.cshtml, add a Courses field with an array of check boxes by adding the following code
immediately after the div elements for the OfficeAssignment field:
<table>
<tr>
@{
int cnt = 0;
List<ContosoUniversity.ViewModels.AssignedCourseData> courses =
ViewBag.Courses;
foreach (var course in courses) {
if (cnt++ % 3 == 0) {
@: </tr><tr>
}
@: <td>
<inputtype="checkbox"

159
name="selectedCourses"
value="@course.CourseID"
@(Html.Raw(course.Assigned ? "checked="checked"" :
"")) />
@course.CourseID @: @course.Title
@:</td>
}
@: </tr>
}
</table>
</div>
This code creates an HTML table that has three columns. In each column is a check box followed by a caption
that consists of the course number and title. The check boxes all have the same name ("selectedCourses"),
which informs the model binder that they are to be treated as a group. The value attribute of each check box
is set to the value of CourseID. When the page is posted, the model binder passes an array to the controller
that consists of the CourseID values for only the check boxes which are selected.
When the check boxes are initially rendered, those that are for courses already assigned to the instructor have
checked attributes, which selects them.
After changing course assignments, you'll want to be able to verify the changes when the site returns to the
Index page. Therefore, you need to add a column to the table in that page. In this case you don't need to use
the ViewBag object, because the information you want to display is already in the Courses navigation
property of the Instructor entity that you're passing to the page as the model.
In ViewsInstructorIndex.cshtml, add a <th>Courses</th> heading cell immediately following the
<th>Office</th> heading, as shown in the following example:
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Hire Date</th>
<th>Office</th>
<th>Courses</th>
</tr>

160
Then add a new detail cell immediately following the office location detail cell:
<td>
@{
foreach (var course in item.Courses)
{
@course.CourseID @: @course.Title <br/>
}
}
</td>
Run the Instructor Index page to see the courses assigned to each instructor:
Click Edit on an instructor to see the Edit page.

161
Change some course assignments and click Save. The changes you make are reflected on the Index page.
You have now completed this introduction to working with related data. So far in these tutorials you've done a
full range of CRUD operations, but you haven't dealt with concurrency issues. The next tutorial will introduce

162
the topic of concurrency, explain options for handling it, and add concurrency handling to the CRUD code
you've already written for one entity type.
Links to other Entity Framework resources, can be found at the end of the last tutorial in this series.

163
Handling Concurrency
In the previous two tutorials you worked with related data. This tutorial shows how to handle concurrency.
You'll create web pages that work with the Department entity, and the pages that edit and delete
Department entities will handle concurrency errors. The following illustrations show the Index and Delete
pages, including some messages that are displayed if a concurrency conflict occurs.

165
Concurrency Conflicts
A concurrency conflict occurs when one user displays an entity's data in order to edit it, and then another user
updates the same entity's data before the first user's change is written to the database. If you don't set up the
Entity Framework to detect such conflicts, whoever updates the database last overwrites the other user's
changes. In many applications, this risk is acceptable: if there are few users, or few updates, or if isn't really
critical if some changes are overwritten, the cost of programming for concurrency might outweigh the benefit.
In that case, you don't have to configure the application to handle concurrency conflicts.
Pessimistic Concurrency (Locking)
If your application does need to prevent accidental data loss in concurrency scenarios, one way to do that is to
use database locks. This is called pessimistic concurrency. For example, before you read a row from a database,
you request a lock for read-only or for update access. If you lock a row for update access, no other users are
allowed to lock the row either for read-only or update access, because they would get a copy of data that's in
the process of being changed. If you lock a row for read-only access, others can also lock it for read-only access
but not for update.
Managing locks has some disadvantages. It can be complex to program. It requires significant database
management resources, and it can cause performance problems as the number of users of an application
increases (that is, it doesn't scale well). For these reasons, not all database management systems support
pessimistic concurrency. The Entity Framework provides no built-in support for it, and this tutorial doesn't show
you how to implement it.
Optimistic Concurrency
The alternative to pessimistic concurrency is optimistic concurrency. Optimistic concurrency means allowing
concurrency conflicts to happen, and then reacting appropriately if they do. For example, John runs the
Departments Edit page, changes the Budget amount for the English department from $350,000.00 to
$100,000.00. (John administers a competing department and wants to free up money for his own department.)

167
Before John clicks Save, Jane runs the same page and changes the Start Date field from 9/1/2007 to 1/1/1999.
(Jane administers the History department and wants to give it more seniority.)

169
John clicks Save first and sees his change when the browser returns to the Index page, then Jane clicks Save.
What happens next is determined by how you handle concurrency conflicts. Some of the options include the
following:
• You can keep track of which property a user has modified and update only the corresponding columns in
the database. In the example scenario, no data would be lost, because different properties were updated
by the two users. The next time someone browses the English department, they'll see both John's and
Jane's changes — a start date of 1/1/999 and a budget of $100,000.00.
This method of updating can reduce the number of conflicts that could result in data loss, but it can't
avoid data loss if competing changes are made to the same property of an entity. Whether the Entity
Framework works this way depends on how you implement your update code. It's often not practical in a
web application, because it can require that you maintain large amounts of state in order to keep track of
all original values as well as new values. Maintaining large amounts of state can affect application
performance because it either requires server resources or must be included in the web page itself (for
example, in hidden fields).
• You can let Jane's change overwrite John's change. The next time someone browses the English
department, they'll see 1/1/1999 and the restored $350,000.00 value. This is called a Client Wins or Last in
Wins scenario. (The client's values take precedence over what's in the data store.) As noted in the
introduction to this section, if you don't do any coding for concurrency handling, this will happen
automatically.
• You can prevent Jane's change from being updated in the database. Typically, you would display an error
message, show her the current state of the data, and allow her to reapply her changes if she still wants to
make them. This is called a Store Wins scenario. (The data-store values take precedence over the values
submitted by the client.) You'll implement the Store Wins scenario in this tutorial. This method ensures
that no changes are overwritten without a user being alerted to what's happening.
Detecting Concurrency Conflicts
You can resolve conflicts by handling OptimisticConcurrencyException exceptions that the Entity
Framework throws. In order to know when to throw these exceptions, the Entity Framework must be able to
detect conflicts. Therefore, you must configure the database and the data model appropriately. Some options
for enabling conflict detection include the following:
• In the database table, include a tracking column that can be used to determine when a row has been
changed. You can then configure the Entity Framework to include that column in the Where clause of SQL
Update or Delete commands.

170
The data type of the tracking column is typically timestamp, but it doesn't actually contain a date or time
value. Instead, the value is a sequential number that's incremented each time the row is updated.
(Therefore the same type can be called rowversion in recent versions of SQL Server.) In an Update or
Delete command, the Where clause includes the original value of the tracking column. If the row being
updated has been changed by another user, the value in that column is different than the original value,
so the Update or Delete statement can't find the row to update because of the Where clause. When the
Entity Framework finds that no rows have been updated by the Update or Delete command (that is,
when the number of affected rows is zero), it interprets that as a concurrency conflict.
• Configure the Entity Framework to include the original values of every column in the table in the Where
clause of Update and Delete commands.
As in the first option, if anything in the row has changed since the row was first read, the Where clause
won't return a row to update, which the Entity Framework interprets as a concurrency conflict. This
method is as effective as using a tracking column. However, for database tables that have many columns,
this approach can result in very large Where clauses, and can require that you maintain large amounts of
state. As noted earlier, maintaining large amounts of state can affect application performance because it
either requires server resources or must be included in the web page itself. Therefore this approach
generally not recommended, and it isn't the method used in this tutorial.
In the remainder of this tutorial you'll add a tracking property to the Department entity, create a controller and
views, and test to verify that everything works correctly.
Note If you were implementing concurrency without a tracking column, you would have to mark all non-
primary-key properties in the entity for concurrency tracking by adding the ConcurrencyCheck attribute to
them. That change would enable the Entity Framework to include all columns in the SQL WHERE clause of
UPDATE statements.
Adding a Tracking Property to the Department Entity
In ModelsDepartment.cs, add a tracking property:
[Timestamp]
publicByte[]Timestamp{get;set;}
The Timestamp attribute specifies that this column will be included in the Where clause of Update and
Delete commands sent to the database.

