Gmdes a graph based modified data encryption standard algorithm with enhanced security

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 653
GMDES: A GRAPH BASED MODIFIED DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD
ALGORITHM WITH ENHANCED SECURITY
Debajit Sensarma1
, Samar Sen Sarma2
1
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Cryptography is one of the prime techniques of secured symbolic data transmission over any communication channel. Security is the
most challenging and essential aspects in today’s internet and network applications. Thus, design of a secure encryption algorithm is
very necessary which can protect the unauthorized attacks. An encryption algorithm is computationally secure if it cannot be intruded
with the standard resources. The algorithm proposed here is graph based. Its efficiency surpasses the standard DES algorithm in
general. Graphs can be used for designing block ciphers, stream ciphers or public-key ciphers. The algorithm is graph automorphism
based partial symmetric key algorithm and it is not fully depended on secret key and produces different cipher text by applying same
key on the same plain text.
Keywords: DES, Graph Automorphism, Hamiltonian Cycle, Encryption, Decryption
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1. INTRODUCTION
Cryptography is a science which studies the techniques for
secure communication in the presence of intruders or
unauthenticated access. It is about constructing and analyzing
protocols that overcome the influence of intruders.
Cryptography converts the original message in a non-readable
format and sends the message over an insecure channel. The
original message is called plain text. Disguising the plain text
to hide its original contents is called encryption. The non-
readable format of the plain text after encryption is called
cipher text. The process of reverting the cipher text to its
corresponding plain text is called decryption process. For both
encryption and decryption process key is used. It is used with
plain text at the time of encryption and with the cipher text at
the time of decryption.
Cryptography provides number of security goals to ensure the
privacy of the data. The goals of the cryptography are-
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authenticity, Non
Repudiation, Access control [2]. In cryptography the
encryption algorithms can be classified into two broad
categories- Symmetric key and asymmetric key encryption. In
Symmetric key cryptography the key used for encryption and
decryption is same. Thus, the key must be distributed through
the secure channel before transmission started. These types of
algorithms are highly depended on the nature of the key. DES,
Triple DES, AES, RC4, RC6, BLOWFISH etc are the
example of symmetric key algorithms. In asymmetric key
cryptography two different keys are used for encryption and
decryption, they are private and public key. The public key is
available to all in the network. The sender who wants to
transmit message, encrypts the message with receiver‟s public
key and only the authorized receiver can decrypt the message
with its private key. RSA is the example of asymmetric key
cryptography. According to [15] symmetric key algorithm is
faster than asymmetric key algorithm and also memory
requirement of the former is lesser than the later.
In this paper a graph based modified DES algorithm is
proposed. It is depended on the Hamiltonian cycle and the
automorphism [3, 4] property of the 4-cube graph. Here, an
arbitrary Hamiltonian cycle of a 4-cube graph is used as a
secret key and sixteen different Hamiltonian cycles of the non
Automorphic graphs of the given 4-cube graph is used as the
sub keys for sixteen rounds like classical DES. It is a partial
symmetric key algorithm based on the block cipher. The main
advantage of the proposed algorithm is, like other symmetric
key algorithms it is not fully depended on the secret key,
rather it also depended on the sub keys, which are remain
encrypted with the private key of the sender and stored in a
secure mapping table. When a receiver wants to decrypt the
message, it will send request to the sender. The sender uses
Zero Knowledge Protocol [6] to verify the receiver. If the
receiver is authorized, then sender will decrypt the sub keys of
the secret mapping table with the sender‟s private key. Then
only that particular receiver can decrypts the cipher text.
Another advantage is that, this algorithm produces different
cipher texts for a single key and single pain text, which also
decreases the probability of various malicious attacks.
The paper is organized as follows- In section 2 some
preliminaries are given, Section 3 explain a brief review of
related literature, Section 4 illustrates the proposed algorithm,
in section 5 a short example is given, section 6 gives some

__________________________________________________________________________________________
experimental results, section 7 explain the strength of the
proposed method, Security analysis of proposed method is
given in section 8, Concluding remarks and future works are
given in Section 9.
2. PRELIMINARIES
2.1 Data Encryption Standard (DES)
DES [5] is the most widely used encryption algorithm. It was
published by the National Bureau of Standards, now the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in
January 1977 as an algorithm to be used for unclassified data
(information not concerned with national security) [16].
