introduction to python programming concepts

What is
Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language.
Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as
other languages use punctuation.
Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not
need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

History of
Python
Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the
late eighties and early nineties at the National
Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer
Science in the Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages,
including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68,
SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting
languages.

Features of
Python
Easy-to-learn : few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
Easy-to-read: code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
Easy-to-maintain: source code is fairly easy-to-maintain
A broad standard library: Bulk of the library compatible on UNIX, Windows,
and Macintosh.
Interactive Mode: interactive testing and debugging of snippets
Portable: can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms
Extendable: add low-level modules to the Python interpreter.
Databases: provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
GUI Programming: supports GUI applications
Scalable: provides a better structure and support for large programs

Getting
Python
Official Website for Download
https://www.python.org/
Official Website for Documentation
https://www.python.org/doc/

First Python
Program
There are two ways to execute of Python program
1. Interactive Mode : Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as
a parameter brings up the following prompt.
2. Scripting Mode: Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins
execution of the script and continues until the script is finished. When the script
is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
Interactive Mode
Python 3.7.0 (v3.7.0:1bf9cc5093, Jun 27 2018, 04:06:47) [MSC v.1914 32 bit
(Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> print("Welcome to class")
Welcome to class
>>>
Scripting Mode : write a simple Python program in a script and save the file
with .py extension.

Python
Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class,
module or other object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an
underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and %
within identifiers.
Python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, World and world
are two different identifiers in Python.
Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with
a lowercase letter.

Reserved
Words
And Exec not assert
Finally or Break For
Pass Class From Print
Continue Global Raise Def
If Return Del import
Try Else
Lambda
Elif
Is
yield
In
With
while
except

Lines and
Indentation
Python provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function
definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation,
which is rigidly enforced.
E.g.
if True:
print ("True")
else:
print ("False“)
However, the following block generates an error
if True:
print ("Answer“)
print ("True")
else:
print ("Answer“)
print ("False")

Multi-Line
Statements
Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python does, however, allow the
use of the line continuation character () to denote that the line should continue.
E.g.
a=10
b=20
c=30
total
= a +

b +
c
print(total)
Statements contained within the [], {}, or () brackets do not need to use the line
continuation character. For example −
days = ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday',
'Thursday', 'Friday']
print(days)

Quotation in
Python
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string
literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.
The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example, all
the following are legal −
word = 'word'
sentence = "This is a sentence."
paragraph = """This is a
paragraph. It is
made up of
multiple
lines and
sentences."
""
print(word)
print(sentence)
print(paragraph)

Comments in
Python
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters
after the # and up to the end of the physical line are part of the comment and the
Python interpreter ignores them.
Single line Comment
# First comment
print "Hello, Python!" # second comment
Multiline Comment
'''
This is a multiline
comment.
'''
print('Hello...')

Run Time
Input
var= input('Enter your namen') # Return String Value
print('Welcome '+var)
OR
var= input("Enter your name
n") print("Welcome"+var)
Multiple Statements on a
Single Line
import sys; x = 'foo';
sys.stdout.write(x + 'n')

Variable
Assignment
rollNo = 100
height =
5.6
# An integer
assignment # A floating
point
name = "John" # A string
print (rollNo)
print
(height)
print (name)
Type
Casting
rollNo = 100
height = 5.6
name =
"John"
# An integer
assignment # A floating
point
# A string
print ('Your roll no. is '+str(rollNo))
print ('Your height is '+str(height))
print ('Your name is '+name)

Variable
Multiple Assignment:
e.g.
a = b = c = 1
print('The value of a : '+str(a))
print('The value of b :
'+str(b)) print('The value of
c : '+str(c))
e.g.
a,b,c = 1,2,"john"
print('The value of a : '+str(a))
print('The value of b :
'+str(b)) print('The value of
c : '+c)

Data
Types
Python has five standard data types −
1. Numbers
2. String
3. List
4. Tuple
5. Dictionary
Python Numbers
Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you
assign a value to them. For example −
var1 = 1 var2 = 10
Note: You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del
statement. The syntax of the del statement is −
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]] OR del
var
del var_a, var_b

Data
Types
String
Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the
quotation marks. Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice operator ([ ] and [:] )
with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the string and working their way from -1 at
the end.
“+” Concatenation Operator
“*” (asterisk) Repetition Operator
str = 'Hello World!'
print str
print str[0]
print str[2:5]
print str[2:]
print str * 2
print str +
"TEST"
# Prints complete string
# Prints first character of the string
# Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th
# Prints string starting from 3rd character
# Prints string two times
# Prints concatenated string

Data
Types
Python Lists
Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data types. A list contains items separated by
commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]). To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in
C. One difference between them is that all the items belonging to a list can be of different data
type.
list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]
tinylist = [123, 'john']
print list
print list[0]
print list[1:3]
print list[2:]
print tinylist * 2
print list + tinylist
# Prints complete list
# Prints first element of the list
# Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
# Prints elements starting from 3rd
element # Prints list two times
# Prints concatenated
lists

