intro unix/linux 12
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The document discusses accessing and exploring graphical desktops in UNIX/Linux. It describes how to start the X Window system from the terminal using commands like "startx" or "xinit". This launches the window manager and displays the full graphical desktop with icons, menus, windows etc. The desktop environment, including elements like the task bar, main menu, windows, icons and screen customization options are then explored. Exiting a session involves logging out through options in the main menu or pop-up menus.
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Ffmpegduquoi This document provides the help output from the ffmpeg command, listing its configuration options and summarizing its video, audio, and advanced encoding options. It also lists the versions of ffmpeg's libavutil, libavcodec, and libavformat libraries being used.
rosegarden
rosegardenduquoi example: result of converting midi into sheet music via open source software
www.rosegardenmusic.com
intro unix/linux 11
intro unix/linux 11duquoi The split utility breaks long files into smaller files, the lp and lpr utilities manage printing, and find searches for files meeting criteria and acts on them. Mtools copies files to DOS floppies, while tar archives a directory tree or file into a single file for storage, transfer, or relocation.
intro unix/linux 10
intro unix/linux 10duquoi This document discusses managing and processing processes in a system. It explains that every running program is a separate process with a unique process ID. It describes how to obtain information on running processes, start new processes, and end processes through various commands. It also covers job control in UNIX, allowing users to start, suspend, resume, and kill groups of processes associated with a job.
intro unix/linux 09
intro unix/linux 09duquoi The document discusses file and directory permissions in Linux/Unix systems. It describes how permissions are represented and controlled using commands like ls, chmod, and umask. Permissions determine whether a user can read, write, or execute files and view contents of directories. Chmod allows setting permissions for owners, groups and others using letters or numbers. Umask sets default permissions for new files and directories based on permissions being masked.
intro unix/linux 08
intro unix/linux 08duquoi The document provides an overview of shells and their functions. It discusses how shells interpret commands, execute utilities by launching child processes, and customize functionality through variables and startup files. Key points include shells acting as an interface between the user and kernel by translating commands, child processes inheriting environments, and customizations like aliases, prompts, and startup files tailoring each shell.
intro unix/linux 07
intro unix/linux 07duquoi The document discusses managing files and directories in Linux/Unix systems. It covers topics such as using directories to organize files, listing and accessing files in directories, creating and removing directories, using pathnames to navigate between directories, and managing files located in multiple directories.
intro unix/linux 05
intro unix/linux 05duquoi This document provides an overview of various Linux utilities for examining files, manipulating text, performing calculations, sorting data, and more. It summarizes the purpose and basic usage of utilities like wc, cat, more, grep, sort, uniq, cut, paste and others. Key functions covered include viewing file contents, searching/filtering text, mathematical operations, ordering lines, and identifying duplicate lines.
intro unix/linux 06
intro unix/linux 06duquoi This document discusses using utilities to accomplish complex tasks in scripts. It covers creating a script to list user information, separately listing directories and files, and identifying changes made to files in a directory. Key utilities discussed include ls, grep, sort, uniq, diff, and tr which can be combined in scripts to manipulate and analyze data in powerful ways. Comments are added to scripts using # and utilities are piped together using |.
intro unix/linux 03
intro unix/linux 03duquoi This document provides an overview of Linux terminal sessions and system utilities. It discusses employing fundamental utilities like ls, wc, sort, and grep. It also covers managing input/output redirection, special characters, shell variables, environment variables, and creating shell scripts. Key topics include using utilities to list directories, count file elements, sort lines, and locate specific lines. It also discusses starting additional terminal sessions, exiting sessions, and locating the graphical terminal.
intro unix/linux 04
intro unix/linux 04duquoi The document provides an overview of the vi text editor, describing how to navigate and edit files, add and delete text, search for text, and save files. Vi has two modes - command mode for navigation and append/insert mode for adding text. It allows moving cursor, searching, deleting lines/characters, undoing changes, and quitting to save files. Advanced features include substituting text globally and marking blocks to move or copy.
intro unix/linux 02
intro unix/linux 02duquoi The document provides an overview of essential Linux commands and programs for navigating the file system, examining and managing files, and accessing utilities and documentation. It discusses the development of UNIX and Linux, basic commands for executing utilities like date and hostname, passing arguments to utilities, listing processes with ps, and redirecting outputs. It also covers navigating directories, copying, moving, removing files, and deciphering error messages.
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intro unix/linux 12
- 1. Lesson 12-Accessing and Exploring Graphical Desktops
- 2. Overview The UNIX/Linux graphical desktop. Starting the X Window system from a terminal. Exploring the graphical desktop environment.
