Introduction to array and string

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This document introduces arrays and strings in C programming. It discusses one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, including syntax, initialization, and reading/writing data. Strings are defined as arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), and strlen() are presented, along with input/output functions scanf(), gets(), printf(), and puts().

INTRODUCTION TO ARRAY AND STRING
Team Members:
Sajid Anowar
ID: 191-35-390
Muntasir Muhit
ID: 191-35-399

Array
An array is a collection of one or more values of the
same type. Each value is called an element of
the array. The elements of the array share the same
variable name but each element has its own unique
index number (also known as a subscript). An
array can be of any type:
For example: int , float , char etc.

Syntax
data-type name[size1][size2]………[sizen];
Example: int a[6];

Advantage of Array
• Huge amount of data can be stored under single variable name.
• Searching of data item is faster.
• 2 dimension arrays are used to represent the matrices.
• It is helpful in implementing other data structure like linked list,
queue, stack.

One Dimensional Array
A one-dimensional
array (or single dimension
array) is a type of
linear array. Accessing its
elements involves
a single subscript which can
either represent a row or
column index.
SYNTAX: data-type name[index];
EXAMPLE: int num[10];

Initialization
• int num[6]={2,4,6,7,8,12};
• Individual elements can also be initialize as:
num[0]=2;
num[1]=4;
num[2]=6;
num[3]=7;
num[4]=8;
num[5]=12;

Reading Data from User
• for loop is used to read data from the user.
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&num[i]);
}

MULTI DIMENTIONAL ARRAY
The two dimensional (2D) array
in C programming is also
known as matrix. A matrix
can be represented as a
table of rows and columns
SYNTAX: data-type name[row-size][column-size];
EXAMPLE: int a[3][4];

Initialization
• int odd[3][2]={1,3,5,7,9,11};
Individual element can also be assigned as:
Odd[0][0]=1;
Odd[0][1]=3;
Odd[1][0]=5;
Odd[1][1]=7;
Odd[2][0]=9;
Odd[2][1]=11;

Reading Data from User
• Nested for Loop is used.
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
scanf(“%d”,&odd[i] [j]);
}

WHAT IS STRING ?
A group of characters A string constant is a one-
dimensional array
of characters terminated by a null ( ‘0’ ).
declaration of Character:
• char mychar;
declaration of String:
• char myString[10];
The characters after the null character are ignored.

Most read

WHAT IS NULL char ?
• Null ‘0’ is a terminator which terminates the string in an array

WHY NULL char ?
When declaring a string don’t forget to leave a space for the null
character which is also known as the string terminator character
only way the functions that work with a string can know where the
string ends.

INPUT FUNCTION
• Input Function :
The scanf() Function
• header file stdio.h
• Syntax:
• char mystring[100];
• scanf(“%s”, mystring);
The name of a string is a pointer constant to the first character in the character
array.
Problem:
terminates its input on the first white space it finds.
white space includes blanks, tabs, carriage returns(CR), form feeds & new line.

INPUT FUNCTION
The gets() Function:
Header file stdio.h
takes a string from standard input and assigns it to a character array.
It replaces the n with 0.
Syntax:
• char mystring[100];
• gets(myString);
• fgets() it keeps the n and includes it as part of the string.

OUTPUT FUNCTION
The printf () function
header file: stdio.h
The puts() function
header file: stdio.h
PROGRAM
OUTPUT

STRING OPERATION(string.h)
Four main library function which is define in
• string.h header file
• strcpy() - copy one string into another
• strcat() - append one string onto the right side of
• the other
• strcmp() – compare alphabetic order of two
• strings
• strlen() – return the length of a string

MORE FUNCTIONS
• strlwr() : converts a string to lowercase
• Strupr() : converts a string to uppercase
• Strncat() : Appends first n characters of a string at the end of
another
• Strncmp() :Compares first n characters of two strings
• Strcmpi():Compares two strings without regard to case ("i" denotes
that this function ignores Case)
• [Note: There are more library functions…..]

1. Arrays allow storing of multiple elements of the same data type under a single name. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. 2. Common array operations include declaring and initializing arrays, accessing elements using indexes, and performing element-by-element operations. Strings have specialized functions for operations like length calculation, copying, comparison and concatenation. 3. Pointers allow working with arrays by reference rather than value and are useful for passing arrays to functions. Structures group together different data types under one name and unions allow storing different data types in the same memory space.

