Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6
1
Chapter 1 Introduction to
Computers, Programs, and Java
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs,
and Java
Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and Operations
Chapter 4 Loops
Chapter 6 Arrays
Chapter 5 Methods
Basic computer skills such as using Windows,
Internet Explorer, and Microsoft Word
§§19.1-19.3 in Chapter 19 Recursion
Chapter 23 Algorithm Efficiency and Sorting
Chapter 3 Selection Statements

2
Objectives
 To review computer basics, programs, and operating systems
(§1.2-1.4).
 To represent numbers in binary, decimal, and hexadecimal (§1.5
Optional).
 To understand the relationship between Java and the World Wide
Web (§1.6).
 To know Java’s advantages (§1.7).
 To distinguish the terms API, IDE, and JDK (§1.8).
 To write a simple Java program (§1.9).
 To create, compile, and run Java programs (§1.10).
 To understand the Java runtime environment (§1.10).
 To know the basic syntax of a Java program (§1.11).
 To display output on the console and on the dialog box (§1.12).

3
What is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy disk,
monitor, printer, and communication devices.
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

4
CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. It
retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. The CPU
speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1
million pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously. If you buy a PC now, you can get an Intel Pentium 4
Processor at 3 gigahertz (1 gigahertz is 1000 megahertz).
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices
Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

5
Memory
Memory is to store data and program instructions for CPU to
execute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds
eight bits. A program and its data must be brought to memory before
they can be executed. A memory byte is never empty, but its initial
content may be meaningless to your program. The current content of
a memory byte is lost whenever new information is placed in it.
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices
Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

6
How Data is Stored?
Data of various kinds, such as numbers,
characters, and strings, are encoded as a
series of bits (zeros and ones). Computers
use zeros and ones because digital devices
have two stable states, which are referred to
as zero and one by convention. The
programmers need not to be concerned about
the encoding and decoding of data, which is
performed automatically by the system based
on the encoding scheme. The encoding
scheme varies. For example, character ‘J’ is
represented by 01001010 in one byte. A
small number such as three can be stored in a
single byte. If computer needs to store a
large number that cannot fit into a single
byte, it uses a number of adjacent bytes. No
two data can share or split a same byte. A
byte is the minimum storage unit.
.
.
.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
.
.
.
01001010
01100001
01110110
01100001
00000011
Memory content
Memory address
Encoding for character ‘J’
Encoding for character ‘a’
Encoding for character ‘v’
Encoding for character ‘a’
Encoding for number 3

7
Storage Devices
Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is
off. Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices
and are moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
There are three main types of storage devices:Disk drives (hard disks
and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and Tape drives.
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices
Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

8
Output Devices: Monitor
The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution
and dot pitch determine the quality of the display.
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices
Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

9
Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
The resolution specifies the number of pixels per square
inch. Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots that
form an image on the screen. The resolution can be set
manually. The higher the resolution, the sharper and clearer
the image is. However, the image may be very small if you
set high resolution on a small screen monitor. PC monitors
are usually 15-inch, 17-inch, 19-inch, or 21-inch. For a 15-
inch monitor, a comfortable resolution setting would be
640480 (307,200 pixels).
resolution
The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels. The
smaller the dot pitch, the better the display.
dot pitch

10
Communication Devices
A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to
56,000 bps (bits per second). A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses a
phone line and can transfer data in a speed 20 times faster than a regular
modem. A cable modem uses the TV cable line maintained by the cable
company. A cable modem is as fast as a DSL. Network interface card
(NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN).
The LAN is commonly used in business, universities, and government
organizations. A typical type of NIC, called 10BaseT, can transfer data at
10 mbps (million bits per second).
CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices
Memory
Output
Devices
Bus

11
Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.
You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without
programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.
Programs are written using programming languages.

12
Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions
built into every computer. The instructions are in
the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover
the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:
1101101010011010

13
Assembly languages were developed to make programming
easy. Since the computer cannot understand assembly
language, however, a program called assembler is used to
convert assembly language programs into machine code.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
…
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
…
Assembly Source File
Assembler …
1101101010011010
…
Machine Code File

14
The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn
and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

15
Popular High-Level Languages
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (whose developer designed B first)
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
Java (We use it in the book)

16
Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called a
source program. Since a computer cannot understand a
source program. Program called a compiler is used to
translate the source program into a machine language
program called an object program. The object program is
often then linked with other supporting library code before
the object can be executed on the machine.
Compiler
Source File Object File Linker Excutable File

17
Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown in Figure 1.5. Java Virtual
Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.
Java Bytecode
Java Virtual
Machine
Any
Computer

18
Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is
a program that manages and
controls a computer’s
activities. You are probably
using Windows 98, NT, 2000,
XP, or ME. Windows is
currently the most popular PC
operating system. Application
programs such as an Internet
browser and a word processor
cannot run without an
operating system.
User
Application Programs
Operating System
Hardware