According to the specification of FIPS publication 46-3, it is a
block cipher operating on 64-bit data blocks. The encryption
process depends on 56 bit secret key and sixteen round of
Feistel iteration surrounded by two permutation layers, initial
bit permutation (IP) at the input and its inverse (IP-1) at the
output. The Graphical representation of the encryption process
in depicted in fig. 1. The decryption process is same as
encryption except the application sub keys used in the Feistel
iteration is reversed [1].
The 16-round Feistel cipher is the core of DES. Here at first
64-bit block plain text is divided into two 32-bit words, LPT
and RPT. In each iteration, the second word RPT is fed into a
function „f‟ and the result is XORed with the left word LPT.
Then the both words are swapped and the algorithm continues.
The function „f‟ of DES algorithm has following steps:
2.1.1 Key Transformation
64 bit key is the input of the algorithm. Every eighth bit
position of the key is ignored to produce 56 bit key. This key
is first subjected to a permutation by permuted choice one and
the resultant 56 bit key divided into two 28 bit words. They
are circularly left shifted according to the number of left shift
in the particular round. The resulting shift value serve as the
input to permuted choice two to produce 48-bit output.
2.1.2 Expansion Permutation
In this phase the 32 bit RPT is expanded to 48 bit and the bits
are permuted as well, hence the expansion permutation.
2.1.3 S-box Substitution
It is a process that accepts 48 bit input from the XOR
operation involving the compressed key and expanded RPT
and produces a 32 bit output using the substitution technique.
2.1.4 P-box Permutation
The output 32 bit of S-box is permuted using P-box.The
modified RPT is XORed with the LPT and the result is fed to
the next RPT register. The unmodified RPT is fed to the next
LPT register and the same process repeated 15 times. At the
end of the 16 rounds the final permutation is performed and
the cipher text is produced.
Fig- 1: DES Algorithm
Fig- 2: Calculation of function „f ‟
2.2 Hamiltonian Cycle
A Hamiltonian cycle, also called Hamiltonian circuit, is a
graph cycle (i.e. closed loop) through a graph that visits each
vertex exactly once. According to [18], n-cube is Hamiltonian.
In the proposed algorithm 4-cube graph is considered and the
number of directed Hamiltonian cycle with a marked starting
node of 4-cube graph is 43008 [17]. Fig. 3.shows a
Hamiltonian cycle of the 4-cube graph.

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Fig- 3: Hamiltonian cycle of 4-cube graph
2.3 Graph Automorphism
An automorphism [3, 4, 7, 14] of a graph is a form of
symmetry in which graph mapped onto itself while preserving
adjacency. Formally, automorphism of a graph G (V, E) is the
permutation of the vertex set V, such that vertices u, v  V
forms an edge iff ( (u),  (v)) also forms an edge. The
automorphism of the graph is isomorphism from the graph to
itself. Set of all automorphisms of a graph forms a group
under composition. There are various algorithms for
computation of automorphism group of a graph namely Nauty
[8], Saucy [9, 10], Bliss [11], Conauto 2.0 [13 ], Traces [12 ]
etc.
According to [14] the order of automorphism group of n-cube
is n! 2n. Proposed algorithm is based on 4-cube graph and the
fig. 4 shows the Hamiltonian cycle of the automorphic and
non-automorphic graph of the given 4-cube graph. To increase
strength of the sub keys, Hamiltonian cycle of non
Automorphic graph of given 4-cube graph is used.
(a)
(b)
Fig-4: (a) Hamiltonian cycle of the non-automorphic graph of
the graph in fig. 3. (b) Hamiltonian cycle of automorphic
graph of the graph in fig. 3.
2.4 Zero Knowledge Protocol (ZKP)
It is an authentication protocol where user‟s private key is
never revealed to the authority. In most traditional
authentication scheme the users who wish to gain access to
resources reveal their secret to the authority to prove their
identity. The drawback of this scheme is that, the authority
may be a malicious third party who will gain access to the
user‟s private key. Furthermore, even if the authority is
trustworthy, revealing a private key is susceptible to
eavesdropping, compromising system. The ZKP on other hand
effectively removes this problem. Detail description of the
ZKP can be found in [6]. The general flow of ZKP is
described below.
1) The prover (P) sends the verifier a value that is computed
based on his private key.