Data
Types
Python Tuples:
A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of
values separated by commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within parentheses.
The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are enclosed in brackets ( [ ] ) and their
elements and size can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ) and cannot be
updated. Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.
tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
tinytuple = (123, 'john')
print tuple
print tuple[0]
print tuple[1:3]
print tuple[2:]
print tinytuple * 2
print tuple + tinytuple
# Prints complete list
# Prints first element of the list
# Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
# Prints elements starting from 3rd element
# Prints list two times
# Prints concatenated lists

Data Types
Python Dictionary:
Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like associative arrays or hashes
found in Perl and consist of key-value pairs. A dictionary key can be almost any Python type, but
are usually numbers or strings. Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python object.
dict = {}
dict['one'] = "This is one"
dict[2] = "This is two“
tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734,
'dept': 'sales'}
print tinydict.values()
print dict['one']
print dict[2]
print tinydict
print
tinydict.keys()
# Prints value for 'one' key
# Prints value for 2 key
# Prints complete dictionary
# Prints all the keys
# Prints all Values

Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators-
1. Arithmetic Operators (basic operator + new // and **operators)
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

Operator
Note: We have learn about first five operator in previous classes
Membership Operators: Python’s membership operators test for
membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples. There are two
membership operators as explained below-
E.g.
a = 10
b = 20
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
if ( a in list ):
print ("Line 1 - a is available in the given list")
else:
print ("Line 1 - a is not available in the given list")
if ( b not in list ):
print ("Line 2 - b is not available in the given list")
else:
print ("Line 2 - b is available in the given list")

Operator
Learn first five operator from tutorials.
Identity Operators: Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There
are two Identity operators is and is not.
a = 20
b = 20
print ('Line 1','a=',a,':',id(a), 'b=',b,':',id(b))
if ( a is b ):
print ("Line 2 - a and b have same identity")
else:
print ("Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity")
if ( id(a) == id(b) ):
else:
print ("Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity")
b = 30
print ('Line 4','a=',a,':',id(a), 'b=',b,':',id(b))
if ( a is not b ):
print ("Line 5 - a and b do not have same
identity")
else:

Decision
Making
If Else
number= int(input("Enter the number :"))
if(number<0):
print("Negative Number")
else:
print("Positive
Number")
Elif
mark= int(input("Enter the Marksn"))
if(mark>=40 and mark<50):
print("Grade 'C'")
elif (mark>=50 and mark<60):
print("Grade 'B'")
elif(mark>=60 and
mark<75): print("Grade
'A'")
elif(mark>=75 and
mark<=100): print("Grade
'A+'")
else:
print("Fail“)

Loo
p
Syntax:
while test_expression:
Body of while

Loo
p
Type of Loop:
1. While Loop
2. For Loop
3. Nested Loop
While Loop: E.g.
number= int(input("Enter the
range :"))
Sum=0 i=1
while i<=number: Sum= Sum+i i=i+1
if(Sum%2==0):
print("The calculated sum "+str(Sum)+" is an even number")
else:
print("The calculated sum "+str(Sum)+" is anodd number")

Loo
p
For Loop : The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple,
string) or other iterable objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
Syntex:
for val in sequence:
Body of for

Loo
p
For Loop : The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple,
string) or other iterable objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
Syntex:
for val in sequence:
Body of for
# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
# List of numbers
# variable to store the sum
# iterate over the list
# Output: The sum is 48
numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]
sum = 0
for val in numbers:
sum = sum+val
print("The sum is", sum)

Loo
p
Range Function: The built-in function range() is the right function to iterate over a
sequence of numbers. It generates an iterator of arithmetic progressions.
for counter in range(1,16,2):
print(counter)
Nested Loop: Python programming language allows the use of one loop inside
another loop.
Syntax:
While expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)
for iterating_var in
sequence:
for
iterating_var in
sequence:
statements(s)

Loo
p
E.g.
for i in range(1,11):
for j in range(1,11):
k=i*j
print (k, end=' ')
print()
Using elseStatement with Loops
Python supports having an else statement associated with a loop
statement.
• If the else statement is used with a for loop, the else statement is executed when
the loop has exhausted iterating the list.
• If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed
when the condition becomes false.

Loo
p
E.g.
count = 0
while count < 5:
print (count, " is less than
5") count = count + 1
else:
print (count, " is not less
than 5")
Break Statement
The break statement is used for
premature termination of the
current loop.

Loo
p
E.g.
no=int(input('any number: '))
numbers=[11,33,55,39,55,75,37,21,23,41,13]
for num in numbers:
if num==no:
print ('number found in list')
break
else:
print ('number not found in list')
Continue Statement:
var = 10
while var > 0:
var = var -1
if var ==
5:
c
o
n
ti
n

introduction to python programming concepts

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