19
Number Systems
NOTE: You can skip this section and use it as reference when you
have questions regarding binary and hexadecimal numbers.
0, 1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
binary
octal
decimal
hexdecimal

20
Number Systems
Computers use binary numbers internally because storage devices
like memory and disk are made to store 0s and 1s. A number or a
text inside a computer is stored as a sequence of 0s and 1s. Each 0
and 1 is called a bit, short for binary digit. The binary number
system has two digits, 0 and 1.
Binary numbers are not intuitive, since we use decimal numbers in
our daily life. When you write a number like 20 in a program, it is
assumed to be a decimal number. Internally, computer software is
used to convert decimal numbers into binary numbers, and vice
versa.

21
Number Systems, cont.
The digits in the decimal number system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9. A decimal number is represented using a sequence of one or
more of these digits. The value that each digit in the sequence
represents depends on its position. A position in a sequence has a
value that is an integral power of 10. For example, the digits 7, 4, 2,
and 3 in decimal number 7423 represent 7000, 400, 20, and 3,
respectively, as shown below:
The decimal number system has ten digits and the position values
are integral powers of 10. We say that 10 is the base or radix of the
decimal number system. Similarly, the base of the binary number
system is 2 since the binary number system has two digits and the
base of the hex number system is 16 since the hex number system
has sixteen digits.
103
7 4 2 3
102
101
100
0
1
2
3
10
3
10
2
10
4
10
7 







3
20
400
7000 


 7423


22
Number Systems, cont.
Binary numbers tend to be very long and cumbersome. Hexadecimal
numbers are often used to abbreviate binary numbers. The
hexadecimal number system has 16 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, and F. The letters A, B, C, D, E, and F correspond to
the decimal numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.

23
Binary Numbers => Decimals
Given a binary number
the equivalent decimal value is
10 in binary = 2 in decimal
1000 in binary = 8 in decimal
0
1
2
2
1 ... b
b
b
b
b
b n
n
n 

0
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
...
2
2
2 0
1
2
2
1 










 


 b
b
b
b
b
b n
n
n
n
n
n
0
2
1 1


0
2
0
2
0
2
1 2
3






10101011
in binary
= 171 in
decimal
1
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
1 2
3
4
5
6
7















24
Decimals => Binary
To convert a decimal number d to a binary number is to find the
binary digits.. such that
These numbers can be found by successively dividing d by 2 until the quotient
is 0. The remainders are
For example, the decimal number 123 is 1111011 in binary. The conversion is
conducted as follows:
0
1
2
2
1 ,
,
,...,
,
, b
b
b
b
b
b n
n
n 

0
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
...
2
2
2 0
1
2
2
1 











 


 b
b
b
b
b
b
d n
n
n
n
n
n
0
1
2
2
1 ,
,
,...,
,
, b
b
b
b
b
b n
n
n 

123
2
61
122
1
b0
61
2
30
60
1
b1
30
2
15
30
0
b2
15
2
7
14
1
b3
Remainder
Quotient
7
2
3
6
1
b4
3
2
1
2
1
b5
1
2
0
0
1
b6

25
Windows Calculator
The Windows Calculator is a useful tool for performing number
conversions. To run it, choose Programs, Accessories, and
Calculator from the Start button.

26
Hexadecimals => Decimals
The hexadecimal number system has sixteen digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. The letters A, B, C, D, E, and F
correspond to the decimal numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. Given
a hexadecimal number
The equivalent decimal value is
0
1
2
2
1
16
16
16
...
16
16
16 0
1
2
2
1 










 


 h
h
h
h
h
h n
n
n
n
n
n
7F in hex 15
16
7 1

 = 127 in decimal
FFFF in hex = 65535 in decimal
15
16
15
16
15
16
15 2
3






0
1
2
2
1 ... h
h
h
h
h
h n
n
n 


27
Decimals => Hexadecimal
To convert a decimal number d to a hexadecimal number is to find
the hexadecimal digits hn, hn-1, hn-2, ... such that
0
1
2
2
1
16
16
16
...
16
16
16 0
1
2
2
1 











 


 h
h
h
h
h
h
d n
n
n
n
n
n
These numbers can be found by
successively dividing d by 16 until the
quotient is 0. The remainders are
For example, the decimal number 123 is
7B in hexadecimal. The conversion is
conducted as follows:
0
1
2
2
1 ,
,
,...,
,
, h
h
h
h
h
h n
n
n 

n
n
n h
h
h
h
h
h ,
,
,...,
,
, 1
2
2
1
0 

123
16
7
112
11
h0
7
16
0
0
7
h1
Remainder
Quotient

28
Hexadecimal  Binary
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 A 10
1011 B 11
1100 C 12
1101 D 13
1110 E 14
1111 F 15
Binary Hex Decimal
To convert a hexadecimal number to a binary
number, simply convert each digit in the
hexadecimal number into a four-digit binary
number.
To convert a binary number to a hexadecimal,
convert every four binary digits from right to left
in the binary number into a hexadecimal number.
For example,
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
D
8
3

29
Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.
Java is a general purpose programming language.
Java is the Internet programming language.

