Introduction to Javascript programming

Web development

Client-side programming

Introduction to Javascript

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Outline
Introduction
Language syntax
Objects
Functions
Events
The HTML Document Object Model
Application examples

Client-side programming
4th layer of web architectures
Database (SQL)
Application server (PHP or JSP)
Presentation (HTML+CSS)
Interactivity (Javascript+DOM)
Adds interactive functionality to client-
side web pages

Client-side interactivity
The HTML standard allows only 2 types
of interaction with a page
Select a link (and jump to a new page)
Submit a form
Interact with form elements (input, select, ...)
Every modification to a page requires
re-loading it completely
Slow
Higher demand on the server
Decreases usability

Some common problems
Form validation
Avoid submitting a form unless validation
rules are satisfied
Show validation errors immediately, and
near to the error
Form filling
Pre-load select lists dynamically
Hide/show some page elements
Form filling instructions
Menus

The solution
Add a language interpreter to the
browser
Instructions are embedded in the HTML
page
“invisible” to the application server
“invisible” to the HTML presentation
engine
Instructions are processed by the
browser, after HTML has been loaded

Architecture
HTML
Web +
browser JS HTTP server

HTML JS PHP
HTML
+
+
HTML
HTML JS JS
+
interpreter interpreter JS
+
PHP SQL
DOM interpreter

Rendering User
window Database
engine

The Javascript language
First developed by Netscape in 1995
Nothing to do with the Java language, the
name was chosen for marketing reasons
Syntax similar to C
Semantics of object-oriented language,
with non-typed variables
Similar versions implemented by all
other browsers
Microsoft calls it Jscript
Later standardized by ECMA (
www.ecma.ch)
ECMAScript

Embedding JS in HTML
<script> element
Embedded or external

Embedded JS

<script <script
type="text/javascript"> type="text/javascript">
 // ]]>
</script> </script>
HTML XHTML

Where to embed JS code?
In the head section: Scripts to be
executed when they are called, or
when an event is triggered, go in the
head section. When you place a script
in the head section, you will ensure
that the script is loaded before anyone
uses it.
In the body section: Scripts to be
executed when the page loads go in
the body section. When you place a
script in the body section it generates
the content of the page.

External JS

<script
type="text/javascript"
src="script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript"
src="script.js">

</script>

Example 1

alert("Hello
World!");

Exercise 1.1:
Create an HTML page including the
above Javascript instruction
(embedded)

Example 1

alert("Hello
World!");

Exercise 1.1:
(embedded)
Exercise 1.2:
Create a PHP page that includes a
Javascript Alert than shows “Good
morning” or “Good afternoon” or
“Good Night” depending on the time
of the day

Example 1

alert("Hello
World!");

Exercise 1.1:
(embedded)
Exercise 1.2:
Create a PHP page that includes a
Javascript Alert than shows “Good
Exercise 1.3:
Experiment with the following “Good afternoon” or
morning” or
“Good Night” depending on the time
instruction:
confirm(“xxx”) ; of the day

Example 2

document.write("Hello World!")

Exercise 2.1:
(embedded)

Example 2


Exercise 2.1:
(embedded)
Exercise 2.2:
Create an HTML page that asks the
user if it is morning, and then puts
the right salutation into the body of
the web page.

What more can we do?
Generate dialog Read user input in
boxes FORMs
Redirect a page Modify HTML
Open new pages
browser windows Add/remove
(pop-ups) content
Change images
Intercept mouse
Modify FORM
events controls
Clicks on links,
buttons, ...
Mouse-overs

What should we learn?
JS variables and Interacting with
expressions the user: mouse,
JS language keyboard
constructs (if, Interacting with
while, ...) the browser:
What is a JS windows, pages
object Interacting with
Most important the page: the
builtin objects Document object


Language syntax

Javascript syntax
The syntax of the Javascript language is
very similar to the C language (and to
PHP)
Choice, Looping and other constructs are
equal
Blocks delimited by { }
Most operators are identical
Variables are different
Variable types
‘Object’ variables