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Creating a Department Controller
Create a Department controller and views the same way you did the other controllers, using the following
settings:
In ControllersDepartmentController.cs, add a using statement:
usingSystem.Data.Entity.Infrastructure;
Change "LastName" to "FullName" everywhere in this file (four occurrences) so that the department
administrator drop-down lists will contain the full name of the instructor rather than just the last name.
Replace the existing code for the HttpPostEdit method with the following code:
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(Department department)
{
try
{

172
{
db.Entry(department).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
catch(DbUpdateConcurrencyException ex)
{
var entry = ex.Entries.Single();
var databaseValues =(Department)entry.GetDatabaseValues().ToObject();
var clientValues =(Department)entry.Entity;
if(databaseValues.Name!= clientValues.Name)
ModelState.AddModelError("Name","Current value: "
+ databaseValues.Name);
if(databaseValues.Budget!= clientValues.Budget)
ModelState.AddModelError("Budget","Current value: "
+String.Format("{0:c}", databaseValues.Budget));
if(databaseValues.StartDate!= clientValues.StartDate)
ModelState.AddModelError("StartDate","Current value: "
+String.Format("{0:d}", databaseValues.StartDate));
if(databaseValues.InstructorID!= clientValues.InstructorID)
ModelState.AddModelError("InstructorID","Current value: "
+ db.Instructors.Find(databaseValues.InstructorID).FullName);
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty,"The record you attempted to edit "
+"was modified by another user after you got the original value. The "
+"edit operation was canceled and the current values in the database "
+"have been displayed. If you still want to edit this record, click "
+"the Save button again. Otherwise click the Back to List hyperlink.");
department.Timestamp= databaseValues.Timestamp;
}
{
//Log the error (add a variable name after Exception)
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty,"Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the
problem persists contact your system administrator.");
}

173
ViewBag.InstructorID=newSelectList(db.Instructors,"InstructorID","FullName",
department.InstructorID);
returnView(department);
}
The view will store the original timestamp value in a hidden field. When the model binder creates the
department instance, that object will have the original Timestamp property value and the new values for the
other properties, as entered by the user on the Edit page. Then when the Entity Framework creates a SQL
UPDATE command, that command will include a WHERE clause that looks for a row that has the original
Timestamp value.
If zero rows are affected by the UPDATE command, the Entity Framework throws a
DbUpdateConcurrencyException exception, and the code in the catch block gets the affected
Department entity from the exception object. This entity has both the values read from the database and the
new values entered by the user:
var entry = ex.Entries.Single();
var databaseValues =(Department)entry.GetDatabaseValues().ToObject();
var clientValues =(Department)entry.Entity;
Next, the code adds a custom error message for each column that has database values different from what the
user entered on the Edit page:
if(databaseValues.Name!= currentValues.Name)
ModelState.AddModelError("Name","Current value: "+ databaseValues.Name);
// ...
A longer error message explains what happened and what to do about it:
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty,"The record you attempted to edit "
+"was modified by another user after you got the original value. The"
+"edit operation was canceled and the current values in the database "
+"have been displayed. If you still want to edit this record, click "
+"the Save button again. Otherwise click the Back to List hyperlink.");

174
Finally, the code sets the Timestamp value of the Department object to the new value retrieved from the
database. This new Timestamp value will be stored in the hidden field when the Edit page is redisplayed, and
the next time the user clicks Save, only concurrency errors that happen since the redisplay of the Edit page will
be caught.
In ViewsDepartmentEdit.cshtml, add a hidden field to save the Timestamp property value, immediately
following the hidden field for the DepartmentID property:
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.Timestamp)
In ViewsDepartmentIndex.cshtml, replace the existing code with the following code to move row links to the
left and change the page title and column headings to display FullName instead of LastName in the
Administrator column:
@modelIEnumerable<ContosoUniversity.Models.Department>
@{
ViewBag.Title="Departments";
}
<h2>Departments</h2>
<p>
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Budget</th>
<th>Start Date</th>
<th>Administrator</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>

175
@Html.ActionLink("Edit","Edit",new{ id=item.DepartmentID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Details","Details",new{ id=item.DepartmentID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Delete","Delete",new{ id=item.DepartmentID})
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Name)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Budget)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.StartDate)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Administrator.FullName)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
Testing Optimistic Concurrency Handling
Run the site and click Departments:

176
Click an Edit hyperlink and then open a new browser window and go to the same URL in that window. The
windows display the same information.

178
Change a field in the first browser window and click Save.

180
The browser shows the Index page with the changed value.
Change the same field to a different value in the second browser window.

182
Click Save in the second browser window. You see an error message:

184
Click Save again. The value you entered in the second browser is saved in the database and you see that value
when the Index page appears.
Adding a Delete Page
For the Delete page, the Entity Framework detects concurrency conflicts in a similar manner. When the
HttpGetDelete method displays the confirmation view, the view includes the original Timestamp value in a
hidden field. That value is then available to the HttpPostDelete method that's called when the user confirms
the deletion. When the Entity Framework creates the SQL DELETE command, it includes a WHERE clause with
the original Timestamp value. If the command results in zero rows affected (meaning the row was changed
after the Delete confirmation page was displayed), a concurrency exception is thrown, and the HttpGet
Delete method is called with an error flag set to true in order to redisplay the confirmation page with an
error message.
In DepartmentController.cs, replace the HttpGetDelete method with the following code:

185
publicActionResultDelete(int id,bool? concurrencyError)
{
if(concurrencyError.GetValueOrDefault())
{
ViewBag.ConcurrencyErrorMessage="The record you attempted to delete "
+"was modified by another user after you got the original values. "
+"The delete operation was canceled and the current values in the "
+"database have been displayed. If you still want to delete this "
+"record, click the Delete button again. Otherwise "
+"click the Back to List hyperlink.";
}
Department department = db.Departments.Find(id);
}
The method accepts an optional parameter that indicates whether the page is being redisplayed after a
concurrency error. If this flag is true, error message text is sent to the view using a ViewBag property.
Replace the code in the HttpPostDelete method (named DeleteConfirmed) with the following code:
publicActionResultDeleteConfirmed(Department department)
{
try
{
db.Entry(department).State=EntityState.Deleted;
db.SaveChanges();
}
catch(DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
{
newSystem.Web.Routing.RouteValueDictionary{{"concurrencyError",true}});
}
{

186
//Log the error (add a variable name after Exception)
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty,"Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the
problem persists contact your system administrator.");
}
}
In the scaffolded code that you just replaced, this method accepted only a record ID:
You've changed this parameter to a Department entity instance created by the model binder. This gives you
access to the Timestamp property value in addition to the record key.
publicActionResultDeleteConfirmed(Department department)
If a concurrency error is caught, the code redisplays the Delete confirmation page and provides a flag that
indicates it should display a concurrency error message.
In ViewsDepartmentDelete.cshtml, replace the scaffolded code with the following code to make some
formatting changes and add an error message field:
@modelContosoUniversity.Models.Department
@{
ViewBag.Title="Delete";
}
<h2>Delete</h2>
<p class="error">@ViewBag.ConcurrencyErrorMessage</p>
<h3>Are you sure you want to deletethis?</h3>
<fieldset>
<legend>Department</legend>

