Java Android Programming for MAD lab Fundamentals

Tutorial: Programming in
Java for Android
Development
Instructor: Adam C. Champion,
Ph.D. CSE 4471: Information
Security Summer 2019
Based on material from C. Horstmann [1], J. Bloch [2], C. Collins et al. [4],
M.L. Sichitiu (NCSU), V. Janjic (Imperial College London), CSE 2221 (OSU), and other
so urces

2
Outline
• Getting Started
• Java: The Basics
• Java: Object–Oriented Programming
• Android Programming

3
Getting Started (1)
• Need to install Java Dev. Kit (JDK) version 8 to
write Java (Android) programs
– Don’t install Java Runtime Env. (JRE); JDK is different!
– Newer versions of JDK can cause issues with Android
• Can download JDK (free): https://adoptopenjdk.net/
– Oracle’s JDK (http://java.oracle.com) free for dev. only;
payment for commercial use
• Alternatively, for macOS, Linux:
• macOS: Install Homebrew (http://brew.sh), then type
brew cask info adoptopenjdk8 at command line
• Linux: Type sudo apt install default–jdk at command

4
Getting Started
(2)
• After installing JDK, download Android
SDK from http://developer.android.com
• Simplest: download and install Android
Studio bundle (including Android SDK) for
your OS
• We’ll use Android Studio with SDK
included (easy)

Getting Started
(3)
• Install Android Studio directly (Windows, Mac); unzip to directory
android-studio, then run ./android-studio/bin/studio.sh
(Linux)
• You should see this:
5

Getting Started
(4)
• Strongly recommend testing with real Android
device
– Android emulator slow; Genymotion faster [14], [15]
– Install USB drivers for your Android device!
• Go to File
– Recommended: Install Android 5–8 APIs
– Don’t worry about system images for non-x86 arch.
6

7
Outline
• Getting Started

Java Programming
Language
• Java: general-purpose
language: “write code
once, run anywhere”
• The key: Java
Virtual Machine
(JVM)
– Program code compiled
to JVM bytecode
– JVM bytecode
interpreted on JVM
• We’ll focus on Java; 8

9
Our First Java Program
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello world!”);
}
}
• Don’t forget to match curly braces { , } or semicolon at the
end!
• Recommended IDEs:
– IntelliJ IDEA CE (free; http://www.jetbrains.com/student)
– Eclipse (free; http://www.eclipse.org)
– Text editor of choice (with Java programming plugin)

10
Explaining the
Program
• Every .java source file contains one class
– We create a class HelloWorld that greets user
– The class HelloWorld must have the same name as the source file
HelloWorld.java
– Our class has public scope, so other classes can “see” it
– We’ll talk more about classes and objects later
• Every Java program has a method main() that executes the program
– Method “signature” must be exactly public static void main(String[]
args) {}
– This means: (1) main() is “visible” to other methods; (2) there is “only one”
main() method in the class; and (3) main() has one argument (args, an array
of String variables)
– Java “thinks” main(), Main(), miAN() are different methods
• Every Java method has curly braces {,} surrounding its code
• Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon, e.g.,

11
Basic Data Types
(1)
• Java variables are instances of mathematical “types”
– Variables can store (almost) any value their type can have
– Example: the value of a boolean variable can be either true or false
because any (mathematical) boolean value is true or false
– Caveats for integer, floating–point variables: their values are subsets of
values of mathematical integers, real numbers. Cannot assign
mathematical 2500 to integer variable (limited range) or mathematical √2
to a floating–point variable (limited precision; irrational number).
– Variable names must start with lowercase letter, contain only
letters, numbers, _
• Variable declaration: boolean b = true;
• Later in the program, we might assign false to b: b = false;
• Java strongly suggests that variables be initialized at the time of
declaration, e.g., boolean b; gives a compiler warning (null
pointer)
• Constants defined using final keyword, e.g.,