2) The verifier flips a coin, and asks the prover to answer one
of two questions based on the result of the coin flip. Generally
the questions are either to answer a question about the value
that was sent in step 1, or to answer a question about the secret
key.
3) The prover sends the verifier the answer to his question.
4) The verifier checks that the answer is correct.
Fig-5: Zero Knowledge Protocol (ZKP)
3. BRIEF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Over the past few decades DES algorithm has been gone
through many enhancements and served as the basis for many
other encryption algorithms. At first, Triple DES (3DES or
TDES) has been proposed [20]. TDES uses 48 rounds and
three 56 bit keys to encrypt data. This algorithm gives three
level security to data and high resistant from differential
cryptanalysis attacks. But as TDES has to gone through DES
algorithm three times, the encryption and decryption time is
larger than standard DES algorithm. Next, Advanced

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Encryption Standard (AES) [21, 22] comes which another
encryption standard. It encrypts data blocks of 128 bits using
the keys of 128, 192, 256 bits. Although AES has the tighter
security compare to DES or TDES, it also has longest
encryption time and load, since all variable needed to process
encryption. Next, BLOWFISH [23] designed by Bruce
Schneier. Blowfish is a 64 bit block cipher with variable
length key from 32 bit to 448 bits. The strength of the
Blowfish lies in the fact that, in its full round form
cryptanalysis techniques have no effect on it. However,
anything which is less than four rounds is prone to brute-force
attack [24]. Ammar et al. [25] proposed Random Data
Encryption Algorithm (RDEA) by extending DES where
pseudo randomized cipher key is generated for encryption and
embedded with the cipher text. As the length of the cipher text
increases and the memory capacity hampered, the overall
efficiency of the algorithm also affected poorly.
4. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
4.1 Encryption Process
The proposed algorithm is a modified version of DES which
uses graph Hamiltonian cycle and the graph automorphism
concept for generating keys. The whole process is similar to
DES except the key transformation process. The modified key
transformation process is depicted below:
4.1.1 Key Transformation
Here, the input is an arbitrary Hamiltonian cycle of the 4-cube
graph in 64 bit binary format. This is used as the secret key.
Here the parity bits are not used because, the sequence is a
Gray code and it can support error detection and correction
like geometric approach for error detection and correction
[26]. In this algorithm a secure mapping table is used which is
encrypted with the sender‟s private key and sender can update
it dynamically when needed. The secure mapping table consist
of mappings between the given 4-cube graph and its non-
automorphic graphs. Altogether 16 arbitrary mappings are
stored in the secure mapping table for producing sub keys of
16 rounds. The key transformation algorithm for 1st round is
given below:
Algorithm: Key transformation.
Begin
Step 1: 64 bit secret key is permuted using the 1st
entry of the
secure mapping table.
Step 2: Every eighth bit position of the sub key is discarded to
produce 56 bit sub key.
Step 3: 56 bit sub key is permuted using the permuted choice
two table used in the standard DES algorithm [1,2] and the sub
key for round 1 is produced.
End
This procedure is continued for remaining 15 rounds. The
overall encryption process is given with a graphical
representation in fig.6.
4.2 Decryption Process
The receiver who wants to decrypt the cipher text with the
secret key has to follow the algorithm given below:
Algorithm: Decryption.
Begin
Step 1: Receiver who wants decrypt the cipher text will send a
request to the sender for decryption of the encrypted secure
mapping table.
Step 2: Sender will start Zero Knowledge Protocol (ZKP) to
verify if the receiver is authenticated or not.
Step 3: If the receiver is authenticated then sender will decrypt
the secure mapping table for that particular receiver.
Step 4: Receiver will decrypt the cipher text by following the
same procedure as encryption except the application of keys in
reverse order.
Step 5: After successful completion of the decryption, receiver
will send a completion message to the sender and the sender
will update with secure mapping table and decrypt it with its
private key.