187
<div class="display-label">
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name)
</div>
<div class="display-field">
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Name)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Budget)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Budget)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.StartDate)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.StartDate)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.InstructorID)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Administrator.FullName)
</div>
</fieldset>
@using(Html.BeginForm()){
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.DepartmentID)
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Delete"/>|
@Html.ActionLink("Back to List","Index")
</p>
}

188
This code adds an error message between the h2 and h3 headings:
<pclass="error">@ViewBag.ConcurrencyErrorMessage</p>
It replaces LastName with FullName in the Administrator field:
<divclass="display-label">
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.InstructorID)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Administrator.FullName)
</div>
Finally, it adds hidden fields for the DepartmentID and Timestamp properties after the Html.BeginForm
statement:
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.DepartmentID)
Run the Departments Index page and open a second browser window with the same URL.
In the first window, click Edit on a department and change one of the values, but don't click Save yet:

190
In the second window, select Delete on the same department. The Delete confirmation page appears.

191
Click Save in the first browser window. The Index page confirms the change.
Now click Delete in the second browser. You see the concurrency error message, and the Department values
are refreshed with what's currently in the database.

193
If you click Delete again, you're redirected to the Index page, which shows that the department has been
deleted.
This completes the introduction to handling concurrency conflicts. For information about other ways to handle
various concurrency scenarios, see Optimistic Concurrency Patterns and Working with Property Values on the
Entity Framework team blog. The next tutorial shows how to implement table-per-hierarchy inheritance for the
Instructor and Student entities.

194
Implementing Inheritance
In the previous tutorial you handled concurrency exceptions. This tutorial will show you how to implement
inheritance in the data model.
In object-oriented programming, you can use inheritance to eliminate redundant code. In this tutorial, you'll
change the Instructor and Student classes so that they derive from a Person base class which contains
properties such as LastName that are common to both instructors and students. You won't add or change any
web pages, but you'll change some of the code and those changes will be automatically reflected in the
database.
Table-per-Hierarchy versus Table-per-Type Inheritance
In object-oriented programming, you can use inheritance to make it easier to work with related classes. For
example, the Instructor and Student classes in the School data model share several properties, which
results in redundant code:
Suppose you want to eliminate the redundant code for the properties that are shared by the Instructor and
Student entities. You could create a Person base class which contains only those shared properties, then
make the Instructor and Student entities inherit from that base class, as shown in the following illustration:

195
There are several ways this inheritance structure could be represented in the database. You could have a
Person table that includes information about both students and instructors in a single table. Some of the
columns could apply only to instructors (HireDate), some only to students (EnrollmentDate), some to both
(LastName, FirstName). Typically you'd have a discriminator column to indicate which type each row
represents. (In this case , the discriminator column might have "Instructor" for instructors and "Student" for
students.)
This pattern of generating an entity inheritance structure from a single database table is called table-per-
hierarchy (TPH) inheritance.

196
An alternative is to make the database look more like the inheritance structure. For example, you could have
only the name fields in the Person table and have separate Instructor and Student tables with the date
fields.
This pattern of making a database table for each entity class is called table per type (TPT) inheritance.
TPH inheritance patterns generally deliver better performance in the Entity Framework than TPT inheritance
patterns, because TPT patterns can result in complex join queries. This tutorial demonstrates how to implement
TPH inheritance. You'll do that by performing the following steps:
• Create a Person class and change the Instructor and Student classes to derive from Person.
• Add model-to-database mapping code to the database context class.
• Change InstructorID and StudentID references throughout the project to PersonID.
Creating the Person Class
In the Models folder, create Person.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{

197
publicabstractclassPerson
{
[Key]
publicintPersonID{get;set;}
[MaxLength(50)]
[MaxLength(50)]
{
get
{
}
}
}
}
In Instructor.cs, derive the Instructor class from the Person class and remove the key and name fields. The
code will look like the following example:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassInstructor:Person
{

198
[Required(ErrorMessage="Hire date is required.")]
[Display(Name="Hire Date")]
publicDateTime?HireDate{get;set;}
}
}
Make similar changes to Student.cs. The Student class will look like the following example:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassStudent:Person
{
[Required(ErrorMessage="Enrollment date is required.")]
[Display(Name="Enrollment Date")]
}
}
Adding the Person Entity Type to the Model
In SchoolContext.cs, add a DbSet property for the Person entity type:
publicDbSet<Person>People{get;set;}

199
This is all that the Entity Framework needs in order to configure table-per-hierarchy inheritance. As you'll see,
when the database is re-created, it will have a Person table in place of the Student and Instructor tables.
Changing InstructorID and StudentID to PersonID
In SchoolContext.cs, in the Instructor-Course mapping statement, change MapRightKey("InstructorID") to
MapRightKey("PersonID"):
.MapRightKey("PersonID")
This change isn't required; it just changes the name of the InstructorID column in the many-to-many join table.
If you left the name as InstructorID, the application would still work correctly.
Next, perform a global change (all files in the project) to change InstructorID to PersonID and StudentID
to PersonID. Make sure that this change is case-sensitive. (Note that this demonstrates a disadvantage of the
classnameID pattern for naming primary keys. If you had named primary keys ID without prefixing the class
name, no renaming would be necessary now.)
Adjusting Primary Key Values in the Initializer
In SchoolInitializer.cs, the code currently assumes that primary key values for Student and Instructor
entities are numbered separately. This is still correct for Student entities (they'll still be 1 through 8), but
Instructor entities will now be 9 through 13 instead of 1 through 5, because the block of code that adds
instructors comes after the one that adds students in the initializer class. Replace the code that seeds the
Department and OfficeAssignment entity sets with the following code that uses the new ID values for
instructors:
var departments =newList<Department>
{
newDepartment{Name="English",Budget=350000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
01"),PersonID=9},
newDepartment{Name="Mathematics",Budget=100000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
01"),PersonID=10},
newDepartment{Name="Engineering",Budget=350000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-

200
01"),PersonID=11},
newDepartment{Name="Economics",Budget=100000,StartDate=DateTime.Parse("2007-09-
01"),PersonID=12}
};
var officeAssignments =newList<OfficeAssignment>
{
newOfficeAssignment{PersonID=9,Location="Smith 17"},
newOfficeAssignment{PersonID=10,Location="Gowan 27"},
newOfficeAssignment{PersonID=11,Location="Thompson 304"},
};
Changing OfficeAssignment to Lazy Loading
The current version of the Entity Framework doesn't support eager loading for one-to-zero-or-one relationships
when the navigation property is on the derived class of a TPH inheritance structure. This is the case with the
OfficeAssignment property on the Instructor entity. To work around this, you'll remove the code you
added earlier to perform eager loading on this property.
In InstructorController.cs, delete the three occurrences of the following line of code:
Testing
Run the site and try various pages. Everything works the same as it did before.
In Solution Explorer, double-click School.sdf to open the database in Server Explorer. Expand School.sdf and
then Tables, and you see that the Student and Instructor tables have been replaced by a Person table. Expand
the Person table and you see that it has all of the columns that used to be in the Student and Instructor
tables, plus the discriminator column.