Comments
Line comments: from // to end of line
Block comments: from /* to */

//this is a comment

/* This is a comment
block. It contains
several lines */

Variables in Javascript
A variable is identified by its name
Case-sensitive
Declared with var
The same variable may have different
values
Even of different data types
Data types are converted as needed
If all operands are numeric, then compute
a numeric result
If some operands are string, then convert
numbers to strings

Variable declaration
var x ;
var x = 10 ;
var x = "Hello" ;

Variable assignment
var x ;
x = 10 ;
x = "Hello" ;
x = x + 1 ;
x = any complex expression

Types of variables
Boolean ( false, true )
Numbers
var x = 10
var y = 3.14
Strings
var name = "Fulvio"
‘Objects’
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()

Main Javascript operators
(1/3)
Numeric operators
+
-
*
/
% (remainder, or modulus)
Increment operators
++
--
Assignment operators
=
+= -= *= /= %=

(2/3)
String operator
+ (concatenation)
Comparison operators
== (same value)
=== (same value and same type)
!=
>
<
>=
<=

(3/3)
Boolean and Logic operators
&& (logical “and”)
|| (logical “or”)
! (logical “not”)

Warning
String concatenation operator (+) is
identical to numeric addition
Possible ambiguity
3 + 2
"3" + "2"
Difference between == and ===
5 == "5"
5 === 5
"5" === "5"
Not true: 5 === "5"

Choice statements (1/2)
if (condition) if (condition1)
{ {
...code... ...code if 1 true...
} }
else if (condition2)
if (condition) {
{ ...code if 2 true...
...code if true... }
} else
else {
{ ...if both false...
...code if false... }
}

Choice statements (2/2)
switch(n)
{
case 1:
code block 1
break

case 2:
code block 2
break

default:
code to be executed if n is
different from case 1 and 2
}

Loop statements (1/2)
for ( v = startvalue;
v < endvalue;
v = v+increment )
{
code to be executed
}
while ( condition_is_true )
{
code to be executed
}
do {
code to be executed
} while ( condition_is_true )

Loop statements (2/2)
while ( ... ) // or for
{
code
break ;
code
}

while ( ... ) // or for
{
code
continue ;
code
}

Basic interaction methods
Popup box (OK to confirm)
alert("text")
Confirm box (OK, cancel)
confirm("text")
True if user clicked on OK
Prompt box (let user insert a text)
prompt("prompt text", "initial
value")
Returns a string with the text inserted by
the user
Returns null if user clicked on Cancel


Objects

Objects in Javascript
An object is a complex data type
characterized by
A current value
Sometimes the internal value is “hidden”
A set of properties
Various values that be read, associated in
some way to the object value
Some values that may be written, that modify
in some way the object value
A set of methods
Operations (with parameters) that can be
asked to the object

Using objects
Creating new objects
var d = new Date()
Create a new Object of type Date, and use the
variable d as a reference to that object
Properties and methods
var day = d.getDay() ;
d.setMinutes(34) ;

String objects
Strings are used to store and
manipulate sequences of characters
Constant values are written between
quotes "Hello"
The only property is
.length (the number of characters in the
string)
Many methods implement several
string operations

Example

var txt="Hello world!"
document.write(txt.length)

12

String methods (1/2)
Access to the i-th character (starting
from 0)
s.charAt(i)
Concatenate two strings
s3 = s1.concat(s2)
Find a substring
i = s.indexOf("abc") // -1 if not found
j = s.indexOf("abc", i+1)
s.lastIndexOf searches from the end
Replace
s = s.replace("Belusconi", "Prodi")

String methods (2/2)
Extract substring
s1 = s.substr(startPos, numChars)
s1 = s.substr(startPos) // until the
end
s1 = s.substring(startPos, endPos)
Case conversion
upper = s.toUpperCase()
lower = s.toLowerCase()

String methods for HTML
formatting
The String object has several methods
to insert tags around the specified
string
.big(), .small(), .italic(), .bold(), .fixed()
.fontcolor(c), .fontsize(s),
.anchor("name"), .link("url")
var txt="Hello world!"
document.write(txt.bold())

<b>Hello world!</b>

Exercise 1
Use a pop-up window to ask the user
his/her name
Write the user’s name in the page
heading <h1>

