Java 8
- 1. JDK 8 Presented by Vladan Pulec
- 2. 2 Java 8 • Estimated JDK release – early 2014 (as of April 18th) • Currently in-progress and described features are still subject to change • Preview build of IDEA supports Java 8 (http://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/IDEADEV/EAP ) • Major changes: – Default methods in interfaces – Lambas (anonymous functions) – Streams
- 3. 3 Default Methods in Interfaces • Interfaces can now have default methods – method with concrete implementations and no state • a lot of core JDK interfaces now have default methods
- 4. 4 Functional Interfaces • A functional interface is an interface with only one abstract method. For example, Runnable interface. • Can be declared using @FunctionalInterface
- 5. 5 Lambda Expressions • What Are they? • Similar to anonymous classes that treat functionality as a method argument, or code as data. •btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() { @Override public void handle(ActionEvent event) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } }); btn.setOnAction( event -> System.out.println("Hello World!") );
- 6. 6 Syntax 1. A comma-separated list of formal parameters 2. The arrow token, -> 3. A body, which consists of a single expression or a statement block • Note that a return statement is not an expression • Examples: • two inputs on the left, return block on the right: • (int x, int y) -> { return x + y; } • Single param with inferred type on the left: x -> x * x • no input on the left, return on the right: () -> x
- 7. 7 Lambda – Method References (Shorthand forms) • Static method reference: • String::valueOf same as x -> String.valueOf(x) • Non-static method reference: • Object::toString same as x -> x.toString() • Capturing method reference: • x::toString same as () -> x.toString() • Constructor reference: • ArrayList::new same as () -> new ArrayList<>()
- 8. 8 What Lambdas Cannot Do • Non-Final Variable Capture – variables used in Lambdas cannot change (Lambdas are said to be "capturing" if they access a non-static variable or object that was defined outside of the lambda body. ) • Control Flow – cannot break out of a loop with an early return • Cannot instantiate abstract classes using lambdas
- 9. 9 Fundamental shift: from imperative to functional style • imperative style - define step by step how to do things • smells - mutating variables, external iterations • declarative styles - let the API perform the operations
- 10. 10 Commonly Useful Functional Interfaces • Function<T, R> - take a T as input, return an R as ouput • Predicate<T> - take a T as input, return a boolean as output • Consumer<T> - take a T as input, perform some action and don't return anything • Supplier<T> - with nothing as input, return a T • BinaryOperator<T> - take two T's as input, return one T as output, useful for "reduce" operations
- 11. 11 Streams • The new java.util.stream package provides utilities "to support functional-style operations on streams of values" • similar to an iterator • Can be sequential or running in parallel • Two operations: • intermediate (ie. filter or map) • Terminal (ie. sum) NoteL Intermediate operations are lazy, processing starts with a terminal operation
- 12. 12 Stream Operation Properties • Stateful - A stateful operation imposes some new property on the stream, such as uniqueness of elements, or a maximum number of elements, or ensuring that the elements are consumed in sorted fashion. These are typically more expensive than stateless intermediate operations. • Short-circuiting - A short-circuiting operation potentially allows processing of a stream to stop early without examining all the elements. This is an especially desirable property when dealing with infinite streams; if none of the operations being invoked on a stream are short-circuiting, then the code may never terminate.
- 13. 13 Intermediate Operations • filter- Exclude all elements that don't match a Predicate. • map - Perform a one-to-one transformation of elements using a Function. • flatMap - Transform each element into zero or more elements by way of another Stream. • peek - Perform some action on each element as it is encountered. Primarily useful for debugging. • distinct - Exclude all duplicate elements according to their .equals behavior. This is a stateful operation. • sorted - Ensure that stream elements in subsequent operations are encountered according to the order imposed by a Comparator. This is a stateful operation. • limit - Ensure that subsequent operations only see up to a maximum number of elements. This is a stateful, short-circuiting operation. • substream - Ensure that subsequent operations only see a range (by index) of elements. Like String.substring except for streams. There are two forms, one with a begin index and one with an end index as well. Both are stateful operations, and the form with an end index is also a short-circuiting operation.
- 14. 14 Terminal Operations • forEach - Perform some action for each element in the stream. • toArray - Dump the elements in the stream to an array. • reduce - Combine the stream elements into one using a BinaryOperator. • collect - Dump the elements in the stream into some container, such as a Collection or Map. • min - Find the minimum element of the stream according to a Comparator. • max - Find the maximum element of the stream according to a Comparator. • count - Find the number of elements in the stream. • anyMatch - Find out whether at least one of the elements in the stream matches a Predicate. This is a short-circuiting operation. • allMatch - Find out whether every element in the stream matches a Predicate. This is a short-circuiting operation. • noneMatch - Find out whether zero elements in the stream match a Predicate. This is a short-circuiting operation. • findFirst - Find the first element in the stream. This is a short-circuiting operation. • findAny - Find any element in the stream, which may be cheaper than findFirst for some streams. This is a short-circuiting operation.
- 15. 15 Steps in using a Stream 1. Obtain a stream from some source. 2. Perform one or more intermediate operations. 3. Perform one terminal operation.
- 16. 16 Resources • http://www.techempower.com/blog/2013/03 /26/everything-about-java-8/ • http://zeroturnaround.com/labs/java-8-the- first-taste-of-lambdas/#!/ • http://blog.sanaulla.info/2013/04/01/predicat e-and-consumer-interface-in-java-util- function-package-in-java-8/ • http://download.java.net/jdk8/docs/api/index .html?overview-summary.html