Inheritance in Object Oriented Programming
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Object oriented programming uses inheritance, where a derived class inherits properties from a base class. There are four main types of inheritance: single inheritance where a derived class has one base class; multiple inheritance where a derived class has multiple base classes; multilevel inheritance where a class inherits from another derived class; and hierarchical inheritance where one base class is inherited by multiple derived classes. Inheritance enables code reuse and is a fundamental concept of object oriented programming.
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The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
Introduction to Sets
Introduction to SetsAshita Agrawal SET
A set is a well defined collection of objects, called the “elements” or “members” of the set.
A specific set can be defined in two ways-
If there are only a few elements, they can be listed individually, by writing them between curly braces ‘{ }’ and placing commas in between. E.g.- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The second way of writing set is to use a property that defines elements of the set.
e.g.- {x | x is odd and 0 < x < 100}
If x is an element o set A, it can be written as ‘x A’
If x is not an element of A, it can be written as ‘x A’
Special types of sets-
Standard notations used to define some sets:
N- set of all natural numbers
Z- set of all integers
Q- set of all rational numbers
R- set of all real numbers
C- set of all complex numbers
TYPES OF SETS
-subset
-singleton set
-universal set
-empty set
-finite set
-infinte set
-eual set
-disjoint set
-cardinal set
-power set
OPERATIONS ON SET
The four basic operations are:
1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of sets
3. Complement of the Set
4. Cartesian Product of sets
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of both the sets.
A B = {x | x A or x B}
Let a and b are sets, the intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A B is the set consisting of elements which are in A as well as in B
A B = {X | x A and x B}
If A B= , the sets are said to be disjoint.
If U is a universal set containing set A, then U-A is called complement of a set.
Business Overview
Business OverviewAshita Agrawal Overview of business
INDEX
Types Of Business
Industrial Sector
Globalization
Definition:
Business is an economic activity involving the regular production or distribution of goods and services with the objective of earning profits through the satisfaction of human wants.
Types of business:
1.Service
2.Manufacturing
3.Trade
Service
Service industry is the major type of business running in India. Examples – entertainment, consultancy, banking, telecommunication, call centres, KPO, etc.Service is different from manufacturing and trading of goods.
Manufacturing
In manufacturing, the items are produced using raw materials with the help of different engineering process and technologies. Other business depend on manufacturing. Hence it is very important. Example- machines, automobiles, stationary, etc.
Trade
These enterprises are concerned with the distribution of products i.e. sale of products , distribution, transfer, exchange of goods to business houses as well as consumers. Trading enterprises may be found operating in form of :
Wholesale
Retail
Import and export
Investment trusts, etc.
Types Of Industrial Sector
Trade
Automobile
Cement
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Engineering goods
Jute
Iron and steel
Village industries
Petrochemical
Rubber & leather products
Small scale industries
Sugar
Tea
Textile
Agro based
Food based
Handicrafts, etc.
Engineering Industry
Engineering industry mainly deals with:
Design
Manufacture
Operations of structures, machines, or devices.
This industry primarily includes sectors like:
Civil
Computer and IT
Industrial
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
Process Industry
The process industries do different processes on the raw material to produce the final product.
The process could be either continuous or occur on a batch of materials.
Examples:
Wood and wooden products
Chemicals
Paper
Textile
Coal
Rubber
Plastics, etc.
Textile Industry
Textile industry deals with design and manufacturing of clothing products. Indian textile industries are one of the leading in the world. It includes following sectors:
Cotton
Jute
Sericulture
Wool and woollen
Man made fibre/ filament yarn
IT Industry
Information technology (IT) industry in India has played a key role in putting India on the global map. IT industry in India has been one of the most significant growth contributors for the Indian economy.
Major IT companies are:
Infosys
Accenture
Cognizant
CMC
Wipro
Oracle, etc.
Globalization
Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
Globalization has allowed companies to increase their base of operations. It has supported companies to expand their workspace with relatively small investments and provide novel services to a wide range of consumers.
Introduction to Java
Introduction to JavaAshita Agrawal This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's evolution and history from 1991 to present. It also covers Java fundamentals including data types, operators, decision making and looping constructs, classes and objects, arrays and strings. The document is intended as an overview of the major topics and features in Java.