201
The following diagram illustrates the structure of the new School database:

202
Table-per-hierarchy inheritance has now been implemented for the Person, Student, and Instructor
classes. For more information about this and other inheritance structures, see Inheritance Mapping Strategies
on Morteza Manavi's blog. In the next tutorial you'll see some ways to implement the repository and unit of
work patterns.

203
Implementing the Repository and Unit of
Work Patterns
In the previous tutorial you used inheritance to reduce redundant code in the Student and Instructor entity
classes. In this tutorial you'll see some ways to use the repository and unit of work patterns for CRUD
operations. As in the previous tutorial, in this one you'll change the way your code works with pages you
already created rather than creating new pages.
The Repository and Unit of Work Patterns
The repository and unit of work patterns are intended to create an abstraction layer between the data access
layer and the business logic layer of an application. Implementing these patterns can help insulate your
application from changes in the data store and can facilitate automated unit testing or test-driven development
(TDD).
In this tutorial you'll implement a repository class for each entity type. For the Student entity type you'll create
a repository interface and a repository class. When you instantiate the repository in your controller, you'll use
the interface so that the controller will accept a reference to any object that implements the repository
interface. When the controller runs under a web server, it receives a repository that works with the Entity
Framework. When the controller runs under a unit test class, it receives a repository that works with data stored
in a way that you can easily manipulate for testing, such as an in-memory collection.
Later in the tutorial you'll use multiple repositories and a unit of work class for the Course and Department
entity types in the Course controller. The unit of work class coordinates the work of multiple repositories by
creating a single database context class shared by all of them. If you wanted to be able to perform automated
unit testing, you'd create and use interfaces for these classes in the same way you did for the Student
repository. However, to keep the tutorial simple, you'll create and use these classes without interfaces.
The following illustration shows one way to conceptualize the relationships between the controller and context
classes compared to not using the repository or unit of work pattern at all.

204
You won't create unit tests in this tutorial series. For an introduction to TDD with an MVC application that uses
the repository pattern, see Walkthrough: Using TDD with ASP.NET MVC on the MSDN Library web site. For
more information about the repository pattern, see Using Repository and Unit of Work patterns with Entity
Framework 4.0 on the Entity Framework team blog and the Agile Entity Framework 4 Repository series of posts
on Julie Lerman's blog.
Note There are many ways to implement the repository and unit of work patterns. You can use repository
classes with or without a unit of work class. You can implement a single repository for all entity types, or one for
each type. If you implement one for each type, you can use separate classes, a generic base class and derived
classes, or an abstract base class and derived classes. You can include business logic in your repository or

205
restrict it to data access logic. You can also build an abstraction layer into your database context class by using
IDbSet interfaces there instead of DbSet types for your entity sets. The approach to implementing an
abstraction layer shown in this tutorial is one option for you to consider, not a recommendation for all scenarios
and environments.
Creating the Student Repository Class
In the DAL folder, create a class file named IStudentRepository.cs and replace the existing code with the
following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Web;
{
publicinterfaceIStudentRepository:IDisposable
{
IEnumerable<Student>GetStudents();
StudentGetStudentByID(int studentId);
voidInsertStudent(Student student);
voidDeleteStudent(int studentID);
voidUpdateStudent(Student student);
voidSave();
}
}
This code declares a typical set of CRUD methods, including two read methods — one that returns all Student
entities, and one that finds a single Student entity by ID.
In the DAL folder, create a class file named StudentRepository.cs file. Replace the existing code with the
following code, which implements the IStudentRepository interface:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Linq;

206
usingSystem.Data;
{
publicclassStudentRepository:IStudentRepository,IDisposable
{
privateSchoolContext context;
publicStudentRepository(SchoolContext context)
{
this.context = context;
}
publicIEnumerable<Student>GetStudents()
{
return context.Students.ToList();
}
publicStudentGetStudentByID(int id)
{
return context.Students.Find(id);
}
publicvoidInsertStudent(Student student)
{
context.Students.Add(student);
}
publicvoidDeleteStudent(int studentID)
{
Student student = context.Students.Find(studentID);
context.Students.Remove(student);
}
publicvoidUpdateStudent(Student student)
{
context.Entry(student).State=EntityState.Modified;

207
}
publicvoidSave()
{
}
privatebool disposed =false;
protectedvirtualvoidDispose(bool disposing)
{
if(!this.disposed)
{
if(disposing)
{
context.Dispose();
}
}
this.disposed =true;
}
publicvoidDispose()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
}
}
The database context is defined in a class variable, and the constructor expects the calling object to pass in an
instance of the context:
privateSchoolContext context;
publicStudentRepository(SchoolContext context)
{

208
}
You could instantiate a new context in the repository, but then if you used multiple repositories in one
controller, each would end up with a separate context. Later you'll use multiple repositories in the Course
controller, and you'll see how a unit of work class can ensure that all repositories use the same context.
The repository implements IDisposable and disposes the database context as you saw earlier in the
controller, and its CRUD methods make calls to the database context in the same way that you saw earlier.
Changing the Student Controller to Use the Repository
In StudentController.cs, replace the code currently in the class with the following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Data;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Web;
usingSystem.Web.Mvc;
usingPagedList;
namespaceContosoUniversity.Controllers
{
publicclassStudentController:Controller
{
privateIStudentRepository studentRepository;
publicStudentController()
{
this.studentRepository =newStudentRepository(newSchoolContext());
}

209
publicStudentController(IStudentRepository studentRepository)
{
this.studentRepository = studentRepository;
}
//
// GET: /Student/
page)
{
{
}
else
{
page =1;
}
var students =from s in studentRepository.GetStudents()
select s;
{
}
switch(sortOrder)
{
case"Name desc":

210
break;
case"Date":
break;
case"Date desc":
break;
default:
break;
}
int pageSize =3;
}
//
// GET: /Student/Details/5
{
Student student = studentRepository.GetStudentByID(id);
}
//
// GET: /Student/Create
{
returnView();
}
//
// POST: /Student/Create

211
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultCreate(Student student)
{
try
{
{
studentRepository.InsertStudent(student);
studentRepository.Save();
}
}
{
}
}
//
// GET: /Student/Edit/5
{
}
//
// POST: /Student/Edit/5
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(Student student)
{
try
{

212
{
studentRepository.UpdateStudent(student);
}
}
{
}
}
//
// GET: /Student/Delete/5
publicActionResultDelete(int id,bool? saveChangesError)
{
if(saveChangesError.GetValueOrDefault())
{
ViewBag.ErrorMessage="Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists
see your system administrator.";
}
}
//
// POST: /Student/Delete/5
{
try

213
{
studentRepository.DeleteStudent(id);
}
{
newSystem.Web.Routing.RouteValueDictionary{
{"id", id },
{"saveChangesError",true}});
}
}
{
studentRepository.Dispose();
}
}
}
The controller now declares a class variable for an object that implements the IStudentRepository interface
instead of the context class:
privateIStudentRepository studentRepository;
The default constructor creates a new context instance, and an optional constructor allows the caller to pass in
a context instance.
publicStudentController()
{
this.studentRepository =newStudentRepository(newSchoolContext());
}

214
publicStudentController(IStudentRepository studentRepository)
{
this.studentRepository = studentRepository;
}
(If you were using dependency injection, or DI, you wouldn't need the default constructor because the DI
software would ensure that the correct repository object would always be provided.)
In the CRUD methods, the repository is now called instead of the context:
var students =from s in studentRepository.GetStudents()
select s;
studentRepository.InsertStudent(student);
studentRepository.UpdateStudent(student);
studentRepository.DeleteStudent(id);
And the Dispose method now disposes the repository instead of the context:
studentRepository.Dispose();
Run the site and click the Students tab.

