Intro to Postgres 9 Tutorial

PostgreSQL 9.0 / Prolog

• Want to play along?

• PostgreSQL 9.0

• git clone git://git.postgresql.org/git/postgresql.git

• http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/anoncvs.html

• ./configure; make; make install;

• Pagila Sample Database

• http://pgfoundry.org/frs/?group_id=1000150&release_id=998

Wednesday, June 2, 2010

No More Waiting
A Guide to PostgreSQL 9.0

/ Presentation / Robert Treat


Know More Waiting
A Guide to PostgreSQL 9.0



Know More Waiting
A Guide to Postgres 9.0



Postgres 9.0

• Performance

• Administration

• Development

• Procedures

• Replication


Postgres 9.0

BUT FIRST!


Postgres 9.0 / Recap



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)

• Commit Fests (July,September,November,January)



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)


• Alpha Release after each Commit Fest



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)



• Feature Freeze (February)



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)




• 9.0 ?!?



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)




• 9.0 ?!?

• Beta (April 29)



• 8.4 Released (2009-07-01)




• 9.0 ?!?

• Beta (April 29)

• Release (May ? June ? July)


Postgres 9.0 / Stats



• New feature patches: 204




• doesn’t include direct commits





• Submitters: 84





• Submitters: 84

• doesn’t include committers





• Submitters: 84


• 1860 files changed





• Submitters: 84



• 150951 insertions





• Submitters: 84



• 150951 insertions

• 82558 deletions


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / vacuum full



• VACUUM FULL now works like CLUSTER

• The Old

• move rows around, heavy scans, bloat indexes

• syntax available with VACUUM FULL INPLACE

• still used for system catalogs



• VACUUM FULL now works like CLUSTER

• The Old

• move rows around, heavy scans, bloat indexes

• syntax available with VACUUM FULL INPLACE

• still used for system catalogs

• NEW

• rewrite table and indexes

• ~ 2% less efficient for tables, 90% more efficient for indexes

• 1/3 the amount of time

• continue to avoid it :-)


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / explain buffers

explain can now show buffers information

pagila=# explain (analyze, buffers) select * from actor;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on actor (cost=0.00..4.00 rows=200 width=25) (actual time=0.034..0.089 rows=200 loops=1)
Buffers: shared read=2
Total runtime: 0.149 ms
(3 rows)

pagila=# explain (analyze, buffers) select count(*) from actor;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=4.50..4.51 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.109..0.109 rows=1 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=2
-> Seq Scan on actor (cost=0.00..4.00 rows=200 width=0) (actual time=0.010..0.048 rows=200 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=2
(5 rows)


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / index not null

support index use for IS NOT NULL

PostgreSQL 8.4

pagila=# explain select * from address where address2 is not null;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on address (cost=0.00..20.03 rows=1 width=70)
Filter: (address2 IS NOT NULL)
(2 rows)

PostgreSQL 9.0 Beta 1

pagila=# explain select * from address where address2 is not null;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index Scan using address_address2_idx on address (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=70)
Index Cond: (address2 IS NOT NULL)
(2 rows)


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / join removal

remove joins from execution plan where not needed

PostgreSQL 9.0 Alpha 4

pagila=# explain analyze select actor.last_name from actor left join film_actor using (actor_id) where
actor.last_update > current_date;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nested Loop Left Join (cost=4.46..38.48 rows=27 width=35) (actual time=0.258..0.258 rows=0 loops=1)
-> Seq Scan on actor (cost=0.00..5.50 rows=1 width=25) (actual time=0.257..0.257 rows=0 loops=1)
Filter: (last_update > ('now'::text)::date)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on film_actor (cost=4.46..32.64 rows=27 width=12) (never executed)
Recheck Cond: (actor.actor_id = film_actor.actor_id)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on film_actor_pkey (cost=0.00..4.45 rows=27 width=0) (never executed)
Index Cond: (actor.actor_id = film_actor.actor_id)
(8 rows)

this is not join removal!