Biography of Mahatma Gandhi : 1869-1948
Biography of Mahatma Gandhi : 1869-1948Ashita Agrawal Mohandas Gandhi was born in 1869 in western India and went to London to study law, experiencing discrimination which influenced his later activism. In South Africa from 1893-1915, he faced racism and was a leader for Indian civil rights, employing non-violence. He returned to India in 1915 and took a leadership role in the independence movement, advocating non-cooperation and non-violence against British rule through campaigns like salt marches and hunger strikes. Though sometimes imprisoned, he helped unite Hindus and Muslims and worked with leaders like Nehru and Jinnah for independence, which was achieved in 1947 though Gandhi was not present on the day.
Cloud computing - new class of network based computing
Cloud computing - new class of network based computingAshita Agrawal Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network based computing that takes place over the Internet,
-basically a step on from Utility Computing
-a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
The hardware and software services are available to
general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets.
TYPES OF CLOUD:
There are different types of clouds that you can subscribe to depending on your needs. As a home user or small business owner, you will most likely use public cloud services.
1.public
2.hybrid
3.community
4.private
PURPOSE AND BENEFITS
-Cloud computing enables companies and applications, which are system infrastructure dependent, to be infrastructure-less.
-By using the Cloud infrastructure on “pay as used and on demand”, all of us can save in capital and operational investment!
-Clients can:
Put their data on the platform instead of on their own desktop PCs and/or on their own servers.
They can put their applications on the cloud and use the servers within the cloud to do processing and data manipulations etc.
Features of Cloud Computing
• Cost
• Agility
• Security
• Reliability
• Scalability
• Availability
• Performance
• Device and Location Independence
Cloud Computing Service Providers
• Amazon
• App Nexus
• Google AppEngine
• Go Grid
• Microsoft Windows Azure
• Rack Space
Conclusion
The cloud provides many options for the everyday computer user as well as large and small businesses. It opens up the world of computing to a broader range of uses and increases the ease of use by giving access through any internet connection.
However, with this increased ease also come drawbacks. You have less control over who has access to your information and little to no knowledge of where it is stored.
You also must be aware of the security risks of having data stored on the cloud. The cloud is a big target for malicious individuals and may have disadvantages because it can be accessed through an unsecured internet connection.
constructor and destructor-object oriented programming
constructor and destructor-object oriented programmingAshita Agrawal Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects of a class. There are different types of constructors including default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Destructors are used to destroy objects and their name is the same as the class name but preceded by a tilde. Constructors and destructors are important aspects of object oriented programming.
Introduction to computer network
Introduction to computer networkAshita Agrawal A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
Instruction Set of 8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set of 8086 MicroprocessorAshita Agrawal instruction set of 8086 microprocessor has following categories:
-Data transfer instructions
-Arithmetic instructions
-Logical instructions
-Flag manipulation instructions
-shift and rotate instructions
-String instructions
-8086 assembler directives
Testing Machine- universal tester
Testing Machine- universal testerAshita Agrawal A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.
Adolf Hitler - German politician(world war I)
Adolf Hitler - German politician(world war I)Ashita Agrawal Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party.
-born on April 20, 1889
-Adolf Hitler’s life in Vienna
-Appearance of Adolf Hitler
-World War I
-Hitler’s Leadership
-Rise of Nazi Party
Charles babbage - Father of Computing. 
Charles babbage - Father of Computing. Ashita Agrawal He is Considered a “father of the computer“.
Charles Babbage was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
Ada Lovelace-The First Programmer
Ada Lovelace-The First ProgrammerAshita Agrawal Ada Lovelace was the first computer programmer. She met Charles Babbage in 1833 and became fascinated with his Analytical Engine, the first general purpose computer. In 1843, she published notes that explained how the Analytical Engine could be programmed to calculate Bernoulli numbers, which is considered the first computer program. Ada realized the potential of computers to solve problems of any complexity, not just mathematical ones. Though the Analytical Engine was never completed in her lifetime, Ada is credited as the first computer programmer for her conceptual contributions.
Slums In India
Slums In IndiaAshita Agrawal Slums, their problems, diseases in slum,characteristics, definition, measures to be taken to solve the problem
Augmented Reality
Augmented RealityAshita Agrawal Augmented reality is a live, copy, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
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- 2. INDEX Introduction Derived class visibility modes Types of inheritance Virtual base class Constructors in derived classes
- 3. INHERITANCE The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old class is called inheritance. The old class is referred as base class and new one is called as derived class. A new class inherits some or all properties from the base class. Inheritance enables reusability.
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