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Introduction to array and string

1. INTRODUCTION TO ARRAY AND STRING Team Members: Sajid Anowar ID: 191-35-390 Muntasir Muhit ID: 191-35-399

2. Array CONTENT: • Array • Types of Array

3. Array An array is a collection of one or more values of the same type. Each value is called an element of the array. The elements of the array share the same variable name but each element has its own unique index number (also known as a subscript). An array can be of any type: For example: int , float , char etc.

4. Syntax data-type name[size1][size2]………[sizen]; Example: int a[6];

5. Array

6. Advantage of Array • Huge amount of data can be stored under single variable name. • Searching of data item is faster. • 2 dimension arrays are used to represent the matrices. • It is helpful in implementing other data structure like linked list, queue, stack.

7. Types of Array

8. One Dimensional Array A one-dimensional array (or single dimension array) is a type of linear array. Accessing its elements involves a single subscript which can either represent a row or column index. SYNTAX: data-type name[index]; EXAMPLE: int num[10];

9. Initialization • int num[6]={2,4,6,7,8,12}; • Individual elements can also be initialize as: num[0]=2; num[1]=4; num[2]=6; num[3]=7; num[4]=8; num[5]=12;

10. Reading Data from User • for loop is used to read data from the user. for(i=0;i<10;i++) { scanf(“%d”,&num[i]); }

11. MULTI DIMENTIONAL ARRAY The two dimensional (2D) array in C programming is also known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns SYNTAX: data-type name[row-size][column-size]; EXAMPLE: int a[3][4];

12. Initialization • int odd[3][2]={1,3,5,7,9,11}; Individual element can also be assigned as: Odd[0][0]=1; Odd[0][1]=3; Odd[1][0]=5; Odd[1][1]=7; Odd[2][0]=9; Odd[2][1]=11;

13. Reading Data from User • Nested for Loop is used. for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<2;j++) scanf(“%d”,&odd[i] [j]); }

14. STRING

15. WHAT IS STRING ? A group of characters A string constant is a one- dimensional array of characters terminated by a null ( ‘0’ ). declaration of Character: • char mychar; declaration of String: • char myString[10]; The characters after the null character are ignored.

16. WHAT IS NULL char ? • Null ‘0’ is a terminator which terminates the string in an array

17. WHY NULL char ? When declaring a string don’t forget to leave a space for the null character which is also known as the string terminator character only way the functions that work with a string can know where the string ends.

18. INPUT FUNCTION • Input Function : The scanf() Function • header file stdio.h • Syntax: • char mystring[100]; • scanf(“%s”, mystring); The name of a string is a pointer constant to the first character in the character array. Problem: terminates its input on the first white space it finds. white space includes blanks, tabs, carriage returns(CR), form feeds & new line.

19. EXAMPLE PROGRAM OUTPUT

20. INPUT FUNCTION The gets() Function: Header file stdio.h takes a string from standard input and assigns it to a character array. It replaces the n with 0. Syntax: • char mystring[100]; • gets(myString); • fgets() it keeps the n and includes it as part of the string.

21. EXAMPLE PROGRAM OUTPUT

22. OUTPUT FUNCTION The printf () function header file: stdio.h The puts() function header file: stdio.h PROGRAM OUTPUT

23. STRING OPERATION(string.h) Four main library function which is define in • string.h header file • strcpy() - copy one string into another • strcat() - append one string onto the right side of • the other • strcmp() – compare alphabetic order of two • strings • strlen() – return the length of a string

24. Strcpy() PROGRAM OUTPUT

25. strcat() PROGRAM OUTPUT

26. Strcmp() PROGRAM OUTPUT

27. Strlen() PROGRAM OUTPUT

28. MORE FUNCTIONS • strlwr() : converts a string to lowercase • Strupr() : converts a string to uppercase • Strncat() : Appends first n characters of a string at the end of another • Strncmp() :Compares first n characters of two strings • Strcmpi():Compares two strings without regard to case ("i" denotes that this function ignores Case) • [Note: There are more library functions…..]

29. EXAMPLE PROGRAM OUTPUT