itest-lesson5-introduction-to-arduino.pdf

Promoting robotic design and entrepreneurship
experiences among students and teachers
Lesson 5:
Introduction to Arduino
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, July 2017 - 19
Mechatronics, Controls, and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

CONTENTS
• Microcontrollers and microprocessors
• Introduction to Arduino
• Types of Arduino boards
• Programming basics: Structure of a code
• TASK/ACTIVITY:
➢ Blink on-board LED
➢ Blink LED(s)
➢ Change brightness of LEDs
Promoting Robotic Design and Entrepreneurship Experiences Among Students and Teachers
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, July 2017-19
2

New Lesson - Photos
WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
• A compact integrated circuit on a
single chip containing a processor,
memory, and input/output as its main
components
• Typically, it is "embedded" inside a
device that is controlL E DS
• A microcontroller is often small and of
low cost
Source
3

• The key difference: Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing
Unit, whereas the microcontroller contains a CPU, memory, I/O all integrated
into one chip
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER
Source
Source
4

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MORE ABOUT THE DEVICES
What is the difference between a computer, a microprocessor and a
microcontroller?
• Microprocessor is a full computation engine fabricated on a single chip; It acts
as the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer
• A Computer is a microprocessor packaged on a single circuit board with
many interfaces and memory chips; General purpose computers, i.e., PCs,
are designed explicitly to interface with humans
• Microcontrollers are designed to interface, interact, and communicate with
➢ Electrical/electronic devices
➢ Sensor/actuators
➢ High-tech gadgets, etc.
5

COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT
• As discussed earlier:
Source
Source
Source
Source
Source
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WHAT IS ARDUINO???
• Arduino is an open-source electronic
platform for easy use of hardware and
software
• It can sense the environment by
receiving input from variety of sensors
and make decision and then give the
output
• It can be used to develop stand-alone
interactive objects or can be connected
to software on your computer
Arduino
Source
7

WHAT DOES IT DO???
• Working: The microcontroller (computer) is programmed (code) to receive
information (input) from the sensors and the output is given through
computer (IDE) or other peripherals
8

ACTIVITY 1
• What is the circuit doing?
• What elements do you see
on the circuit?
• Is there any input?
• If yes, what is the input?
• Is there any output?
• If yes, what is the output?
Source
9

ACTIVITY 1 - SOLUTION
• What is the circuit doing?
Light up the on-board LED
on button press
• What elements do you see on
the circuit?
Button, resistor, wires
• Is there any input? Yes
• If yes, what is the input?
Button
• Is there any output? Yes
• If yes, what is the output? LED
Source
10

ARDUINO
Source Source Source
• The word Arduino can mean 3 things:
An interface A community
Hardware
11

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINO
Arduino LilyPad
Arduino NANO Arduino Micro
12

Arduino UNO R3 Arduino Leonardo
13

Arduino MKR ZERO
Arduino IOT board
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3
14

PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO
Rubik's cube solver
LED cube powered by Arduino
Line following Turtlebot
Spider bot with Arduino
App controlled trainable arm with Arduino
15

PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO
Follow me cooler with Arduino
• An example of a human-following cooler called, “Follow me”
16

• Human-following luggage with Arduino:
PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO - NYU
17

• Jarvis – Voice assistant with Arduino:
PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO - NYU
Source
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ARDUINO UNO DEVELOPMENT BOARD
Source
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ARDUINO HARDWARE SUMMARY
20

.
Check out: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
1. Download and install the Arduino environment
(IDE) according to your system (Mac or Windows)
2. Connect the board to your computer via the USB
cable
3. If needed, install the drivers
4. Launch the Arduino IDE
ACTIVITY 2
21

.
todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino
POWERING UP THE ARDUINO WITH USB
• Connecting via USB cable to load the code and provide power at the same time
Source
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, July 2017-19 22

SELECT SERIAL PORT AND BOARD
• Select the board Arduino UNO and the port showing in the Serial Port section

.
Program to blink the on-board LED
1. Select your board
2. Select your serial port
3. Open the blink example
4. Upload the program
ACTIVITY 3
Source

• Go to File > Examples > Digital > Blink
Source

Sketch: Arduino code is referred to as sketch and consists of:
void setup() {
• Instructions between the two curly brackets will be run
only once when the Arduino program first runs and used
for the purpose of setup
• Initialize I/O pins (directions), initialize serial
communication, etc.
}
void loop() {
• This function is run after setup has finished
• It runs in a continuous loop until power is removed
}
A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE CODE
Sketch
Source

BASIC SYNTAX FOR ARDUINO PROGRAMS
Basic rules of programming Arduino:
• // Single line comment
• /*
Multi line comment, or block‐comment
• */
• { } Curly braces to indicate starting and ending of a block of code unbalanced
curly braces will cause compile-time errors
• ; Each line of code must end with a semicolon
NOTE: Semicolon should not be used after #include, #define and for “if, else
statements, for, while loops” if code is inside the curly braces