Basic Data Types
(2)
• Java’s primitive data types:
[5]
Primitive type Size Minimum Maximum Wrapper type
boolean 1–bit N/A N/A Boolean
char 16–bit Unicode 0 Unicode 216 – 1 Character
byte 8–bit –128 +127 Byte
short 16–bit –215
+215 – 1 Short
int 32–bit –231
+231 – 1 Integer
long 64–bit –263
+263 – 1 Long
float 32–bit IEEE 754 IEEE 754 Float
double 64–bit IEEE 754 IEEE 754 Double
Note: All these types are signed, except
char.
12

13
Basic Data Types
(3)
• Sometimes variables need to be cast to another type, e.g.,
if finding average of integers:
int intOne = 1, intTwo = 2, intThree = 3, numInts = 2;
double doubOne = (double)intOne, doubTwo = (double)myIntTwo, doubThree =
(double)intThree;
double avg = (doubOne + doubTwo + doubThree)/(double)numInts;
• Math library has math operations like sqrt(), pow(), etc.
• String: immutable type for sequence of characters
– Every Java variable can be converted to String via
toString()
– The + operation concatenates Strings with other variables
– Let str be a String. We can find str’s length
(str.length()), substrings of str (str.substring()), and so
on [6]

14
Basic Data Types
(4)
• A literal is a “fixed” value of a variable type
– TRUE, FALSE are boolean literals
– ‘A’, ‘t’, ‘”’, and ‘u03c0’ are char literals
(escaped tab, quote characters, Unicode value for π)
– –1, 0, 035, 0x1a are int literals (last two are octal
and hexadecimal)
– 0.5, 1.0, 1E6, 6.023E23 are double literals
– “At OSU”, “Hello world!” are String literals
• Comments:
– Single-line: // some comment to end of line
– Multi-line: /* comments span multiple lines */

Common Operators in
Java
String boolean char int double
! ++ --
+ || + - + -
&& * /
%
* /
< > < > < >
<= >= <= >=
== != == !=
Notes:
• Compare String objects using the equals() method, not == or !=
• && and || use short-circuit evaluation. Example: boolean canPigsFly = FALSE;
we evaluate (canPigsFly && <some Boolean expression>). Since canPigsFly is
FALSE, the second part of the expression won’t be evaluated.
• The second operand of % (integer modulus) must be positive.
• Don’t compare doubles for equality. Instead, define a constant like so:
final double EPSILON = 1E-6; // or some other threshold
… // check if Math.abs(double1 – double2) <
EPSILON
15

16
Control Structures: Decision
(1)
• Programs don’t always follow “straight line” execution;
they “branch” based on certain conditions
• Java decision idioms: if-then-else, switch
• if-then-else idiom:
if (<some Boolean expression>) {
// take some action
}
else if (<some other Boolean expression) {
// take some other action
}
else {
// do something else
}

17
(2)
• Example:
final double OLD_DROID = 5.0, final double NEW_DROID = 9.0;
double myDroid = 8.1;
if (myDroid < OLD_DROID)
{
System.out.println(“Antique!”);
}
else if (myDroid > NEW_DROID)
{
System.out.println(“Very modern!”);
}
else
{
System.out.println(“Your device: barely supported.”);
}
• Code prints “Very modern!” to the screen.

18
(3)
• Example two:
final double JELLY_BEAN = 4.1, final double ICE_CREAM = 4.0;
final double EPSILON = 1E-6;
double myDroid = 4.1;
if (myDroid > ICE_CREAM) {
if (Math.abs(myDroid – ICE_CREAM) < EPSILON) {
System.out.println(“Ice Cream Sandwich”);
}
else {
System.out.println(“Jelly Bean”);
}
}
else {
System.out.println(“Old version”);
}
• Code prints “Jelly Bean” to screen. Note nested if-then-else, EPSILON usage.

