Introduction to Git / Github
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This document provides an introduction to using Git and GitHub for version control. It begins with an overview and roadmap. It then discusses installing and configuring Git locally, and registering for a GitHub account. It covers basic Git commands and concepts like directories, the command line interface, adding and committing changes. It also discusses creating and cloning repositories on GitHub, as well as pushing and pulling changes between local and remote repositories. Finally, it briefly touches on branches and pull requests in Git.
Introduction to Git / Github
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO GIT / GITHUB Paige Bailey PyLadies-HTX January 7th, 2015
- 2. ROADMAP INTRODUCTIONS! Command Line Interface Installing and Configuring Git Registering for GitHub Creating a GitHub Repository Basic Git Commands
- 3. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI) Windows: Git Bash Mac / Linux: Terminal The CLI can help you: Navigate folders Create files, folders, and programs Edit files, folders, and programs Run computer programs
- 4. DIRECTORIES “Directory” is just another name for a folder (like the folders you see in Windows and on your Mac) Directories are organized like a tree Directories can be inside other directories (just like you can have folders in folders) Directories can be navigated using the CLI ASUS/Dropbox/share Bret_Victor… CUPS DataViz MIT_OCW
- 5. DIRECTORIES The “MIT_OCW” directory is contained inside of the “share” directory, which is within the “Dropbox” directory One directory “up” from the “MIT_OCW” directory is the “share” directory ASUS/Dropbox/share Bret_Victor… CUPS DataViz MIT_OCW
- 6. DIRECTORY STRUCTURES The directory structure on your computer probably looks something like this: / Users Apps Paige ~ Games Utilities Pictures Books Pictures
- 7. SPECIAL DIRECTORIES: ROOT The directory at the top of the tree is called the “root” directory “root” contains all the other directories; it is represented by a slash “/” / Users Apps Paige ~ Games Utilities Pictures Books Pictures
- 8. SPECIAL DIRECTORIES: HOME The name you use to log in to your computer; represented by a tilde symbol “~” Contains most of your personal files: pictures and music and such / Users Apps Paige ~ Games Utilities Pictures Books Pictures
- 9. NAVIGATING DIRECTORIES For Windows: Open up the “Start” menu Search for “git bash” Open Git Bash For Mac computers: Open up Spotlight Search for “terminal” Open up theTerminal
- 10. CLI BASICS When you open Git Bash, or aTerminal, you’ll see a prompt which should look something like the picture you see below Your computer’s name, then your username, then a $ This is your home directory, and currently it is your “working directory”
- 11. CLI BASICS You can imagine tracing all of the directories from “root” to “home” (your “path”) / Users Apps Paige ~ Games Utilities Pictures Books Pictures
- 12. CLI BASICS Type pwd in your CLI prompt and press enter This displays the path to your “working directory” (the directory that you’re currently in). Stands for “print working directory”. That’s the same path that we just traced on the file structure tree
- 13. CLI COMMAND RECIPE command flags arguments command is the CLI command which does a specific task flags are options we give to the command for behaviors, preceded by a dash “-” arguments: what the command modifies, or other options for command There can be zero or more flags or arguments for each command Example: pwd is a command that had zero flags or arguments
- 14. COMMON COMMANDS pwd Displays the path to the current working directory clear Clears out the commands that you currently have displayed in the CLI ls Lists files and folders in the current directory ls –a Lists hidden and unhidden files and folders (“-a” is a flag) ls –al Lists details for hidden and unhidden files and folders (“-l” is a flag) cd Takes you to your home directory.Takes as an argument the directory you want to visit. cd .. Go up one directory mkdir Makes a directory; takes as an argument the folder you want to make touch Creates an empty file (argument is the file name) cp Copy; first argument is a file, second argument is the path where you want the file to be copied. Use the flag “-r” to copy a directory. rm Remove; argument is the file you want to remove.The flag “-r” can remove a directory. date Prints today’s date. echo Prints out to the CLI whatever arguments you provide
- 15. COMMON COMMANDS pwd Displays the path to the current working directory clear Clears out the commands that you currently have displayed in the CLI ls Lists files and folders in the current directory ls –a Lists hidden and unhidden files and folders (“-a” is a flag) ls –al Lists details for hidden and unhidden files and folders (“-l” is a flag) cd Takes you to your home directory.Takes as an argument the directory you want to visit. cd .. Go up one directory mkdir Makes a directory; takes as an argument the folder you want to make touch Creates an empty file (argument is the file name) cp Copy; first argument is a file, second argument is the path where you want the file to be copied. Use the flag “-r” to copy a directory. rm Remove; argument is the file you want to remove.The flag “-r” can remove a directory. date Prints today’s date. echo Prints out to the CLI whatever arguments you provide