Exercise 2
Use a pop-up window to ask the user
his/her name
Write the user’s name in the page
heading <h1>, properly formatting it in
“title case”
Example: if name = “fulvio CORNO”, then
print “Fulvio Corno”

Date objects
The Date object is used to work with
dates and times
New objects are created with the
current timestamp
var d = new Date() // now!
A specific value may be set
d.setFullYear(2007, 04, 23)
d.setHours(23, 59, 00)

Date querying methods
Return numeric components of the
date and time stored in the object:
.getDate(), .getDay() /*of week*/,
.getMonth(), .getFullYear()
.getHours(), .getMinutes(),
.getSeconds(), .getMilliseconds()
Return a string representing the date
.toString(), .toLocaleString()
Return milliseconds since 01/01/1970
.getTime()

Date setting methods
Setting date and time from numeric
components
.setMonth(m), .setDate(day_of_month),
.setFullYear(y), .setFullYear(y, m, d)
.setHours(h), .setMinutes(m),
setSeconds(s), setHours(h, m, s)
Setting a date from a string
Date.parse("Apr 23, 2007") returns the
number of milliseconds
d.setTime(Date.parse("Apr 23, 2007"))

Exercise 3
Modify Exercise 2, and write the current
date and time in the footer of a web
page
Add a salutation (Good Morning, Good
Afternoon, Good Night, ...) according to
the current time of the day
The salutation must be in the same <h1>
as the name

Array objects
Creating an empty array
var a = new Array()
var a = new Array(maxsize)
Setting values
a[0] = "Fulvio"
a[1] = "Dario"
Using values
document.write(a[0])
var s = a[1].toUpperCase()

Array properties
The property .length returns the
number of elements in the array
var N = a.length

var mycars = new Array()
mycars[0] = "Saab"
mycars[1] = "Volvo"
mycars[2] = "BMW"

for (i=0;i<mycars.length;i++)
{
document.write(mycars[i] + "<br />")
}

Array methods (1/2)
Concatenate two arrays
a3 = a1.concat(a2)
Creates a new array with all elements from
a1, followed by all elements from a2
Extract a sub-array
a2 = a1.slice(start_index,
end_index)
Sort in alphabetical order
a2 = a.sort()

Array methods (2/2)
Convert an array to a string
var s = a.join() // "abc,def"
var s = a.join("-") // "abc-def"
Convert a string to an array
var a = s.split(",")

Esercise 4
Collect a set of number from the user
Each number in inserted in a pop-up
window
The insertion is terminated by pressing
Cancel
Print in the HTML page the list of all
inserted numbers
Print in the HTML page the maximum,
minimum and average of the inserted
numbers

Math object
The Math object is a special object: no
variables may be created, but a lot of
methods are defined, that may be
called
Think of Math as a “library” of
mathematical functions

Math contants
Math.E
Math.PI
Math.SQRT2 // √2
Math.SQRT1_2 // √(1/2)
Math.LN2 // loge(2)
Math.LN10 // loge(10)
Math.LOG2E // log2(e)
Math.LOG10E // log10(e)

Math functions (1/2)
Trigonometric
Math.cos(x), Math.sin(x), Math.tan(x),
Math.acos(x), Math.asin(x), Math.atan(x),
Math.atan2(y, x)
Exponential and logarithmic
Math.exp(x), Math.log(x),
Math.pow(base,exp), Math.sqrt(x)

Math functions (2/2)
Truncation and rounding
Math.ceil(x), Math.floor(x), Math.round(x)
Signs and comparisons
Math.abs(x), Math.max(a,b), Math.min(a.b)
Random
Math.random() // random number in
interval [0,1)

Exercise 5
Write a Javascript program to play the
“Guess a number” game
The program must generate a secret
number between 1 and 100
The user inserts a set of guesses into a
pop-up windows
Each time, the program tells the user if
the guess was too high or too low
The HTML page, at the end, will show
the list of all guesses, and the number
of attempts


Functions

Defining a new function
(1/2)
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}

List of function
Name arguments
(passed ‘by
value’)

Function body

Defining a new function
(2/2)
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}

function functionname()
{
some code
}

No parameters

Return statement
A function may return a value to its
caller by executing the return
statement
return value ;
The value may be of any type (boolean,
numeric, string, ...)