(4)
• Other idiom: switch
• Only works when comparing an int or
boolean
variable against a fixed set of alternatives
• Example:
int api = 10;
switch (api) {
case 3:
case 4:
case 7:
case 8:
System.out.println(“Cupcake”); break;
System.out.println(“Donut”); break;
System.out.println(“Éclair”); break;
System.out.println(“Froyo”); break;
case 10: System.out.println(“Gingerbread”); break;
case 11: System.out.println(“Honeycomb”); break;
case 15: System.out.println(“Ice Cream Sandwich”); break;
case 16: System.out.println(“Jelly Bean”); break;
default: System.out.println(“Other”); break;
}
19

20
Control Structures: Iteration (1)
• Often, blocks of code loop while a condition holds (or fixed # of times)
• Java iteration idioms: while, do-while, for
• While loop: execute loop as long as condition is true (checked each iteration)
• Example:
String str = “aaaaa”;
int minLength = 10;
while (str.length() < minLength)
{
str = str + “a”;
}
System.out.println(str);
• Loop executes 5 times; code terminates when str = “aaaaaaaaaa”
• Notice: if the length of str was minLength, the while loop would
not execute

21
While Loop
String str = “aaaaaaaaaa”;
int minLength = 10;
while (str.length() <
minLength) {
}
Do-While Loop
String str = “aaaaaaaaaa”;
int minLength = 10;
do {
} while (str.length() <
minLength)
Unlike the while loop, the do-while loop executes at least once so long as condition is true.
The while loop prints “aaaaaaaaaa” whereas the do-while loop prints “aaaaaaaaaaa” (11
as)

22
• The for loop has the following structure:
for (<expression1>; <expression2>; <expression3>) {
. . .
}
• Semantics:
– <expression1> is loop initialization (run once)
– <expression2> is loop execution condition (checked every iteration)
– <expression3> is loop update (run every iteration)
• Example:
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(“i = ” + i);
}
System.out.println(“i = ” + i);
• What do you think this code does?

23
Methods and Design-by-Contract
(1)
• Design your own methods to perform specific, well-defined tasks
• Each method has a signature:
public static ReturnType method(paramType1 param1, …
paramTypeN paramN) {
// perform certain task
}
• Example: a method to compute area of rectangle:
public static double findRectArea(double length, double
width) {
return length * width;
}
• Each method has a precondition and a postcondition
– Precondition: constraints method’s caller must satisfy to call method
– Postcondition: guarantees method provides if preconditions are met
• For our example:
– Precondition: length > 0.0, width > 0.0

24
Methods and Design-by-Contract
(2)
• In practice, methods are annotated via JavaDoc,
e.g.,
/**
Compute area of rectangle.
@param length Length of rectangle
@param width Width of rectangle
@return Area of rectangle
*/
• Methods called from main() (which is
static) need to be defined static too
• Some methods may not return anything (void)

Array Data
Structure
• Array: fixed-length sequence of variable types; cannot change length at run-time
Examples:
final int NUMSTUDENTS = 10;
String[] students; // Declaration
String[] students = new String[NUMSTUDENTS];
// Declaration and initialization
String[] moreStudents = { “Alice”, “Bob”, “Rohit”, “Wei”};
// Declaration and explicit initialization
System.out.println(moreStudents.length) // Prints 4
• Enhanced for loop: executed for each element in
array Example:
for (String student: moreStudents) {
System.out.println(student + “, ”);
}
• Prints “Alice, Bob, Rohit, Wei,” to screen
• Array indices are numbered 0, …, N–1; watch for off-by-one errors!
moreStudents[0] is “Alice”; moreStudents[3] is 25

26
Two-Dimensional
Arrays
• We can have two-dimensional
arrays. Example:
final int ROWS = 3; final int COLUMNS = 3;
char[][] ticTacToe = new char[ROWS][COLUMNS]; //
declare
for (int i = 0; i < ROWS; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < COLUMNS; j++) {
ticTacToe[i][j] = ‘_’; // Initialize to ‘blank’
}
}
// Tic-tac-toe logic goes here (with ‘X’s, ‘O’s)
• ticTacToe.length returns number of rows;
ticTacToe[0].length returns number of columns
• Higher-dimensional arrays are possible too