30
Java, Web, and Beyond
Java can be used to develop Web
applications.
Java Applets
Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages
Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices such as Palm and cell
phones

31
Examples of Java’s Versatility
Standalone Application: TicTacToe
Applet: TicTacToe
Servlets: SelfTest Web site
Mobile Computing: Cell phones

32
TicTacToe Standalone

33
TicTacToe Applet

34
SelfTest Website (using Java Servlets)

35
PDA and Cell Phone

36
Java’s History
 James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
 Oak
 Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
 HotJava
– The first Java-enabled Web browser
 Early History Website:
http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html

37
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic
Optional
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro6e/JavaCharacteristics.pdf

38
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
with more functionality and fewer negative
aspects.
Optional

39
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java is inherently object-oriented.
Although many object-oriented languages
began strictly as procedural languages,
Java was designed from the start to be
object-oriented. Object-oriented
programming (OOP) is a popular
programming approach that is replacing
traditional procedural programming
techniques.
One of the central issues in software
development is how to reuse code. Object-
oriented programming provides great
flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
reusability through encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.
Optional

40
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Distributed computing involves several
computers working together on a network.
Java is designed to make distributed
computing easy. Since networking
capability is inherently integrated into
Java, writing network programs is like
sending and receiving data to and from a
file.
Optional

41
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
You need an interpreter to run Java
programs. The programs are compiled into
the Java Virtual Machine code called
bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
independent and can run on any machine
that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Optional

42
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java compilers can detect many problems
that would first show up at execution time
in other languages.
Java has eliminated certain types of error-
prone programming constructs found in
other languages.
Java has a runtime exception-handling
feature to provide programming support
for robustness.
Optional

43
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java implements several security
mechanisms to protect your system against
harm caused by stray programs.
Optional

44
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Write once, run anywhere
With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
you can write one program that will
run on any platform.
Optional

45
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Because Java is architecture neutral,
Java programs are portable. They can
be run on any platform without being
recompiled.
Optional

46
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java’s performance Because Java is
architecture neutral, Java programs are
portable. They can be run on any
platform without being recompiled.
Optional

47
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Multithread programming is smoothly
integrated in Java, whereas in other
languages you have to call procedures
specific to the operating system to enable
multithreading.
Optional

48
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Dynamic
Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. New code can be loaded on the
fly without recompilation. There is no need for
developers to create, and for users to install,
major new software versions. New features can
be incorporated transparently as needed.
Optional

49
JDK Versions
 JDK 1.02 (1995)
 JDK 1.1 (1996)
 JDK 1.2 (1998)
 JDK 1.3 (2000)
 JDK 1.4 (2002)
 JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5

50
JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java programming.

51
Java IDE Tools
 Borland JBuilder
 NetBeans Open Source by Sun
 Sun ONE Studio by Sun MicroSystems
 Eclipse Open Source by IBM

52
A Simple Java Program
//This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Run
Source
Listing 1.1
IMPORTANT NOTE: To run the program from the Run
button, (1) set c:Program Filesjavajdk1.5.0bin for
path, and (2) install slides from the Instructor Resource
Website to a directory (e.g., c:LiangIR) .

53
Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

54
Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

55
Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs
Source Code
Create/Modify Source Code
Compile Source Code
i.e., javac Welcome.java
Bytecode
Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome
Result
If compilation errors
If runtime errors or incorrect result
}
}
…
Method Welcome()
0 aload_0
…
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return
Saved on the disk
stored on the disk
Source code (developed by the programmer)
Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)

56
}
}
Trace a Program Execution
Enter main method
animation

57
}
}
Execute statement
animation

58
}
}
animation
print a message to the
console

59
Supplements on the Companion
Website
See Supplement A for installing and
configuring JDK 1.5
See Supplement B for compiling and running
Java from the command window for details
www.prenhall.com/liang
Direct link at
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro5e.html

60
Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
Set path to JDK bin directory
– set path=c:Program Filesjavajdk1.5.0bin
Set classpath to include the current directory
– set classpath=.
Compile
– javac Welcome.java
Run
– java Welcome

61
from TextPad
See Supplement B on the Website for details
TextPad
Optional

62
from JBuilder
See Supplement H on the Website for details
JBuilder
Optional

63
from NetBeans
See Supplement I on the Website for details
NetBeans
Optional

64
Anatomy of a Java Program
 Comments
 Package
 Reserved words
 Modifiers
 Statements
 Blocks
 Classes
 Methods
 The main method

65
Comments
In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) in a
line, or enclosed between /* and */ in one or multiple
lines. When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after //
in the same line. When it sees /*, it scans for the next */
and ignores any text between /* and */.