215
The page looks and works the same as it did before you changed the code to use the repository, and the other
Student pages also work the same. However, there's an important difference in the way the Index method of
the controller does filtering and ordering. The original version of this method contained the following code:
var students =from s in context.Students
select s;
{

216
}
In the original version of the code, students is typed as an IQueryable object. The query isn't sent to the
database until it's converted into a collection using a method such as ToList, which means that this Where
method becomes a WHERE clause in the SQL query and is processed by the database. That in turn means that
only the selected entities are returned by the database. However, as a result of changing context.Students
to studentRepository.GetStudents(), the students variable after this statement is an IEnumerable
collection that includes all students in the database. The end result of applying the Where method is the same,
but now the work is done in memory on the web server and not by the database. For large volumes of data, this
is likely to be inefficient. The following section shows how to implement repository methods that enable you to
specify that this work should be done by the database.
You've now created an abstraction layer between the controller and the Entity Framework database context. If
you were going to perform automated unit testing with this application, you could create an alternative
repository class in a unit test project that implements IStudentRepository. Instead of calling the context to
read and write data, this mock repository class could manipulate in-memory collections in order to test
controller functions.
Implementing a Generic Repository and a Unit of Work Class
Creating a repository class for each entity type could result in a lot of redundant code, and it could result in
partial updates. For example, suppose you have to update two different entity types as part of the same
transaction. If each uses a separate database context instance, one might succeed and the other might fail. One
way to minimize redundant code is to use a generic repository, and one way to ensure that all repositories use
the same database context (and thus coordinate all updates) is to use a unit of work class.
In this section of the tutorial, you'll create a GenericRepository class and a UnitOfWork class, and use them
in the Course controller to access both the Department and the Course entity sets. As explained earlier, to
keep this part of the tutorial simple, you aren't creating interfaces for these classes. But if you were going to use
them to facilitate TDD, you'd typically implement them with interfaces the same way you did the Student
repository.
Creating a Generic Repository
In the DAL folder, create GenericRepository.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:

217
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Data;
usingSystem.Linq.Expressions;
{
publicclassGenericRepository<TEntity>whereTEntity:class
{
internalSchoolContext context;
internalDbSet<TEntity> dbSet;
publicGenericRepository(SchoolContext context)
{
this.dbSet = context.Set<TEntity>();
}
publicvirtualIEnumerable<TEntity>Get(
Expression<Func<TEntity,bool>> filter =null,
Func<IQueryable<TEntity>,IOrderedQueryable<TEntity>> orderBy =null,
string includeProperties ="")
{
IQueryable<TEntity> query = dbSet;
if(filter !=null)
{
query = query.Where(filter);
}
foreach(var includeProperty in includeProperties.Split
(newchar[]{','},StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
{
query = query.Include(includeProperty);
}

218
if(orderBy !=null)
{
return orderBy(query).ToList();
}
else
{
return query.ToList();
}
}
publicvirtualTEntityGetByID(object id)
{
return dbSet.Find(id);
}
publicvirtualvoidInsert(TEntity entity)
{
dbSet.Add(entity);
}
publicvirtualvoidDelete(object id)
{
TEntity entityToDelete = dbSet.Find(id);
Delete(entityToDelete);
}
publicvirtualvoidDelete(TEntity entityToDelete)
{
if(context.Entry(entityToDelete).State==EntityState.Detached)
{
dbSet.Attach(entityToDelete);
}
dbSet.Remove(entityToDelete);
}
publicvirtualvoidUpdate(TEntity entityToUpdate)
{

219
dbSet.Attach(entityToUpdate);
context.Entry(entityToUpdate).State=EntityState.Modified;
}
}
}
Class variables are declared for the database context and for the entity set that the repository is instantiated for:
internalSchoolContext context;
internalDbSet dbSet;
The constructor accepts a database context instance and initializes the entity set variable:
publicGenericRepository(SchoolContext context)
{
this.dbSet = context.Set();
}
The Get method uses lambda expressions to allow the calling code to specify a filter condition and a column to
order the results by, and a string parameter lets the caller provide a comma-delimited list of navigation
properties for eager loading:
publicvirtualIEnumerable<TEntity>Get(
Expression<Func<TEntity,bool>> filter =null,
Func<IQueryable<TEntity>,IOrderedQueryable<TEntity>> orderBy =null,
string includeProperties ="")
The code Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> filter means the caller will provide a lambda expression
based on the TEntity type, and this expression will return a Boolean value. For example, if the repository is
instantiated for the Student entity type, the code in the calling method might specify student =>
student.LastName == "Smith" for the filter parameter.
The code Func<IQueryable<TEntity>, IOrderedQueryable<TEntity>> orderBy also means the caller
will provide a lambda expression. But in this case, the input to the expression is an IQueryable object for the

220
TEntity type. The expression will return an ordered version of that IQueryable object. For example, if the
repository is instantiated for the Student entity type, the code in the calling method might specify q =>
q.OrderBy(s => s.LastName) for the orderBy parameter.
The code in the Get method creates an IQueryable object and then applies the filter expression if there is
one:
IQueryable<TEntity> query = dbSet;
if(filter !=null)
{
query = query.Where(filter);
}
Next it applies the eager-loading expressions after parsing the comma-delimited list:
foreach(var includeProperty in includeProperties.Split
(newchar[]{','},StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
{
query = query.Include(includeProperty);
}
Finally, it applies the orderBy expression if there is one and returns the results; otherwise it returns the results
from the unordered query:
if(orderBy !=null)
{
return orderBy(query).ToList();
}
else
{
return query.ToList();
}
When you call the Get method, you could do filtering and sorting on the IEnumerable collection returned by
the method instead of providing parameters for these functions. But the sorting and filtering work would then

221
be done in memory on the web server. By using these parameters, you ensure that the work is done by the
database rather than the web server. An alternative is to create derived classes for specific entity types and add
specialized Get methods, such as GetStudentsInNameOrder or GetStudentsByName. However, in a
complex application, this can result in a large number of such derived classes and specialized methods, which
could be more work to maintain.
The code in the GetByID, Insert, and Update methods is similar to what you saw in the non-generic
repository. (You aren't providing an eager loading parameter in the GetByID signature, because you can't do
eager loading with the Find method.)
Two overloads are provided for the Delete method:
publicvirtualvoidDelete(object id)
{
TEntity entityToDelete = dbSet.Find(id);
dbSet.Remove(entityToDelete);
}
publicvirtualvoidDelete(TEntity entityToDelete)
{
context.Entry(entityToDelete).State=EntityState.Deleted;
}
One of these lets you pass in just the ID of the entity to be deleted, and one takes an entity instance. As you
saw in the Handling Concurrency tutorial, for concurrency handling you need a Delete method that takes an
entity instance that includes the original value of a tracking property.
This generic repository will handle typical CRUD requirements. When a particular entity type has special
requirements, such as more complex filtering or ordering, you can create a derived class that has additional
methods for that type.
Creating the Unit of Work Class
The unit of work class serves one purpose: to make sure that when you use multiple repositories, they share a
single database context. That way, when a unit of work is complete you can call the SaveChanges method on
that instance of the context and be assured that all related changes will be coordinated. All that the class needs
is a Save method and a property for each repository. Each repository property returns a repository instance
that has been instantiated using the same database context instance as the other repository instances.