27
Parameterized Data
Structures
• We can define data structures in terms of an arbitrary variable
type (call it Item).
• ArrayList<Item>, a variable-length array that can be modified at
run-time. Examples:
ArrayList<String> arrStrings = new ArrayList<String>();
ArrayList<Double> arrDoubles = new ArrayList<Double>();
arrStrings.add(“Alice”); arrStrings.add(“Bob”); arrStrings.add(“Rohit”);
arrStrings.add(“Wei”);
String str = arrStrings.get(1); // str becomes “Bob”
arrStrings.set(2, “Raj”); // “Raj” replaces “Rohit”
System.out.println(arrStrings.size()); // prints 4
• Notice:
– Need to call import java.util.ArrayList; at beginning of program
– Off-by-one indexing: cannot call arrStrings.get(4);
– Auto-boxing: we cannot create an ArrayList of doubles. We need to
replace double with wrapper class Double. (Recall the “primitive
data types” table)
• Other parameterized data types include Lists, Sets, Maps, Stacks,
Queues, Trees (see chapters 14–16 in [1])

Exception Handling
(1)
• If we had called arrStrings.get(4), we
would have an error condition
– The JVM throws an IndexOutOfBounds
exception, halts execution
28

29
Exception Handling
(2)
• We handle exceptions using the try-catch-finally structure:
try {
// Code that could trigger an exception
}
catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) { // Or another
Exception
// Code that “responds” to exception, e.g.,
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally {
// Code executes regardless of whether exception occurs
}
• There can be many catch blocks for different Exceptions, but there is
only one try block and one (optional) finally block. (See Section 7.4 in
[1] for the full hierarchy of Exceptions)
• Exceptions always need to be caught and “reported”, especially in Android

30
Outline
• Getting Started

Objects andClasses (1)
• Classes serve as “blueprints” that describe the states and behaviors of objects,
which are actual “instances” of classes
• For example, a Vehicle class describes a motor vehicle’s blueprint:
– States: “on/off”, driver in seat, fuel in tank, speed, etc.
– Behaviors: startup, shutdown, drive “forward”, shift transmission, etc.
• There are many possible Vehicles, e.g., Honda Accord, Mack truck,
etc. These are instances of the Vehicle blueprint
• Many Vehicle states are specific to each Vehicle object, e.g., on/off, driver
in seat, fuel remaining. Other states are specific to the class of Vehicles, not
any particular Vehicle (e.g., keeping track of the “last” Vehicle ID #
assigned). These correspond to instance fields and static fields in a class.
• Notice: we can operate a vehicle without knowing its implementation “under
the hood”. Similarly, a class makes public instance methods by which objects
of this class can be manipulated. Other methods apply to the set of all
Vehicles (e.g., set min. fuel economy). These correspond to static methods in
a class
31

32
public class Vehicle {
// Instance fields (some omitted for brevity)
private boolean isOn = false;
private boolean isDriverInSeat = false;
private double fuelInTank = 10.0;
private double speed = 0.0;
// Static fields
private static String lastVin = “4A4AP3AU*DE999998”;
// Instance methods (some omitted for brevity)
public Vehicle() { … } // Constructor
public void startUp() { … }
public void shutOff() { … }
public void getIsDriverInSeat() { … } // getter, setter
methods
public void setIsDriverInSeat() { … }
private void manageMotor() { … } // More private methods …
// Static methods
public static void setVin(String newVin) { … }
}

33
• How to use the Vehicle class:
– First, create a new object via constructor Vehicle(), e.g., Vehicle
myCar = new Vehicle();
– Change Vehicle states, e.g., startUp() or shutOff() the Vehicle
– You can imagine other use cases
– Mark a new Vehicle’s ID number (VIN) as “taken” by calling
Vehicle.setVin(…)
– Caveat: VINs more complex than this (simple) implementation [7]
• Notes:
– Aliasing: If we set Vehicle myTruck = myCar, both myCar and
myTruck
“point” to the same variable. Better to perform “deep copy” of
myCar and store the copy in myTruck
– null reference: refers to no object, cannot invoke methods on null
– Implicit parameter and the this reference

