Introduction to Arduino Hardware and Programming

• Introduction:
1. What is Microcontroller?
2. What is Arduino?
3. Types of Arduino
4. Arduino Uno Board
5. Arduino Shields
6. What is Arduino used for?
7. What can Arduino do?
8. Why Arduino?
9. Input/output
10. Analog/digital
11. Sensor
12. Communication
• Programming structure:
1. Data types
2. Statement and operators.
3. Control statements [if, if…else, switch case]
4. Loop statement [while, for, do …while]
5. What is function?
6. What is Arduino Libraries
 Basic Process
 Arduino IDE
 Arduino Language Reference
 Technical Section [Handling Event Using the in-build millis() function]
 Questions???
Agenda

INTRODUCTION
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What is Microcontroller?
A small computer on a
single chip containing a
Central Processor Unit
(CPU), flash memory,
RAM and input/output
interface.
Used for control
purposes, and for data
analysis
Microchip
Atmel Intel
www.mikroe.com/chapters/view/1

What is Arduino?
 An open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware (electronic board) and software (IDE). www.arduino.cc
A electronic board, with on-board regulated power supply, USB
port to communicate with PC, and an Atmel microcontroller chip.
Anyone can get the details of its design and modify it or make his
own.

Types of Arduino
Arduino Uno : 16MHz
Arduino Mega2560 : 16MHz Arduino Ethernet : 16MHz
Arduino Nano : 16MHz
LilyPad Arduino : 8MHz
Arduino Pro Mini
: 8 (3.3 V)/16
(5 V) MHz

Arduino MKR1000 : 48MHz Arduino 101 : 32MHz Arduino Zero : 48MHz
Arduino Due : 84MHz Arduino Yún : 16MHz and 400MHz
Types of Arduino
Arduino Leonardo : 16MHz

Arduino Pro : 16MHz
Arduino Fio : 8MHz
Arduino Mega ADK : 16MHz
Arduino Esplora : 16MHz Arduino Micro : 16MHz
Types of Arduino

Arduino Shields
Boards plugged on top of the Arduino PCB to extend its capacities.

What is Arduino used for?
Physical Computing projects / research
 Interactive Design
Rapid prototyping

What can Arduino do?
Sensors ( sense things)
 Push buttons, touch pads, tilt switches.
 Variable resistors (volume knob / sliders)
 Photo-resistors (light intensity)
 Thermistors (temperature)
 Ultrasound (proximity range finder)
Actuators ( do things)
• Lights, LED’s
• Motors
• Speakers
• Displays (LCD)

Why Arduino?
 It is Open Source, both in terms of Hardware and Software.
 It can communicate with a computer via serial connection over
USB.
 It can be powered from USB or standalone DC power.
 It can run standalone from a computer (chip is programmable)
and it has memory (a small amount).
 It can work with both Digital and Analog electronic signals.
Sensors and Actuators.
 You can build robots, drone, home automation, IoT application,
farm management system with Arduino.

Input/output
Examples: Buttons Switches, Light
Sensors, Flex Sensors, Humidity
Sensors, Temperature Sensors,
Photo-transistor, etc.
Examples: LEDs, DC motor, Servo
motor, Relay, Stepper motor, Piezo,
Buzzer, RGB LED, etc.
Input is a signal / information
going into the board.
Output is any signal exiting the
board.

Analog/digital
Digital signal are anything that can take specific levels of values with specific
offset between each other.
Ex: Square waves
Analog signal are anything that take value between its minimum value and
maximum value.
Ex: Temperature, Sine waves, etc.

Sensors
Devices that transforms the physical quantity in electrical value.
The physical quantity could be
Light
Heat
Motion
Moisture
Pressure
Temperature
Blood pressure
Humidity
Speed
And others environmental phenomena

Communication
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART): is a form of serial
communication because data is transmitted as sequential bits
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI): is a master-slave model, where there is one
master device and multiple slave devices.
Inter-integrated circuit (I2C): it connect multiple masters to multiple slaves.
Hardware connection for
UART SPI multiple-slaves
connected to a single master
I2C hardware connection

ARDUINO
PROGRAMMING
STRUCTURE
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Data Types
Example:
Int i = 140; char c = ‘A’; long u = 234455; float f = 1.56;
unsigned int num = 454;

Statement and Operators
Statement represents a command, it ends with ‘;’
Example: int i;
i=49;
Operators are symbols that used to indicate a specific
function:
• Math operators: [+,-,*,/,%,^]
• Logic operators: [==, !=, &&, ||]
• Comparison operators: [==, >, <, !=, <=, >=]
Syntax:
• ‘;’ Semicolon (end statement)
• ‘{ }’ curly braces (block of statement)
• ‘//’ single line comment,
• /*Multi-line comments*/

Statement and Operators
Compound Operators:
• ++ (increment)
• -- (decrement)
• += (compound addition)
• -= (compound subtraction)
• *= (compound multiplication)
• /= (compound division)

Control Statements
If statement:
if(condition)
{
statements;
}
else if(condition2)
{
Statements;
}
Else{
statements;
}

Control Statements
Switch statement:
switch (x) {
case 1:
//do something when x equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when x equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}

Loop Statement
Do… while:
do
{
Statements;
}while(condition); // the statements are run at least once.
While:
While(condition)
{
statements;
}
for
for (int i=0; i <= var; i++){
statements;
}

What is functions?
A body of code designed to solve a particular
task.
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

What is Arduino Library?
Arduino environment can be extended through the use
of libraries.
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches.
 Working with hardware
 Manipulating data.
A number of libraries come installed with the IDE.
 Download
 Create your own.

Basic Process
 Design the circuit:
o What are electrical requirements of the sensors or actuators?
o Identify inputs (analog inputs)
o Identify digital outputs
 Write the code
o Build incrementally
• Get the simplest piece to work first
• Add complexity and test at each stage
• Save and Backup frequently
o Use variables, not constants
o Comment explicitly

Arduino IDE
Download the Arduino IDE
(The program used to write code and
uploading it to arduino boards) from:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

Arduino Language Reference
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

Technical Session
Handling Multiple Event Using the Arduino in-build millis()
function:
Make a 4 LEDs to blink at different rate of 1 sec, 0.5 sec, 0.25 sec and 0.1sec in an
infinite loop.
Download the demo code from
https://github.com/emotexplanet/Arduino_Multiple_Event_with_millis_function

Introduction to Arduino Hardware and Programming

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