222
In the DAL folder, create a class file named UnitOfWork.cs and replace the existing code with the following
code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassUnitOfWork:IDisposable
{
privateSchoolContext context =newSchoolContext();
privateGenericRepository<Department> departmentRepository;
privateGenericRepository<Course> courseRepository;
publicGenericRepository<Department>DepartmentRepository
{
get
{
if(this.departmentRepository ==null)
{
this.departmentRepository =newGenericRepository<Department>(context);
}
return departmentRepository;
}
}
publicGenericRepository<Course>CourseRepository
{
get
{
if(this.courseRepository ==null)
{
this.courseRepository =newGenericRepository<Course>(context);
}
return courseRepository;
}

223
}
publicvoidSave()
{
}
privatebool disposed =false;
protectedvirtualvoidDispose(bool disposing)
{
if(!this.disposed)
{
if(disposing)
{
context.Dispose();
}
}
this.disposed =true;
}
publicvoidDispose()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
}
}
The code creates class variables for the database context and each repository. For the context variable, a new
context is instantiated:
privateSchoolContext context =newSchoolContext();
privateGenericRepository<Department> departmentRepository;
privateGenericRepository<Course> courseRepository;

224
Each repository property checks whether the repository already exists. If not, it instantiates the repository,
passing in the context instance. As a result, all repositories share the same context instance.
publicGenericRepository<Department>DepartmentRepository
{
get
{
if(this.departmentRepository ==null)
{
this.departmentRepository =newGenericRepository<Department>(context);
}
return departmentRepository;
}
}
The Save method calls SaveChanges on the database context.
Like any class that instantiates a database context in a class variable, the UnitOfWork class implements
IDisposable and disposes the context.
Changing the Course Controller to use the UnitOfWork Class and Repositories
Replace the code you currently have in CourseController.cs with the following code:
usingSystem;
usingSystem.Data;
usingSystem.Linq;
usingSystem.Web;
usingSystem.Web.Mvc;
namespaceContosoUniversity.Controllers
{

225
publicclassCourseController:Controller
{
privateUnitOfWork unitOfWork =newUnitOfWork();
//
// GET: /Course/
{
var courses = unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Get(includeProperties:"Department");
}
//
// GET: /Course/Details/5
{
Course course = unitOfWork.CourseRepository.GetByID(id);
returnView(course);
}
//
// GET: /Course/Create
{
returnView();
}
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultCreate(Course course)
{
try
{
{

226
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Insert(course);
unitOfWork.Save();
}
}
{
}
returnView(course);
}
{
returnView(course);
}
[HttpPost]
publicActionResultEdit(Course course)
{
try
{
{
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Update(course);
unitOfWork.Save();
}
}
{

227
}
returnView(course);
}
privatevoidPopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(object selectedDepartment =null)
{
var departmentsQuery = unitOfWork.DepartmentRepository.Get(
orderBy: q => q.OrderBy(d => d.Name));
ViewBag.DepartmentID=newSelectList(departmentsQuery,"DepartmentID","Name",
selectedDepartment);
}
//
// GET: /Course/Delete/5
publicActionResultDelete(int id)
{
returnView(course);
}
//
// POST: /Course/Delete/5
{
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Delete(id);
unitOfWork.Save();
}
{
unitOfWork.Dispose();

228
}
}
}
This code adds a class variable for the UnitOfWork class. (If you were using interfaces here, you wouldn't
initialize the variable here; instead, you'd implement a pattern of two constructors just as you did for the
Student repository.)
privateUnitOfWork unitOfWork =newUnitOfWork();
In the rest of the class, all references to the database context are replaced by references to the appropriate
repository, using UnitOfWork properties to access the repository. The Dispose method disposes the
UnitOfWork instance.
var courses = unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Get(includeProperties:"Department");
// ...
// ...
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Insert(course);
unitOfWork.Save();
// ...
// ...
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Update(course);
unitOfWork.Save();
// ...
var departmentsQuery = unitOfWork.DepartmentRepository.Get(
// ...
// ...
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Delete(id);
unitOfWork.Save();
// ...
unitOfWork.Dispose();

229
Run the site and click the Courses tab.
The page looks and works the same as it did before your changes, and the other Course pages also work the
same.
You have now implemented both the repository and unit of work patterns. You have used lambda expressions
as method parameters in the generic repository. For more information about how to use these expressions with

230
an IQueryable object, see IQueryable(T) Interface (System.Linq) in the MSDN Library. In the next tutorial you'll
learn how to handle some advanced scenarios.

231
Advanced Scenarios
In the previous tutorial you implemented the repository and unit of work patterns. This tutorial covers the
following topics:
• Performing raw SQL queries.
• Performing no-tracking queries.
• Examining queries sent to the database.
• Working with proxy classes.
• Disabling automatic detection of changes.
• Disabling validation when saving changes.
For most of these you will work with pages that you already created. To use raw SQL to do bulk updates you'll
create a new page that updates the number of credits of all courses in the database:
And to use a no-tracking query you'll add new validation logic to the Department Edit page:

233
Performing Raw SQL Queries
The Entity Framework Code First API includes methods that enable you to pass SQL commands directly to the
database. You have the following options:
• Use the DbSet.SqlQuery method for queries that return entity types. The returned objects must be of
the type expected by the DbSet object, and they are automatically tracked by the database context unless
you turn tracking off. (See the following section about the AsNoTracking method.)
• Use the DbDatabase.SqlQuery method for queries that return types that aren't entities. The returned
data isn't tracked by the database context, even if you use this method to retrieve entity types.
• Use the DbDatabase.SqlCommand for non-query commands.
One of the advantages of using the Entity Framework is that it avoids tying your code too closely to a particular
method of storing data. It does this by generating SQL queries and commands for you, which also frees you
from having to write them yourself. But there are exceptional scenarios when you need to run specific SQL
queries that you have manually created, and these methods make it possible for you to handle such exceptions.
As is always true when you execute SQL commands in a web application, you must take precautions to protect
your site against SQL injection attacks. One way to do that is to use parameterized queries to make sure that
strings submitted by a web page can't be interpreted as SQL commands. In this tutorial you'll use
parameterized queries when integrating user input into a query.
Calling a Query that Returns Entities
Suppose you want the GenericRepository class to provide additional filtering and sorting flexibility without
requiring that you create a derived class with additional methods. One way to achieve that would be to add a
method that accepts a SQL query. You could then specify any kind of filtering or sorting you want in the
controller, such as a Where clause that depends on a joins or subquery. In this section you'll see how to
implement such a method.
Create the GetWithRawSql method by adding the following code to GenericRepository.cs:
publicvirtualIEnumerable<TEntity>GetWithRawSql(string query,paramsobject[]
parameters)
{
return dbSet.SqlQuery(query, parameters).ToList();
}

234
In CourseController.cs, call the new method from the Details method, as shown in the following example:
publicActionResultDetails(int id)
{
var query ="SELECT * FROM Course WHERE CourseID = @p0";
returnView(unitOfWork.CourseRepository.GetWithRawSql(query, id).Single());
}
In this case you could have used the GetByID method, but you're using the GetWithRawSql method to verify
that the GetWithRawSQL method works.
Run the Details page to verify that the select query works (select the Course tab and then Details for one
course).