- 16. VERSION CONTROL Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions later. Many of us constantly create something, save it, change it, then save it again Version (or revision) control is a means of managing this process in a reliable and efficient way Especially important when collaborating with others
- 17. GIT Git is a free and open-source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. Created by the same people who developed Linux The most popular implementation of version control today Everything is stored in local repositories (“repos”) on your computer Operated from the command line
- 18. DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL GIT http://git-scm.com/downloads Click on the download link for your computer (Mac, Linux, Windows)
- 19. DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL GIT Once the file is downloaded, open it up and begin the installation process Just go with the defaults, and then open up Git Bash
- 20. CONFIGURE USERNAME AND EMAIL Each commit to a Git repository will be “tagged” with the username of the person who made the commit Enter the following commands in Git Bash, one at a time, to set your username and email. Make sure you remember which email you used – that’ll be the one we’ll need to use to register for GitHub. Type git config –list afterward, to make sure your changes were made
- 21. GITHUB GitHub is a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system. Allows users to “push” and “pull” their local repositories to and from remote repositories on the web Provides users with a homepage that displays public repos Repos are backed up on GitHub servers in case something happens to local files Can follow other folks online and share projects
- 22. GITHUB https://github.com Enter in a username, email, and password, and click “Sign up for Github”. Use a .edu address if you’ve got access to one!
- 23. GITVS. GITHUB Git is local on your computer GitHub is available via the internet (“remote”) GitHub allows you to: Share your repos with others Access other users’ repositories Store remote copies of your repositories on GitHub’s server in case something bad happens to the local copies on your computer You don’t need GitHub to use git
- 24. CREATING A GITHUB REPOSITORY Two methods of creating a GitHub repository: Start a repository from scratch “Fork” another user’s repository https://github.com/YourUserName --> “Create a new repo” https://github.com/new (if you’re logged into your GitHub account) Create a name for the repo; select “Public”; make a brief description; initialize with a README; and click “Create repository” button.
- 25. MAKE A REPO
- 26. CREATING A LOCAL COPY Now you need to create a copy of this repository on your computer so that you can make changes to it! Open Git Bash Create a directory on your computer to store your copy of the repo Navigate to this new directory using “cd”
- 27. CREATING A LOCAL COPY Initialize a local Git repository in this directory with “git init” Point your local repository at the remote repository you just created on the GitHub server
- 28. FORKING ANOTHER USER’S REPO The second method of creating a repository is to make a copy of someone else’s. This process is called “forking” and is an important aspect of open-source software development. Let’s fork my “PyLadiesHTX” directory:
- 29. CLONETHE REPO So there’s a copy of the repository in your GitHub account now… …but you still need to make a local copy on your computer. This is called “cloning”. You can do it with the following command:
- 31. ADDING If you add new files to a local repository (a directory that’s just housed on your computer, not on the internet) you need to let Git know that they need to be tracked. This should always be done before committing. git add . Adds all new files git add –u Updates tracking for files that changed names or were deleted git add –A Does both of the previous steps
- 32. COMMITTING AND PUSHING If you want to commit changes to your local repository, you use the following command: To push those local changes to GitHub, you’d use the command:
- 33. BRANCHES Sometimes you’re working on a project with a version that’s being used by a lot of different people You might not want to edit the version that everyone’s editing – so you can branch off a copy of the repo with the command: To see what branch you’re on, type: To switch back to the master branch type:
- 34. PULL REQUESTS If you fork someone’s repo or have multiple branches, you will both be working separately Sometimes you want to merge in your changes with the other branch / repo To do so, you need to send in a “pull request” (feature of GitHub) Extra resources: http://git-scm.com/doc https://help.github.com Google it! Or use StackOverflow