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Definition of a Distributed System
• A distributed system is:
A collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent
system.
• User Programmer
User
Application Program
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Definition of a Distributed System
A distributed system organized as middleware. The middleware
layer extends over multiple machines, and offers each
application the same interface.
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
2.2 Examples of distributed systems
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
GOALS
• Making Resources accessible
• Distribution Transparency
• Openness
• Scalability
• Fault Tolerance
• Concurrency
• Security
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Making Resources Available
• Positivity:
Allow user to access remote resources in controlled and efficient way.
- Save high cost
- Connecting users and resources whether existing or virtually
- Easy availability of products.
• Negativity:
Intrusion
Security Encrypted Passwords
Tracking communications
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Distributed Transparency
2. Degree of Transparency
1. Type of Transparency
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Openness
- Easy to add new components or
replace existing ones
- Portability of applications
- Component should provide optimal
policy for a user
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Scalability
• Adapted to change in components
• Two types
- Vertical
- Horizontal
• Measured in 3 ways
- w.r.t. size
- Geographically
- Administrative
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Scalibilty Problems
• W.r.t. size:
- services are centralized
• Geographically:
- Communication in LAN, WAN
• Administrative:
- Conflict in policies
- DS has to protect against malicious attacks from
new domain
- New domain has to protect itself against DS.
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Scaling Techniques
• Hiding Communication latencies
• Distribution: split the components
• Replication: helps to balance the loadIsha Padhy, Department of CSE
Fault Tolerance
• 3 kinds of problems (fault, errors, failures)
• Types of faults(Transient, Intermittent,
permanent)
• Fault Tolerance
• Steps of fault tolerance
- Fault detection
- Fault diagnosis
- Assessment
- Recovery
- Redundancy
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Security
• 3 components
- Confidentiality: keeping secret.
- Integrity: protection against alteration.
- Availability: protection against interference.
• Identification of the user
• Security challenges
- Denial of service attack
- Security of mobile code
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
Trends in DS
• Distributed computing systems: used for
high performance computing task.
- Cluster computing: Underlying components
are simple and similar.
- Cloud computing: Relies on sharing of
resources
- Grid computing: Run an application on
different machines.
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
• Distributed Information systems(EPI):
- Transaction Processing system: captures,
enters, stores, retrieves the relevant details of
business events and generates information
required.
- Enterprise application integration: moderning
and co-ordinating applications.
• Distributed pervasive systems: Embedding
microprocessors in everyday objects.
Isha Padhy, Department of CSE

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Introduction to distributed system

  • 1. Definition of a Distributed System • A distributed system is: A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. • User Programmer User Application Program Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 2. Definition of a Distributed System A distributed system organized as middleware. The middleware layer extends over multiple machines, and offers each application the same interface. Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 3. 2.2 Examples of distributed systems Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 4. GOALS • Making Resources accessible • Distribution Transparency • Openness • Scalability • Fault Tolerance • Concurrency • Security Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 5. Making Resources Available • Positivity: Allow user to access remote resources in controlled and efficient way. - Save high cost - Connecting users and resources whether existing or virtually - Easy availability of products. • Negativity: Intrusion Security Encrypted Passwords Tracking communications Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 6. Distributed Transparency 2. Degree of Transparency 1. Type of Transparency Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 7. Openness - Easy to add new components or replace existing ones - Portability of applications - Component should provide optimal policy for a user Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 8. Scalability • Adapted to change in components • Two types - Vertical - Horizontal • Measured in 3 ways - w.r.t. size - Geographically - Administrative Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 9. Scalibilty Problems • W.r.t. size: - services are centralized • Geographically: - Communication in LAN, WAN • Administrative: - Conflict in policies - DS has to protect against malicious attacks from new domain - New domain has to protect itself against DS. Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 10. Scaling Techniques • Hiding Communication latencies • Distribution: split the components • Replication: helps to balance the loadIsha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 11. Fault Tolerance • 3 kinds of problems (fault, errors, failures) • Types of faults(Transient, Intermittent, permanent) • Fault Tolerance • Steps of fault tolerance - Fault detection - Fault diagnosis - Assessment - Recovery - Redundancy Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 12. Security • 3 components - Confidentiality: keeping secret. - Integrity: protection against alteration. - Availability: protection against interference. • Identification of the user • Security challenges - Denial of service attack - Security of mobile code Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 13. Trends in DS • Distributed computing systems: used for high performance computing task. - Cluster computing: Underlying components are simple and similar. - Cloud computing: Relies on sharing of resources - Grid computing: Run an application on different machines. Isha Padhy, Department of CSE
  • 14. • Distributed Information systems(EPI): - Transaction Processing system: captures, enters, stores, retrieves the relevant details of business events and generates information required. - Enterprise application integration: moderning and co-ordinating applications. • Distributed pervasive systems: Embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. Isha Padhy, Department of CSE