Inheritance (1)
• Types of Vehicles: Motorcycle, Car, Truck, etc. Types of
Cars: Sedan, Coupe, SUV. Types of Trucks: Pickup, Flatbed.
• Induces inheritance hierarchy
• Subclasses inherit fields/methods from superclasses.
• Subclasses can add new fields/methods, override those of
parent classes
• For example, Motorcycle’s driveForward() method
differs from Truck’s driveForward() method
34

35
Inheritance (2)
public class Vehicle {
…
public void driveForward
(double speed) {
// Base class method
}
}
public class Motorcycle
extends Vehicle {
…
public void driveForward
(double speed) {
// Apply power…
}
}
• Inheritance denoted via extends
keyword

Inheritance (3)
public class Truck extends Vehicle {
private boolean useAwd = true;
// . . .
public Truck(boolean useAwd) { this.useAwd = useAwd; }
// . . .
public void driveForward(double speed)
{
if (useAwd) {
// Apply power to all wheels…
}
else {
// Apply power to only front/back wheels…
}
}
} 36

37
Polymorphism
• Suppose we create Vehicles and invoke the driveForward() method:
Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle();
Vehicle motorcycle = new Motorcycle();
Truck truck1 = new Truck(true);
Vehicle truck2 = new Truck(false);
// Code here to start vehicles…
vehicle.driveForward(5.0);
motorcycle.driveForward(10.0);
truck1.driveForward(15.0);
truck2.driveForward(10.0);
• For vehicle, Vehicle’s driveForward() method is invoked
• For motorcycle, Motorcycle’s driveForward() method is invoked
• With truck1 and truck2, Truck’s driveForward() function is invoked (with all-
wheel drive for truck1, not for truck2).
• Dynamic method lookup: Java looks at objects’ actual types to find which method to
invoke
• Polymorphism: feature where objects of different subclasses are treated same way. (All
Vehicles driveForward() regardless of (sub)class.)

38
The Object
Class
• Every class in Java is a subclass of Object
• Important methods in Object:
– toString(): Converts Object to a String
representation
– equals(): Compares Objects’ contents for equality
– hashCode(): Hashes the Object to a fixed-length
String, useful for data structures like HashMap, HashSet
• If you create your own class, you should override
toString() and hashCode()

39
Interfaces
• Java interfaces abstractly specify methods to be implemented
• Intuition: decouple method definitions from implementations (clean design)
• Interfaces, implementations denoted by interface, implements keywords
• Examples:
public interface Driveable {
public void driveForward(double speed);
}
public class Vehicle implements Driveable {
public void driveForward(double speed) { /* implementation */ }
}
public class Motorcycle extends Vehicle implements Driveable {
public void driveForward(double speed) { /* implementation */ }
}

40
The Comparable
Interface
• Comparing Objects is important, e.g., sorting in data
structures
• The Comparable interface compares two Objects,
e.g.,
a and b:
public interface Comparable
{
int compareTo(Object otherObject);
}
• a.compareTo(b) returns negative integer if a “comes
before” b, 0 if a is the same as b, and a positive
integer otherwise
• In your classes, you should implement Comparable

41
Object-OrientedDesign Principles
• Each class should represent a single concept
– Don’t try to fit all functionality into a single class
– Consider a class per “noun” in problem description
– Factor functionality into classes, interfaces, etc. that express the
functionality with minimal coupling
• For software projects, start from use cases (how customers will use
software: high level)
– Then identify classes of interest
– In each class, identify fields and methods
– Class relationships should be identified: is-a (inheritance), has-a
(aggregation), implements interface, etc.
• Packages provide class organization mechanism
– Examples: java.lang.*, java.util.*, etc.
– Critical for organizing large numbers of classes!
– All classes in a package can “see” each other (scope)