End

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig- 6: Proposed Encryption Algorithm
5. EXAMPLE
Suppose,
Plain text: 02468aceeca86420
Input Key: 13267fbaec89d540 (Hamiltonian cycle of fig. 3.
in Hexadecimal format)
Table- 1 Secure Mapping Table (Encrypted with Sender‟s
Private Key)
Round Mapping
1 1<->5, 2<->3, 7<->e, 9<->d
2 3<->e, 0<->c, a<->b
3 4<->8, 7<->b, 1<->9
4 0<->6, 1<->7, 3<->b
5 2<->4, 9<->a, e<->f, 0<->1
6 2<->3, 1<->a, c<->d
7 2<->7, 9<->c, 0<->5, a<->d
8 7<->9, e<->f, 0<->1
9 2<->c, 4<->a, 5<->f, 0<->e
10 2<->6, 0<->4, 8<->a, 9<->f
11 1<->4, 3<->b, 7<->a, e<->f
12 1<->f, 4<->5, 8<->9, 0<->b
13 1<->2, 3<->a, 5<->c, 8<->d
14 5<->9, 6<->d, 1<->c
15 3<->a, 7<->e, 5<->6, 4<->b
16 4<->c, 3<->8, a<->d, 2<->b
Table- 2. 16 sub keys
Round Key
1 f1b5b7a3a0a5
2 d575b6259825
3 d9bd963238aa
4 17359527b9a6
5 d024b66338b7
6 fa343623b886
7 f0359ea7e006
8 91b496a2b8b7
9 d0017e4d1d2c
10 d015b0a738b6
11 d5b41f2338e7
12 cb11b323bbe6
13 fe24363b9286
14 5936b7aac806
15 45bd36633ced
16 9e118985d39b
Table- 3. Prposed Algorithm Execution (output of 16 rounds)
Round Keyi LPTi RPTi
IP 5a005a00 3cf03c0f
1 f1b5b7a3a0a5 3cf03c0f 330fe276
2 d575b6259825 330fe276 700a5a48
3 d9bd963238aa 700a5a48 a679b868
4 17359527b9a6 a679b868 619719c0
5 d024b66338b7 619719c0 723cff23
6 fa343623b886 723cff23 a8c6567f
7 f0359ea7e006 a8c6567f 27fb11ba
8 91b496a2b8b7 27fb11ba f394ff9f
9 d0017e4d1d2c f394ff9f 0442ee5c
10 d015b0a738b6 0442ee5c 2038a68d
11 d5b41f2338e7 2038a68d 87fdb9b1
12 cb11b323bbe6 87fdb9b1 5c304b39
13 fe24363b9286 5c304b39 1ad827b4
14 5936b7aac806 1ad827b4 9b8bbe39
15 45bd36633ced 9b8bbe39 b9864f8e
16 9e118985d39b b9864f8e 5a5a59ca
IP-1
4cb715ef e840ae53
Cipher text: 4cb715ef e840ae53
6. RESULTS
The Hardware used to carry out this experiment is Pentium IV
computer and 1 GB, DDR2 RAM. The program is written in
„C‟ programming language and „Borland C++‟ compiler is
used for compilation and execution purpose. Chart-1 shows
the comparison of time required for encryption between
standard DES algorithm and the proposed algorithm
(GMDES) and Chart-2 shows the decryption time required for
the standard DES and the proposed algorithm (GMDES).
Decryption time for GMDES is calculated excluding the time
required for verification of the receiver by ZKP.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Chart-1: Time (in seconds) required for encryption of text
files
Chart-2: Time (in seconds) required for decryption of text
files
7. STRENGTH OF THE PROPOSED
ALGORITHM
7.1 Key Space
The main drawback of standard DES algorithm is that, it can
be easily prone to brute-force attack, because of its relatively
short key length. In DES there are only 256
possible key
combinations which are quite easy to crack. The algorithm
proposed here tries to overcome this drawback using the
partial symmetric key concept. The advantage is that, the
algorithm is not fully depended on the secret key. If the
intruder does not know the secret key, the time needed for
brute-force attack (if the computation is done in 2.4 GHz
processor) = Number of Hamiltonian cycles in 4-cube graph *
(All possible permutations of vertices of 4-cube graph –
Number of Automorphic graph of given 4-cube graph) number of
rounds
/ (2.4*109
*3600*365*24) =43008* (16!-(4!.24
))16
/
(2.4*109
*3600*365*24) = 5.8005 X 10217
/
(2.4*109
*3600*365*24) =7.66 X 10200
years (Theoretically).
It is much larger than standard DES which is (256
/
(2.4*109
*3600*365*24) = 0.952 years (approx)).
Now, if the intruder knows the secret key then the time
required for brute-force attack= (16!-(4! 24
))16
/
(2.4*109
*3600*365*24)= 1.77 X 10196
(Theoretically).