66
Package
The second line in the program (package chapter1;)
specifies a package name, chapter1, for the class
Welcome. Forte compiles the source code in
Welcome.java, generates Welcome.class, and stores
Welcome.class in the chapter1 folder.

67
Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class. Other reserved words
in Listing 1.1 are public, static, and void. Their use will
be introduced later in the book.

68
Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that
specify the properties of the data, methods, and
classes and how they can be used. Examples of
modifiers are public and static. Other modifiers are
private, final, abstract, and protected. A public datum,
method, or class can be accessed by other programs.
A private datum or method cannot be accessed by
other programs. Modifiers are discussed in Chapter 6,
“Objects and Classes.”

69
Statements
A statement represents an action or a sequence of
actions. The statement System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!") in the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to
display the greeting "Welcome to Java!" Every statement
in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

70
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {
}
}
Class block
Method block

71
Classes
The class is the essential Java construct. A class is a
template or blueprint for objects. To program in Java,
you must understand classes and be able to write and use
them. The mystery of the class will continue to be
unveiled throughout this book. For now, though,
understand that a program is defined by using one or
more classes.

72
Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a collection
of statements that performs a sequence of operations to
display a message on the console. It can be used even
without fully understanding the details of how it works.
It is used by invoking a statement with a string argument.
The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In
this case, the argument is "Welcome to Java!" You can
call the same println method with a different argument to
print a different message.

73
main Method
The main method provides the control of program flow.
The Java interpreter executes the application by invoking
the main method.
The main method looks like this:
// Statements;
}

74
Displaying Text in a Message
Dialog Box
you can use the showMessageDialog method in the
JOptionPane class. JOptionPane is one of the many
predefined classes in the Java system, which can be
reused rather than “reinventing the wheel.”
Run
Source
IMPORTANT NOTE: To run the program from the Run
button, (1) set c:jdk1.5.0bin for path, and (2) install
slides from the Instructor Resource Website to a
directory (e.g., c:LiangIR) .

75
The showMessageDialog Method
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"Welcome to Java!",
“Display Message",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE));

76
Two Ways to Invoke the Method
There are several ways to use the showMessageDialog
method. For the time being, all you need to know are
two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x,
y, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the text to be displayed, and y is
a string for the title of the message dialog box.
The other is to use a statement like this:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x);
where x is a string for the text to be displayed.

77
The exit Method
Prior to JDK 1.5, you have to invoke
System.exit() to terminate the program if the
program uses JOptionPane dialog boxes. Since
JDK 1.5, it is not necessary.

78
JBuilder IDE Interface
project pane
project toolbar
main toolbar
main menu
file tab content pane (showing the editor)
structure pane
message pane
file viewer tab
status bar
Resize editor font
execution status bar
JBuilder
Optional

79
Creating a JBuilder project
Choose File, New Project to display the project wizard
Enter a project name -- any
descriptive of your choice
Enter a directory name
where your project will
be stored. If the directory
does not exist, the wizard
can create it
automatically. All the
files in the book are
stored in c:book.
You may optionally
choose an existing
project as template.
You may optionally
check this box to let
the wizard generate a
project description
file. This is an HTML
file, which is
nonessential for the
project.
C:book
C:book
book
JBuilder
Optional

80
Creating a JBuilder project, cont.
Set output path, backup path, working directory, and source path. There are many ways to
set paths. I recommend you to follow the instructions from your instructor to set these
paths. Creating projects incorrectly is a common problem for new JBuilder users, and can
lead to frustrating mistakes.
You can choose any
directory as output path.
However, I recommend
new JBuilder users to
choose the project path
as the output path.
The backup path is
where the backup files
are stored. I recommend
you to enter outpath/bak.
The working directory is the
starting directory that
JBuilder gives a program
when it is launched. Any
directory may be configured
as the working directory. By
default, it has the same name
as the project file.
The source directory is
where the source files
created using JBuilder’s
wizards are stored. I
recommend new JBuilder
users to choose the project
path as the output path.
JBuilder
Optional

81
Creating a JBuilder project, cont.
Optional project description
JBuilder
Optional

82
Creating a Java Program
Choose File, New Class to display the class wizard
Enter the class name,
e.g., Welcome.
All the examples in
Introduction to Java
Programming, 5E do
not use the package
statement. So leave this
blank.
This is the default.
Leave it as it is.
Leave these boxes
unchecked.
Check these two boxes
JBuilder
Optional

Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java

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