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / join removal
PostgreSQL 8.4

pagila=# explain analyze select city from city left join country using (country_id) where city.last_update
> current_date;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nested Loop Left Join (cost=0.00..17.95 rows=1 width=9) (actual time=28.022..28.022 rows=0 loops=1)
Join Filter: (city.country_id = country.country_id)
-> Seq Scan on city (cost=0.00..14.50 rows=1 width=11) (actual time=28.021..28.021 rows=0 loops=1)
-> Seq Scan on country (cost=0.00..2.09 rows=109 width=4) (never executed)
(6 rows)

PostgreSQL 9.0 Beta 1

pagila=# explain analyze select city from city left join country using (country_id) where city.last_update
> current_date;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on city (cost=0.00..14.50 rows=1 width=11) (actual time=0.748..0.748 rows=0 loops=1)
(3 rows)


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / tablespace costs


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / tablespace costs

• Per Tablespace GUC Options

• seq_page_cost

• random_page_cost

• ALTER TABLESPACE ... SET / RESET


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / Wait, there’s more!


Postgres 9.0 / Perf / Wait, there’s more!

• Increased GIN index creation for pre-ordered data

• ALTER TABLE “rewrite” commands can skip xlogging

• ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... SET DISTINCT

• Optimize foo <> true => foo = false, foo <> false => foo = true

• Improve pg_restore multi-workers logic for faster restores

• Windows 64bit Support


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / pg_ctl initdb

initdb is dead (well, to me)

sa-x:postgres rob$ pgsql90/bin/pg_ctl -D data/ initdb -o "--locale=en_US.UTF-8"
The ﬁles belonging to this database system will be owned by user "rob".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale en_US.UTF-8.
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to UTF8.
The default text search conﬁguration will be set to "english".
...


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / psql
greatest feature in postgres 9?

sa-x:postgres rob$ pgsql90b1/bin/psql -d pagila
FATAL: unrecognized configuration parameter "application_name"
psql (9.0beta1, server 8.3.5)
WARNING: psql version 9.0, server version 8.3.
Some psql features might not work.
Type "help" for help.

pagila=# d actor
Table "public.actor"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
actor_id | integer | not null default nextval('actor_actor_id_seq'::regclass)
first_name | character varying(45) | not null
last_name | character varying(45) | not null
last_update | timestamp without time zone | not null default now()
Indexes:
"actor_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (actor_id)
"idx_actor_last_name" btree (last_name)
Referenced by:
TABLE "film_actor" CONSTRAINT "film_actor_actor_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (actor_id) REFERENCES
actor(actor_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
Triggers:
last_updated BEFORE UPDATE ON actor FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE last_updated()


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / grant all
GRANT/REVOKE ON ALL object IN SCHEMA

pagila=# create role dylan;
CREATE ROLE
pagila=# grant select on all tables in schema public to dylan;
GRANT
pagila=# select oid::regclass, relacl from pg_class where relkind='r' and relnamespace='2200';
oid | relacl
------------------+----------------------------------------------
film_actor | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
payment_p2007_02 | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
city | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
actor | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
category | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
film | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
address | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
store | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
staff | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
rental | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
country | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
payment | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
film_category | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
language | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
customer | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}
inventory | {postgres=arwdDxt/postgres,dylan=r/postgres}


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / default privs

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

pagila=# alter default privileges grant select on tables to dylan;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
pagila=# create table payment_p2007_07 () inherits (payment);
CREATE TABLE
pagila=# z payment_p2007_07
Access privileges
Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column access
privileges
--------+------------------+-------+---------------------------
+--------------------------
public | payment_p2007_07 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres+|
| | | dylan=r/postgres |
(1 row)


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / d for children

pagila=# d payment
Table "public.payment"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------------+-----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------
payment_id | integer | not null default nextval('payment_payment_id_seq'::regclass)
customer_id | smallint | not null
staff_id | smallint | not null
rental_id | integer | not null
amount | numeric(5,2) | not null
payment_date | timestamp without time zone | not null
Indexes:
"payment_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (payment_id)
"idx_fk_customer_id" btree (customer_id)
"idx_fk_staff_id" btree (staff_id)
"payment_rental_id_idx" btree (rental_id)
Foreign-key constraints:
"payment_customer_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customer(customer_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
"payment_rental_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (rental_id) REFERENCES rental(rental_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE SET NULL
"payment_staff_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (staff_id) REFERENCES staff(staff_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
Rules:
<snip>

Number of child tables: 7 (Use d+ to list them.)