- 3. The UNIX/Linux Graphical Desktop UNIX and Linux support both graphical and character-based terminals. GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) and KDE (K Desktop Environment) are the two most popular flavors of the graphical desktop. The X Window system is the fundamental graphical tool that enables particular desktop window managers such as GNOME and KDE to operate.
- 4. Starting the X Window System from a Terminal Launching X Window system from Linux: The “startx” command starts the fundamental graphics program, the X Window system, and then launches your account’s default window manager. A desktop with icons, menu bar, and an active mouse is displayed. The startx utility flags an error if X Windows is not properly installed.
- 5. Starting the X Window System from a Terminal Launching X Window system from UNIX: In UNIX environment, the “xinit &” command starts the fundamental graphics program, the X Window system. A full graphical desktop environment is displayed once the X Window session is started.
- 6. Starting the X Window System from a Terminal Launching X Window system from UNIX (continued): The "gnome &" or the "kde &" command can be used for selecting a particular graphical interface or desktop. The Motif Window Manger ("mwm &") or the blackbox "blackbox &" desktop program can also be started.
- 7. Exploring the Graphical Desktop Environment A generic GNOME desktop
- 8. Exploring the Graphical Desktop Environment Navigating the Task Bar. Accessing applications through the Main Menu. Moving, resizing, and iconifying Windows. Starting programs with icons.
- 9. Exploring the Graphical Desktop Environment Using the menu bar. Customizing the desktop environment. Exiting a session from the desktop.
- 10. Navigating the Task Bar The Task Bar, by default, appears at the bottom of the desktop. In the GNOME and KDE interface, various icons on the desktop allow a user to access the Terminal Emulator, Help, web browser, and other features. The Task Bar contains a wide variety of configurable settings and features.
- 11. Navigating the Task Bar The Terminal Emulator or the Console icon opens a terminal window where shell commands can be executed. Multiple terminal windows can be created on the screen to work in two or more environments at the same time. A terminal window uses a default font unless the –fn option has been specified.
- 12. Navigating the Task Bar The r16 and r24 font can be used for configuring the font size. The Task Bar also contains a set of four clustered buttons that allows a user to switch to an alternate desktop.
- 13. Accessing Applications through the Main Menu The Main Menu in GNOME or the Start Application in KDE pops up a menu that provides access to various programs, utilities, settings, and other system menus. The Main Menu provides access to various programs and utilities for working, like spreadsheets, address book, word processor, calculator programs, games, etc.
- 14. Moving, Resizing, and Iconifying Windows The window manager interprets mouse clicks and drags in the usual ways. The handle on the sidebar of the window allows the window to be reshaped. The minimize button is located at the top-right corner of the window, and is represented in the form of an underscore.
- 15. Moving, Resizing, and Iconifying Windows The icon of the active window is placed at the center of the Task Bar. A Help or Documentation browser is an interface to the various forms of documentation on the computer as well as the Internet. A web browser such as Netscape, Mozilla, or Galeon is usually included with X Windows and can be accessed either through the Task Bar or the Main Menu.
- 16. Starting Programs With Icons The icons on the desktop can be customized or removed according to the user’s preferences. The Trash icon in the desktop is similar to a Recycle bin and can be used for recovering documents that get accidentally deleted. The “Empty Trash” option deletes the files permanently from the system.
- 17. Using the Menu Bar The menu bar has functions like a quick reference location for frequently used applications, configurations, and even favorite web sites. Application, Utilities, Development, and Games are some of the topics that appear in the drop-down menu when the Programs icon on the Task Bar is clicked. A web page saved as favorites in the browser also appears for quick reference.
- 18. Customizing the Desktop Environment The appearance of the desktop can be easily changed with the help of the pop-up menu that appears when the mouse is right-clicked on the desktop. The screen saver and various other options can be configured with the help of the Main Menu. X Windows also allows shortcuts to be created on the desktop for frequently used programs with a simple drag-and-drop operation.
- 19. Exiting a Session From the Desktop A desktop session in GNOME can be exited by using the Main Menu, while in KDE, the Start Application is used to achieve the same. The “Lock Screen” option keeps the current session alive, but requires the user to provide a password to unlock the screen.
- 20. The “Logout” option can be selected either from the pop-up menu that appears when the desktop is right-clicked, or from the Main Menu. Exiting a Session From the Desktop
- 21. Summary In UNIX and Linux, the X Window system provides users with a full graphical environment. Login accounts can be configured to start up in the graphical or terminal mode. In the graphical desktop, the dashboard, or Task Bar, provides a series of menus and icons for easy access to programs.