Chart-3: Comparison of key space of standard DES and
Proposed method
7.2 Avalanche Effect (Delta)
A change in one bit of the plain text or one bit of the key
should produce change in many bits of the cipher text. This
effect is known as Avalanche effect. In the example of section
5, if the first bit of the plain text is changed the plain text
becomes 12468aceeca86420.The Chart-4 shows the
Avalanche effects of both the standard DES and proposed
algorithm which shows that Avalanche effect of DES is 50%
where in the case of proposed algorithm it is 55%.
Chart-4: Avalanche effect of standard DES and Proposed
method
8. SECURITY ANALYSIS WITH GMDES
Security is a very important aspect of any encryption
algorithm. A short discussion about the security issues of the
propose algorithm, GMDES from the cryptographic point
of view are given below.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
8.1 Replay Attack
In this attack, an intruder tries to replay the earlier
communication and authenticate itself to the sender who is the
verifier. But, as Zero Knowledge Protocol is used in this
proposed system, the verifier will be sending different
challenge values for each communication, replaying earlier
communication will not authenticate the receiver.
8.2 Chosen Cipher Text Attack
According to this attack model Attacker tries to deduce secret
keys by studying various cipher texts and corresponding plain
texts. This kind of attack has more chances of success if
encryption key size is limited. But in the proposed method,
different cipher text is produced for the same key and same
plain text and the key space of this algorithm is very large, so
deduction of encryption key will not practically possible.
8.3 Cipher Text only Attack
It is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the Attacker is
assumed to have an access only to a set of cipher texts. The
attack is successful if corresponding plain text can be deduced
or the key is found. But for the proposed scheme, key space is
very large and the algorithm is not fully depended on secret
key but also on the protected sub-keys. So possibility of this
type of attack is much less.
8.4 Chosen Plain Text Attack
In this attack model Attacker chooses an arbitrary plain text to
be encrypted and obtain the corresponding cipher text. By
comparing this two the Attacker can find his own key. But the
proposed method is a partial symmetric key algorithm and is
not fully depended on the secret key; rather it also depended
on the sub-keys which are protected by sender‟s private key.
So, it is not possible for an Attacker to know the sender‟s
private key and due to large key space the possibility of this
type of attack is very less.
8.5 Brute Force Attack
This type of attack consists of systematically checking all
possible keys until the correct one is found. In the worst case,
this would involve traversing the entire search space. As the
key space of this proposed algorithm is very large, so
possibility of this type of attack is practically impossible.
8.6 Man-in-the-middle Attack
In this attack the cryptanalyst places him in the
communication channel between sender and receiver who
wish to exchange their data for secure communication and he
makes independent connections with the victims by
exchanging key with them and relays messages between them,
making them believe that they are talking directly to each
other over a private connection, when in fact the entire
conversation is controlled by the cryptanalyst. So, the
cryptanalyst knows the secret key. This type of attack can be
defeated by the proposed method as it uses the secure key
exchange protocol [27] and Zero Knowledge Protocol for
authentication of the receiver.
9. CONCLUSIONS
Security is a very complex topic. In this paper a graph based
modified DES (GMDES) algorithm is proposed which is more
secure than the classical DES algorithm. The proposed
algorithm is not fully depended on secret key and for the same
plain text it produces different cipher text using the same
secret key which reduces the probability of various attacks.
Besides this, unauthorized user cannot be able to decrypt the
message in a feasible amount of time despite of knowing the
secret key. The future depends on detailed simulation and
comparison with other encryption algorithm, as well as
complete statistical survey and analysis with respect to other
attacks. Furthermore, this proposed technique can be
implemented in embedded systems, smart card security, cloud
computer security etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank University Of Calcutta, West
Bengal, India, Department of Science & Technology (DST),
New Delhi, for financial support and the reviewers for their
constructive and helpful comments and specially the
Computer without which no work was possible.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Debajit Sensarma is presently pursuing his
PhD degree from the department of Computer
Science and Engineering, University of
Calcutta, Kolkata, India with DST INSPIRE
Fellowship. He has published several papers in
International journals and conferences.
Dr. Samar Sen Sarma is the founder
member and senior professor of the
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering at the University of Calcutta
(the first multidisciplinary modern university
in South Asia and the oldest institution to
have the “University” status), Kolkata, India. He has published
several papers in International journals and conferences.

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