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / d for children
pagila=# d+ payment
Table "public.payment"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage |
Description
--------------+-----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------
payment_id | integer | not null default nextval('payment_payment_id_seq'::regclass) | plain |
customer_id | smallint | not null | plain |
staff_id | smallint | not null | plain |
rental_id | integer | not null | plain |
amount | numeric(5,2) | not null | main |
payment_date | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain |
Indexes:
"payment_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (payment_id)
"idx_fk_customer_id" btree (customer_id)
"idx_fk_staff_id" btree (staff_id)
"payment_rental_id_idx" btree (rental_id)
Foreign-key constraints:
"payment_customer_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customer(customer_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
"payment_rental_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (rental_id) REFERENCES rental(rental_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE SET NULL
"payment_staff_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (staff_id) REFERENCES staff(staff_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
Rules:
<snip>

Child tables: payment_p2007_01,
payment_p2007_02,
payment_p2007_03,
payment_p2007_04,
payment_p2007_05,
payment_p2007_06,
payment_p2007_07
Has OIDs: no


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / Wait, there’s more!


Postgres 9.0 / Admin / Wait, there’s more!

• show value when unique
• reindexing shared system
constraints are violated
catalogs is now crash safe
• radius authentication
• add ability to reset statistics
on individual tables
• add SQLSTATE as option to
log_line_prefix
• support samehost/samenet
options in pg_hba.conf
• allow collection of statistics
on sequences
• added string_agg function
(group_concat)
• GUC can now be configured
based on user/database
combination • improved tabular display for
psql rows with null data
• log changes to postgresql.conf
• add index methods to di
during reload


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / conditional triggers

CREATE TRIGGER notify_waiting_list

AFTER UPDATE ON rental FOR EACH ROW

WHEN NEW.return_date <> OLD.return_date

THEN EXECUTE procedure send_notices();

• improves control for execution of triggers

• any boolean expression

• shows up in d output

• some after triggers will gain significant speed up


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / conditional triggers

CREATE TRIGGER film_fulltext_trigger

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE of title, description

ON FILM FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE

tsvector_update_trigger('fulltext', 'pg_catalog.english', 'title', 'description')

• improves control for execution of triggers

• shows up in d output

• simplify code

• trigger only fires based on column declaration in update clause


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / exclusion constraints

This is not the same thing as constraint exclusion!

“Yes, we suck at naming things”
- Magnus Hagander



• Generic constraint infrastructure

• UNIQUE constraints are like =

• any indexable commutative operator

• BETWEEN-rows constraint

• each row can conflict with any other row in
the table



• Examples:

• non-overlapping time intervals

• calendars, scheduling, reservations

• non-overlapping geometric shapes

• zoning



Jeff Davis, “Not Just Unique”, Thu @ 1:30PM



• Examples:

• non-overlapping time intervals

• calendars, scheduling, reservations

• non-overlapping geometric shapes

• zoning

Jeff Davis, “Not Just Unique”, Thu @ 1:30PM


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / window functions

pagila=# pagila=# select date_trunc('week',payment_date), sum(avg(sum(amount))

pagila-# over (order by date_trunc('week', payment_date) rows between 1 preceding and 1 following)

pagila-# from payment_p2007_04 group by date_trunc('week',payment_date) order by 1;

date_trunc | sum | avg

---------------------+---------+-----------------------

2007-04-02 00:00:00 | 6562.62 | 7237.2300000000000000

2007-04-09 00:00:00 | 7911.84 | 7611.8566666666666667

2007-04-23 00:00:00 | 8361.11 | 7332.2800000000000000

2007-04-30 00:00:00 | 5723.89 | 7042.5000000000000000

(4 rows)

• enhancements to the frame clause

• now able to compute moving averages (easily)

• several options, check the docs!