42
Outline
• Getting Started

Introduction to
Android
• Popular smartphone OS
with Apple iOS [16]
• Developed by Open
Handset Alliance, led
by Google
• Over two billion
Android smartphones in
use worldwide [17]
Source: [16]
43

Android Highlights
(1)
• Android apps execute on
Dalvik VM, a “clean-room”
implementation of JVM
– Dalvik optimized for efficient
execution
– Dalvik: register-based VM,
unlike Oracle’s stack-
based JVM
– Java .class bytecode
translated to Dalvik
EXecutable (DEX) bytecode,
which Dalvik interprets
45

46
Android Highlights
(2)
• Android apps written in Java 6+
– Everything we’ve learned still holds
• Apps use four main components:
– Activity: A “single screen” that’s visible to user
– Service: Long-running background “part” of app (not
separate process or thread)
– ContentProvider: Manages app data (usually stored in
database) and data access for queries
– BroadcastReceiver: Component that listens for
particular Android system “events”, e.g.,
“found wireless device”, and responds
accordingly

47
App
Manifest
• Every Android app must include an
AndroidManifest.xml file
describing functionality
• The manifest specifies:
– App’s Activities, Services, etc.
– Permissions requested by app
– Minimum API required
– Hardware features required, e.g., camera with
autofocus

Activity
Lifecycle
• Activity: key building
block of Android apps
• Extend Activity
class, override
onCreate(),
onPause(), onResume()
methods
• Dalvik VM can stop any
Activity without warning,
so saving state is important!
• Activities need to be
“responsive”, otherwise
Android shows user “App
Not Responsive” warning:
– Place lengthy operations in
Runnable Threads,
AsyncTasks 48
Source: [12]

App Creation
Checklist
• If you own an Android device:
– Ensure drivers are installed
– Enable developer options on device under Settings,
specifically USB Debugging
• Android 4.2+: Go to Settings→About phone, press Build number 7
times to enable developer options
• For Android Studio:
– Under File→Settings→Appearance, enable “Show tool
window bars”, “Widescreen tool window layout”
– Programs should log states via android.util.Log’s
Log.d(APP_TAG_STR, “debug”), where APP_TAG_STR is
a final String tag denoting your app
– Other commands: Log.e() (error); Log.i() (info);
(warning); Log.v() (verbose) – same 49

Creating Android
App
• Creating Android app
project (Android Studio):
– Go to File→New Project
– Select what kind of
Activity to create (we’ll
use Empty activity)
– Choose package name
using “reverse DNS” style
(e.g., edu.osu.myapp)
– Choose APIs for app
– Click Finish to create “Hello
World” app
50

Deploying the
App
• Two choices for deployment:
– Real Android device
– Android virtual device
• Plug in your real device;
otherwise, create an
Android virtual device
• Emulator is slow. Try Intel
accelerated version, or perhaps
http://www.genymotion.com/
• Run the app: press “Run”
button in toolbar
51

Underlying Source
Code
src/…/MainActivity.java
package edu.osu.helloandroid;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.view.Menu;
public class MainActivity extends Activity
{
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu)
{
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
return true;
}
52
}

Underlying GUI
Code
res/layout/activity_main.xml
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".MainActivity" >
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/hello_world" />
</RelativeLayout>
– RelativeLayouts are quite complicated. See [13] for details 53

The App
Manifest
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="edu.osu.helloandroid"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="8"
android:targetSdkVersion="17" />
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name="edu.osu.helloandroid.MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest> 54

A More Interesting
App
• We’ll now examine an
app with more features:
WiFi Scanner (code on
class website)
• Press a button, scan for
Wi-Fi access points
(APs), display them
• Architecture: Activity
creates single Fragment
with app logic
(flexibility)
55