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function product(a,b)
{
return a*b;
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
document.write(product(4,3)) ;
</script>
</body>
</html>


Events

Javascript event model
An event is the indication that
something happened on a web page
Some user interaction (click, move
mouse, ...)
Some browser action (load page, ...)
In Javascript, you may attach an event
handler to most events
Any Javascript function
The Javascript interpreter calls the function
anytime the event is generated

Example
<html>
<head>
function saluta()
{
alert("Ciao!")
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="saluta()"
value="Premimi">
</form>
</body>
</html>


HTML Document Object Model (DOM)

Document Object Model
The HTML Document Object Model
(HTML DOM) defines a standard way for
accessing and manipulating HTML
documents.
The DOM presents an HTML document
as a tree-structure (a node tree), with
elements, attributes, and text.

DOM structure
The entire document is a document
node
Every HTML tag is an element node
The texts contained in the HTML
elements are text nodes
Every HTML attribute is an attribute
node
Comments are comment nodes
Nodes have a hierarchical relationship
to each other

Example
<html>
<head>
<title>DOM Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>DOM Lesson one</h1>
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body>
</html>

Example

<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<head>
Example <title>DOM Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body>
</html>

Javascript and the DOM
Each node in the HTML DOM is
automatically available as a
corresponding Javascript object
Methods and properties of the object
correspond to content and attributes of
the HTML element
Any modification to the object fields are
immediately reflected in the HTML
page
The object “document” is the top of the
HTML page

Finding objects
Alternative methods
Navigating through children and siblings,
starting from the document node
Identifying specific elements by their tag
name
Use getElementsByTagName("tag")
Returns all the elements with that tag
Identifying specific elements by their “id”
attribute (recommended!)
Add an “id” attribute, with a unique value, to
any HTML tag
Use getElementById("id")

Example (1/2)

<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="banner">DOM Lesson two</h1>
<p id="mytext">Hello world!</p>

<script>...</script>

</body>
</html>

Example (2/2)


var x = document.getElementById("banner") ;
alert( x.firstChild.nodeValue ) ;

var y = document.getElementById("mytext") ;
y.firstChild.nodeValue = "Hello again...." ;

</script>

Control sequence

HTML object User action HTML event

Javascript
Find object(s) function
(event handler)

Read object Modify object
properties properties

HTML events
<body> onload
<body> onunload
Form elements onchange
Form elements onsubmit
Form elements onreset
Form elements onselect
Form elements onblur
Form elements onfocus
Any element – keyboard onkeydown
Any element – keyboard onkeypress
Any element – keyboard onkeyup
Any element – mouse onclick
Any element – mouse ondblclick
Any element – mouse onmousedown
Any element – mouse onmousemove
Any element – mouse onmouseover
Any element – mouse onmouseout
Any element – mouse onmouseup

Exercise 6
Create an HTML page with variable-
color background.
The background color is selected by the
user by clicking on suitable text
sentences
Green
Yellow
Yellow
Blue

Form submission
The submission of FORM data may be
intercepted by the onsubmit event
The event procedure may check for any
errors
If everything is ok, the function returns
true -> the browser takes the form action
In case of errors, the function returns false
-> the form is not submitted

Exercise 7
Create an HTML form for entering a
username/password pair
Do not allow the user to press the
submit button unless:
Both username and password are present
Password is more than 4 characters long

Exercise 7b
Create an HTML form for entering a
username/password pair
Do not allow the user to press the
submit button unless:
Both username and password are present
Password is more than 4 characters long
Whenever the user commits an error,
display a message just besides the text
box

Exercise 8
Create an HTML form for selecting an
item from a list of categories, including
a “Other...” option
If the user selects “Other...”, then he
must fill a text box for specifying
Otherwise, the text box should be
invisible

References
JavaScript Tutorial,
http://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp
http://www.quirksmode.org/js/contents.html
JavaScript Reference,
http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/default.asp
Standard ECMA-262 (3r d Edition - December
1999), http://www.ecma-
international.org/publications/standards/Ecm
a-262.htm

Introduction to Javascript programming

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