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / Wait, there’s more!


Postgres 9.0 / Dev / Wait, there’s more!

• deferrable unique constraints

• new bytea hex format output

• hstore... more efficient, kv • drop if exists columns
storage
• drop if exists constraints
• show value when unique
• ordered aggregates
constraints are violated

• added string_agg function • rewrite listen/notify
(payloads)
(group_concat)

• support SQL Standard
LIMIT/OFFSET


Postgres 9.0 / Proc / by default

plpgsql is now created by default


Postgres 9.0 / Proc / just DO it!

pagila=# DO $$
pagila$# DECLARE
pagila$# v_part record;
pagila$# v_sql text;
pagila$# BEGIN
pagila$# set search_path = 'public';
pagila$# for v_part in select tablename from pg_tables where tablename ~ 'payment' loop
pagila$# v_sql := 'create index '||v_part.tablename||'_rental_id_idx ON '||v_part.tablename||'(rental_id)';
pagila$# raise notice '%',v_sql;
pagila$# execute v_sql;
pagila$# end loop;
pagila$# END
pagila$# $$ language plpgsql;
NOTICE: create index payment_p2007_02_rental_id_idx ON payment_p2007_02(rental_id)
NOTICE: create index payment_rental_id_idx ON payment(rental_id)
DO
pagila=#


Postgres 9.0 / Proc / Wait, there’s more!


Postgres 9.0 / Proc / Wait, there’s more!

• can now use expressions in
OPEN cursor FOR EXECUTE

• improve variable recognition • use strict now works in plperl
within plpgsql
• change Perl warnings to
• allow assignment of values to elog(WARNING)
IN parameters
• Add Python 3 support
• Allow MOVE FORWARD n/
ALL, MOVE BACKWARD n/ • support for C++ stored procs
ALL for plpgsql cursors
• named parameters
• add utility functions for
plperl (quote_literal and
friends)


Postgres 9.0 / repl / hot standby

• allows for (read only) queries against a database during crash recovery

• aka pitr replication / xlog shipping

• GUC Settings

• primary

• wal_level = ‘hot standby’

• vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0

• secondary

• hot_standby = on

• max_standby_delay = 30s


Postgres 9.0 / repl / streaming replication

• Process to connect to the primary from a secondary server and
“stream” changes to slaves

• Config primary for archive logging, then

• max_wal_senders

• Config secondary for streaming replication

• in recovery.conf

• standby_mode = on

• primary_conninfo = ...

• in postgresql.conf

• wal_level = archive

• hot_standby = on


Postgres 9.0 / repl / Wait, there’s more!



• actually, there isn’t any more :-)



Heikki, “Built In-Replication”, Thu @ 10:00AM


Postgres 9.0

• Performance

• Administration

• Procedures

• Tools

• Replication

• Bonus Round!!


Postgres 9.0 / Upgrades

• dump / restore recommend

• “pg_upgrade” (the tool formerly known as pg_migrator)

• 8.3, 8.4 -> 9.0 (not dev releases)

• replication

• ?


Postgres 9.0 / Upgrades

• Beware of incompatibilities

• plpgsql variable conflicts

• read the release notes!


Postgres 9.0 / Testing

• Download

• 9.0 Beta 1 release

• git, http://github.com/gregs1104/peg

• Test

• import existing schemas

• import existing data

• run application / code tests

• test new features

• test pg_upgrade


Postgres 9.0 / More Info

• http://www.depesz.com/

• http://wiki.postgresql.org/

• http://www.xzilla.net

• PGCon, Ottawa, Canada, May 19th - 22nd (that’s now!)


Postgres 9.0 / Shout Out

• Hubert Lubaczewski, aka “Depesz”

• Magnus Hagander

• Andreas Scherbaum

• Chris Biggs

• http://www.omniti.com/is/hiring


Thank you for listening.

/ Presentation


Intro to Postgres 9 Tutorial

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