Underlying Source Code
(1)
// WifiScanActivity.java
public class WifiScanActivity extends SingleFragmentActivity {
@Override
protected Fragment createFragment() {return new WifiScanFragment(); }
}
// WifiScanFragment.java. Uses RecyclerView to display dynamic list of Wi-Fi ScanResults.
@Override
public View onCreateView(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle
savedInstanceState) {
View v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_wifi_scan, container, false);
mScanResultRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) v.findViewById(R.id.scan_result_recyclerview);
mScanResultAdapter = new ScanResultAdapter(mScanResultList);
mScanResultRecyclerView.setAdapter(mScanResultAdapter);
mScanResultRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(getActivity()));
setupWifi();
mIntentFilter = new IntentFilter(WifiManager.SCAN_RESULTS_AVAILABLE_ACTION);
setHasOptionsMenu(true); setRetainInstance(true);
return v;
}
private void setupWifi() {
try {
Context context = getActivity().getApplicationContext();
if (context != null) {
mWifiManager = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
}
} catch (NullPointerException npe) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error setting up Wi-Fi");
56

(2)
• Get system WifiManager
• Register Broadcast Receiver to listen for WifiManager’s “finished scan” system
event (expressed as Intent
WifiManager.SCAN_RESULTS_AVAILABLE_ACTION )
• Unregister Broadcast Receiver when leaving Fragment
@Override
public void onResume() { // . . .
super.onResume(); // . . .
SharedPreferences sharedPreferences =
PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(getActivity().getApplicationContext());
boolean hideDialog =
sharedPreferences.getBoolean(getResources().getString(R.string.suppress_dialog_key), false);
if (!hideDialog) { // Show user dialog asking them to accept permission request
FragmentManager fm = getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager();
DialogFragment fragment = new NoticeDialogFragment();
fragment.show(fm, "info_dialog"); }
getActivity().registerReceiver(mReceiver, mIntentFilter);
}
@Override
public void onPause() {
super.onPause();
getActivity().unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);
} 57

(3)
• Register menu-item listener to perform Wi-Fi scan
• Get user permission first for “coarse” location (required in Android
6+)
// WifiScanFragment.java
public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater
inflater) { super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater);
inflater.inflate(R.menu.menu, menu); }
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.menu_scan:
if (!hasLocationPermission()) { requestLocationPermission(); }
else { doWifiScan(); }
return true; }
return false; }
private void requestLocationPermission() {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
if (!hasLocationPermission()) {
requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION},
PERMISSION_REQUEST_LOCATION); }}}
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, int[]
grantResults) {
if (requestCode == PERMISSION_REQUEST_LOCATION) {
if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { doWifiScan(); } else { //
58

The Broadcast Receiver
// WifiScanFragment.java
private final BroadcastReceiver mReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver()
{
// Override onReceive() method to implement our custom logic.
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent)
{
// Get the Intent action.
String action = intent.getAction();
// If the WiFi scan results are ready, iterate through them and
// record the WiFi APs' SSIDs, BSSIDs, WiFi capabilities, radio
// frequency, and signal strength (in dBm).
if (WifiManager.SCAN_RESULTS_AVAILABLE_ACTION.equals(action))
{
// Ensure WifiManager is not null first.
if (mWifiManager == null) { setupWifi(); }
List<ScanResult> scanResults = mWifiManager.getScanResults();
mScanResultList.addAll(scanResults);
mScanResultAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
}
};
59

User Interface
Updating UI in code
• Two inner classes handle
RecyclerView items:
– ScanResultAdapter
(extends RecyclerView.
Adapter<ScanResultHold
er>)
– ScanResultHolder
(extends
RecyclerView.ViewHolde
r)
• See code, Big Nerd Ranch
(Chapter 8) for details
UI Layout (XML)

<LinearLayout
android:layout_height="match_parent” >
<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/scan_result_recyclerview"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
</LinearLayout>

<LinearLayout
android:layout_height="wrap_content” >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/scan_result_textview"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="TextView"/>
</LinearLayout> 60