235
Calling a Query that Returns Other Types of Objects
Earlier you created a student statistics grid for the About page that showed the number of students for each
enrollment date. The code that does this in HomeController.cs uses LINQ:

236
var data =from student in db.Students
group student by student.EnrollmentDateinto dateGroup
selectnewEnrollmentDateGroup()
{
EnrollmentDate= dateGroup.Key,
StudentCount= dateGroup.Count()
};
Suppose you want to write the code that retrieves this data directly in SQL rather than using LINQ. To do that
you need to run a query that returns something other than entity objects, which means you need to use the
Database.SqlQuery method.
In HomeController.cs, replace the LINQ statement in the About method with the following code:
var query ="SELECT EnrollmentDate, COUNT(*) AS StudentCount "
+"FROM Person "
+"WHERE EnrollmentDate IS NOT NULL "
+"GROUP BY EnrollmentDate";
var data = db.Database.SqlQuery<EnrollmentDateGroup>(query);
Run the About page. It displays the same data it did before.

237
Calling an Update Query
Suppose Contoso University administrators want to be able to perform bulk changes in the database, such as
changing the number of credits for every course. If the university has a large number of courses, it would be
inefficient to retrieve them all as entities and change them individually. In this section you'll implement a web
page that allows the user to specify a factor by which to change the number of credits for all courses, and you'll
make the change by executing a SQL UPDATE statement. The web page will look like the following illustration:

238
In the previous tutorial you used the generic repository to read and update Course entities in the Course
controller. For this bulk update operation, you need to create a new repository method that isn't in the generic
repository. To do that, you'll create a dedicated CourseRepository class that derives from the
GenericRepository class.
In the DAL folder, create CourseRepository.cs and replace the existing code with the following code:
usingSystem;
{
publicclassCourseRepository:GenericRepository<Course>
{
publicCourseRepository(SchoolContext context)
:base(context)
{
}
publicintUpdateCourseCredits(int multiplier)
{

239
return context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("UPDATE Course SET Credits = Credits *
{0}", multiplier);
}
}
}
In UnitOfWork.cs, change the Course repository type from GenericRepository<Course> to
CourseRepository:
privateCourseRepository courseRepository;
publicCourseRepositoryCourseRepository
{
get
{
if(this.courseRepository ==null)
{
this.courseRepository =newCourseRepository(context);
}
return courseRepository;
}
}
In CourseContoller.cs, add an UpdateCourseCredits method:
publicActionResultUpdateCourseCredits(int? multiplier)
{
if(multiplier !=null)
{
ViewBag.RowsAffected=
unitOfWork.CourseRepository.UpdateCourseCredits(multiplier.Value);
}
returnView();
}

240
This method will be used for both HttpGet and HttpPost. When the HttpGetUpdateCourseCredits
method runs, the multiplier variable will be null and the view will display an empty text box and a submit
button, as shown in the preceding illustration.
When the Update button is clicked and the HttpPost method runs, multiplier will have the value entered
in the text box. The code then calls the repository UpdateCourseCredits method, which returns the number
of affected rows, and that value is stored in the ViewBag object. When the view receives the number of
affected rows in the ViewBag object, it displays that number instead of the text box and submit button, as
shown in the following illustration:
Create a view in the ViewsCourse folder for the Update Course Credits page:

241
In ViewsCourseUpdateCourseCredits.cshtml, replace the existing code with the following code:
@modelContosoUniversity.Models.Course
@{
ViewBag.Title="UpdateCourseCredits";
}
<h2>UpdateCourseCredits</h2>
@if (ViewBag.RowsAffected == null)
{
using (Html.BeginForm())

242
{
<p>
Enter a number to multiply every course's credits by:
@Html.TextBox("multiplier")
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Update"/>
</p>
}
}
@if (ViewBag.RowsAffected != null)
{
<p>
Number of rows updated: @ViewBag.RowsAffected
</p>
}
<div>
@Html.ActionLink("Back to List","Index")
</div>
Run the page by selecting the Courses tab, then adding "/UpdateCourseCredits" to the end of the URL in the
browser's address bar (for example: http://localhost:50205/Course/UpdateCourseCredits). Enter a number in the
text box:

243
Click Update. You see the number of rows affected:

244
Click Back to List to see the list of courses with the revised number of credits.
For more information about raw SQL queries, see Raw SQL Queries on the Entity Framework team blog.
No-Tracking Queries

245
When a database context retrieves database rows and creates entity objects that represent them, by default it
keeps track of whether the entities in memory are in sync with what's in the database. The data in memory acts
as a cache and is used when you update an entity. This caching is often unnecessary in a web application
because context instances are typically short-lived (a new one is created and disposed for each request) and the
context that reads an entity is typically disposed before that entity is used again.
You can specify whether the context tracks entity objects for a query by using the AsNoTracking method.
Typical scenarios in which you might want to do that include the following:
• The query retrieves such a large volume of data that turning off tracking might noticeably enhance
performance.
• You want to attach an entity in order to update it, but you earlier retrieved the same entity for a different
purpose. Because the entity is already being tracked by the database context, you can't attach the entity
that you want to change. One way to prevent this from happening is to use the AsNoTracking option
with the earlier query.
In this section you'll implement business logic that illustrates the second of these scenarios. Specifically, you'll
enforce a business rule that says that an instructor can't be the administrator of more than one department.
In DepartmentController.cs, add a new method that you can call from the Edit and Create methods to make
sure that no two departments have the same administrator:
privatevoidValidateOneAdministratorAssignmentPerInstructor(Department department)
{
if(department.PersonID!=null)
{
var duplicateDepartment = db.Departments
.Include("Administrator")
.Where(d => d.PersonID== department.PersonID)
.FirstOrDefault();
if(duplicateDepartment !=null&& duplicateDepartment.DepartmentID!=
department.DepartmentID)
{
var errorMessage =String.Format(
"Instructor {0} {1} is already administrator of the {2} department.",
duplicateDepartment.Administrator.FirstMidName,
duplicateDepartment.Administrator.LastName,
duplicateDepartment.Name);

246
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty, errorMessage);
}
}
}
Add code in the try block of the HttpPostEdit method to call this new method if there are no validation
errors. The try block now looks like the following example:
{
ValidateOneAdministratorAssignmentPerInstructor(department);
}
{
db.Entry(department).State=EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
Run the Department Edit page and try to change a department's administrator to an instructor who is already
the administrator of a different department. You get the expected error message:

248
Now run the Department Edit page again and this time change the Budget amount. When you click Save, you
see an error page:
The exception error message is "An object with the same key already exists in the
ObjectStateManager. The ObjectStateManager cannot track multiple objects with the
same key." This happened because of the following sequence of events:
• The Edit method calls the ValidateOneAdministratorAssignmentPerInstructor method, which
retrieves all departments that have Kim Abercrombie as their administrator. That causes the English
department to be read. Because that's the department being edited, no error is reported. As a result of
this read operation, however, the English department entity that was read from the database is now being
tracked by the database context.
• The Edit method tries to set the Modified flag on the English department entity created by the MVC
model binder, but that fails because the context is already tracking an entity for the English department.
One solution to this problem is to keep the context from tracking in-memory department entities retrieved by
the validation query. There's no disadvantage to doing this, because you won't be updating this entity or
reading it again in a way that would benefit from it being cached in memory.