PROGRAMMING: I/O
pinMode(pin, mode)
• pin refers to digital I/O pin number and mode argument refers to INPUT or
OUTPUT
• Can use digital I/O pin 2 to 13 (0 and 1 used for RX and TX)
• Digital I/O pins have default mode as INPUT, no need to explicitly declare as
inputs
➢ Connection: Connect an OUTPUT pin to an external device in series with a 470Ω
or 1KΩ resistor
9

UPLOADING YOUR CODE
• Select your board Arduino
UNO
• Select your port from tools
• Upload the code to the
Arduino as shown
• Check for errors
• Check if the code is
compiled successfully

BLINK AN EXTERNAL LED
Things to remember:
1. Longer leg (Anode) of the LED goes to one end of the resistor in series and the
other end of resistor goes to pin (3) here
2. Shorter leg (Cathode) goes to ground (GND)
Blink LED
Source
Cathode Anode
30

• Write a program to blink one external LED using Arduino
ACTIVITY 4

➢ Connections:
Pins: 6, GND
Source

➢ Code:

PROGRAMMING ESSENTIALS: I/O
• Digital I/O pins:

digitalRead(pin)
• Reads the value from a specified digital pin with the result being 1 (HIGH) or 0
(LOW)
• Pin can be specified as a variable or constant (0-13)
➢ Syntax: value = digitalRead(pin); //sets 'value' equal to the state of the input pin
digitalWrite(pin, value)
• Pin refers to a digital pin, can be a variable or a constant (0-13)
• Value is either logic level HIGH/LOW, TRUE/FALSE, 1/0
• Outputs either logic level HIGH or LOW at a specified digital pin
➢ Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, value); //sets 'value’ as the state of the input pin

analogRead(pin)
• Reads the value from a specified analog pin with a 10-bit resolution
• Pin argument can be specified as a variable or constant (0-5)
• Resulting integer values range from 0 to 1023 and must be scaled to
appropriate units
➢ Syntax: value = analogRead(pin); //sets 'value' equal to analog
reading on 'pin’
analogWrite(pin, value)
• Outputs a PWM signal to the specified output pin
• This function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11
• Value can be specified as a variable or constant with range 0-255
➢ Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value); //writes 'value' to 'pin'

• Attach 2 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin, blink one
LED only once and the other repeatedly
ACTIVITY 5
Source

➢ Connections:
Pins: 10, 11, GND
Source Source

➢ Code:

New Lesson - Photos
Serial.begin(rate)
• Opens serial port and sets the baud rate for serial data transmission
• Typical baud rate for communicating with PC is 9600 although other speeds are
supported
• When using serial communication, digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) cannot be used at
the same time
delay(ms)
• Pauses the program for time as specified in milliseconds, with 1000 being equal
to 1 second
PROGRAMMING ESSENTIALS

• Pulse width modulation (PWM): Converts a digital
value to analog output
• Pulse width modulation (PWM) allows Arduino to
generate a series of pulses
• When a pin is output high, the apparent voltage at that
pin will be close to 5 V
• When the pin is made output low it is close to 0 V
PWM BASIC CONCEPTS
Source
Source

PWM BASIC CONCEPTS
• Duty cycle: Higher the duty cycle, higher is the voltage
• Duty specifies the analog output level as a fraction of 256ths of 5 V ranging
from 0 to 4.98 V
Source
Source

ACTIVITY 6
New Lesson - Photos
• Attach one LED to your Arduino and write a program to change its
brightness

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➢ Connections:
Pins: 6, GND
Source

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➢ Code:

Successful upload:
STATUS MESSAGES
Error in compiling:
Wrong port selected:
Wrong board selected:

ACTIVITY 7
New Lesson - Photos
• Attach at least 5 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin.
Blink them together

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➢ Connections:
Pins: 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, GND
Anode
Cathode

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➢ Code:

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• A variable is a place to store a piece of data
• It has a name, a value, a type and size accordingly
• Syntax: variable_type variable_name = value;
VARIABLES
Type Bytes(size) Example
boolean 1 boolean led_on=True;
char 1 char char_1 = ‘a’;
int 2 int temp = 48;
float 4 float height = 2.5;
long 4 long time = 5;

VARIABLES
• Save the results in different variable types:
int a = 50;
int b = 30;
int c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 1
int a = 50;
int b = 30;
float c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 1.00
float a = 50;
float b = 30;
float c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 1.66
float a = 50;
float b = 30;
int c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 1

ACTIVITY 8
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• Divide 5 by 2 and store the value as int and as float

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int a = 5;
int b = 2;
int c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 2
int a = 5;
int b = 2;
float c = 0;
c = a / b;
Output: 2.00

Thank You!
Questions and Feedback?
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, July 2017 - 19
Mechatronics, Controls, and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

itest-lesson5-introduction-to-arduino.pdf

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