Android Programming
Notes
• Android apps have multiple points of entry: no main() method
– Cannot “sleep” in Android
– During each entrance, certain Objects may be null
– Defensive programming is very useful to avoid crashes, e.g.,
if (!(myObj == null)) { // do something }
• Java concurrency techniques are required
– Don’t block the “main” thread in Activities
– Implement long-running tasks such as network connections
asynchronously, e.g., as AsyncTasks
– Recommendation: read [4]; chapter 20 [10]; [11]
• Logging state via android.util.Log throughout app is
essential when debugging (finding root causes)
• Better to have “too many” permissions than too few
– Otherwise, app crashes due to security exceptions!
– Remove “unnecessary” permissions before releasing app to public 61

Concurrency: Threads (1)
• Thread: program unit (within process) executing independently
• Basic idea: create class that implements Runnable interface
– Runnable has one method, run(), that has code to execute
– Example:
public class OurRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
// run code
}
}
• Create a Thread object from Runnable and start() Thread,
e.g.,
Runnable r = new OurRunnable();
Thread t = new Thread(r);
t.start();
• Problems: cumbersome, does not reuse Thread 62

63
Concurrency: Threads (2)
• Easier approach: anonymous inner classes, e.g.,
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable(
{
public void run()
{
// code to run
}
});
t.start();
• Idiom essential for one-time network connections in
Activities
• However, Threads can be difficult to synchronize,
especially with UI thread in Activity, Fragment;
AsyncTasks more suitable

64
Concurrency: AsyncTasks
• AsyncTask encapsulates asynchronous task that interacts with
UI thread in Activity:
public class AsyncTask<ParamsType, ProgressType, ResultType> {
protected Result doInBackground(ParamType param) {
// code to run in background
publishProgress(ProgressType progress); // UI
…
return Result;
}
protected void onProgressUpdate(ProgressType progress) {
// invoke method in Activity to update UI
}
}
• Extend AsyncTask with your own class
• Documentation at http://developer.android.com

66
References (1)
1. C. Horstmann, Big Java Late Objects, Wiley, 2013. https://library.ohio-
state.edu/record=b7175998~S7
2. J. Bloch, Effective Java, 3rd ed., Addison–Wesley, 2018.
https://library.ohio- state.edu/record=b8555335~S7
3. R. Gallardo, S. Hommel, S. Kannan, J. Gordon, and S.B. Zakhour, The Java Tutorial: A Short
Course on the Basics, Addison-Wesley, 6th ed., 2015. https://library.ohio-
4. C. Collins, M. Galpin, and M. Kaeppler, Android in Practice, Manning, 2011.
https://library.ohio- state.edu/record=b8534164~S7
5. M.L. Sichitiu, 2011,
http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/wireless/MadeInWALAN/AndroidTutorial/PPTs/ javaReview.ppt
6. Oracle, https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/index.html
7. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Identification_Number
8. Nielsen Co., “Who’s Winning the U.S. Smartphone Market?”, 6 Aug. 2013,
http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/whos-winning-the-u-s-smartphone-market-
.html
9. Android Open Source Project, http://www.android.com

67
References (2)
10. http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=1118087887&bcsId=7006
11. B. Goetz, T. Peierls, J. Bloch, J. Bowbeer, D. Holmes, and D. Lea, Java Concurrency
in Practice, Addison-Wesley, 2006, https://library.ohio-
12. https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities.html
13. https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/declaring-layout.html#CommonLayouts
14. https://cloud.genymotion.com/page/doc/#collapse4
15. http://blog.zeezonline.com/2013/11/install-google-play-on-genymotion-2-0/
16. Device Atlas, https://deviceatlas.com/blog/android-v-ios-market-share#us, 9 January 2019
17. B. van der Wielen, “Insights into the 2.3 Billion Android Smartphones in Use Around
the World,” NewZoo, 17 Jan. 2018

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