249
In DepartmentController.cs, in the ValidateOneAdministratorAssignmentPerInstructor method,
specify no tracking, as shown in the following example:
var duplicateDepartment = db.Departments
.Include("Administrator")
.Where(d => d.PersonID== department.PersonID)
.AsNoTracking()
.FirstOrDefault();
Repeat your attempt to edit the Budget amount of a department. This time the operation is successful, and the
site returns as expected to the Departments Index page, showing the revised budget value.
Examining Queries Sent to the Database
Sometimes it's helpful to be able to see the actual SQL queries that are sent to the database. To do this, you
can examine a query variable in the debugger or call the query's ToString method. To try this out, you'll look
at a simple query and then look at what happens to it as you add options such eager loading, filtering, and
sorting.
In Controllers/CourseController, replace the Index method with the following code:
{
var courses = unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Get();
}
Now set a breakpoint in GenericRepository.cs on the return query.ToList(); and the return
orderBy(query).ToList(); statements of the Get method. Run the project in debug mode and select the Course
Index page. When the code reaches the breakpoint, examine the query variable. You see the query that's sent
to SQL Server Compact. It's a simple Select statement:
{SELECT
[Extent1].[CourseID] AS [CourseID],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[Credits] AS [Credits],

250
[Extent1].[DepartmentID] AS [DepartmentID]
FROM [Course] AS [Extent1]}
Queries can be too long to display in the debugging windows in Visual Studio. To see the entire query, you can
copy the variable value and paste it into a text editor:
Now you'll add a drop-down list to the Course Index page so that users can filter for a particular department.
You'll sort the courses by title, and you'll specify eager loading for the Department navigation property. In
CourseController.cs, replace the Index method with the following code:
publicActionResultIndex(int?SelectedDepartment)
{
var departments = unitOfWork.DepartmentRepository.Get(
ViewBag.SelectedDepartment=newSelectList(departments,"DepartmentID","Name",SelectedDe
partment);
int departmentID =SelectedDepartment.GetValueOrDefault();
returnView(unitOfWork.CourseRepository.Get(
filter: d =>!SelectedDepartment.HasValue|| d.DepartmentID== departmentID,
orderBy: q => q.OrderBy(d => d.CourseID),
includeProperties:"Department"));
}
The method receives the selected value of the drop-down list in the SelectedDepartment parameter. If
nothing is selected, this parameter will be null.

251
A SelectList collection containing all departments is passed to the view for the drop-down list. The
parameters passed to the SelectList constructor specify the value field name, the text field name, and the
selected item.
For the Get method of the Course repository, the code specifies a filter expression, a sort order, and eager
loading for the Department navigation property. The filter expression always returns true if nothing is
selected in the drop-down list (that is, SelectedDepartment is null).
In ViewsCourseIndex.cshtml, immediately before the opening table tag, add the following code to create the
drop-down list and a submit button:
{
<p>SelectDepartment:@Html.DropDownList("SelectedDepartment","All")
<input type="submit" value="Filter"/></p>
}
With the breakpoints still set in the GenericRepository class, run the Course Index page. Continue through
the first two times that the code hits a breakpoint, so that the page is displayed in the browser. Select a
department from the drop-down list and click Filter:

252
This time the first breakpoint will be for the departments query for the drop-down list. Skip that and view the
query variable the next time the code reaches the breakpoint in order to see what the Course query now
looks like. You'll see something like the following:

253
{SELECT
[Extent1].[CourseID] AS [CourseID],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[Credits] AS [Credits],
[Extent1].[DepartmentID] AS [DepartmentID],
[Extent2].[DepartmentID] AS [DepartmentID1],
[Extent2].[Name] AS [Name],
[Extent2].[Budget] AS [Budget],
[Extent2].[StartDate] AS [StartDate],
[Extent2].[PersonID] AS [PersonID],
[Extent2].[Timestamp] AS [Timestamp]
FROM [Course] AS [Extent1]
INNER JOIN [Department] AS [Extent2] ON
[Extent1].[DepartmentID]=[Extent2].[DepartmentID]
WHERE (@p__linq__0 IS NULL) OR ([Extent1].[DepartmentID]=@p__linq__1)}
You can see that the query is now a JOIN query that loads Department data along with the Course data, and
that it includes a WHERE clause.
Working with Proxy Classes
When the Entity Framework creates entity instances (for example, when you execute a query), it often creates
them as instances of a dynamically generated derived type that acts as a proxy for the entity. This proxy
overrides some virtual properties of the entity to insert hooks for performing actions automatically when the
property is accessed. For example, this mechanism is used to support lazy loading of relationships.
Most of the time you don't need to be aware of this use of proxies, but there are exceptions:
• In some scenarios you might want to prevent the Entity Framework from creating proxy instances. For
example, serializing non-proxy instances might be more efficient than serializing proxy instances.
• When you instantiate an entity class using the new operator, you don't get a proxy instance. This means
you don't get functionality such as lazy loading and automatic change tracking. This is typically okay; you
generally don't need lazy loading, because you're creating a new entity that isn't in the database, and you
generally don't need change tracking if you're explicitly marking the entity as Added. However, if you do
need lazy loading and you need change tracking, you can create new entity instances with proxies using
the Create method of the DbSet class.

254
• You might want to get an actual entity type from a proxy type. You can use the GetObjectType method
of the ObjectContext class to get the actual entity type of a proxy type instance.
For more information, see Working with Proxies on the Entity Framework team blog.
Disabling Automatic Detection of Changes
The Entity Framework determines how an entity has changed (and therefore which updates need to be sent to
the database) by comparing the current values of an entity with the original values. The original values are
stored when the entity was queried or attached. Some of the methods that cause automatic change detection
are the following:
• DbSet.Find
• DbSet.Local
• DbSet.Remove
• DbSet.Add
• DbSet.Attach
• DbContext.SaveChanges
• DbContext.GetValidationErrors
• DbContext.Entry
• DbChangeTracker.Entries
If you're tracking a large number of entities and you call one of these methods many times in a loop, you might
get significant performance improvements by temporarily turning off automatic change detection using the
AutoDetectChangesEnabled property. For more information, see Automatically Detecting Changes on the Entity
Framework team blog.
Disabling Validation When Saving Changes
When you call the SaveChanges method, by default the Entity Framework validates the data in all properties of
all changed entities before updating the database. If you've updated a large number of entities and you've
already validated the data, this work is unnecessary and you could make the process of saving the changes take
less time by temporarily turning off validation. You can do that using the ValidateOnSaveEnabled property. For
more information, see Validation on the Entity Framework team blog.
Links to Entity Framework Resources

255
This completes this series of tutorials on using the Entity Framework in an ASP.NET MVC application. For more
information about the Entity Framework, see the following resources:
• Introduction to the Entity Framework 4.1 (Code First)
• The Entity Framework Code First Class Library API Reference
• Entity Framework FAQ
• The Entity Framework Team Blog
• Entity Framework in the MSDN Library
• Entity Framework in the MSDN Data Developer Center
• Entity Framework Forums on MSDN
• Julie Lerman's blog
• Code First DataAnnotations Attributes
• Maximizing Performance with the Entity Framework in an ASP.NET Web Application
• Profiling Database Activity in the Entity Framework
• Entity Framework Power Tools
The following posts on the Entity Framework Team Blog provide more information about some of the topics
covered in these tutorials:
• Fluent API Samples. How to customize mapping using fluent API method calls.
• Connections and Models. How to connect to different types of databases.
• Pluggable Conventions. How to change conventions.
• Finding Entities. How to use the Find method with composite keys.
• Loading Related Entities. Additional options for eager, lazy, and explicit loading.
• Load and AsNoTracking. More on explicit loading.
Many of the blog posts listed here are for the CTP5 version of Entity Framework Code First. Most of the
information in them remains accurate, but there are some changes between CTP5 and the officially released
version of Code First.
For information about how to use LINQ with the Entity Framework, see LINQ to Entities in the MSDN Library.
For a tutorial that uses more MVC features and uses the Entity Framework, see MVC Music Store.
For information about how to deploy your web application after you've built it, see ASP.NET Deployment
Content Map in the MSDN Library.

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