JAVA PROGRAMMING- Exception handling - Multithreading

JAVA PROGRAMMING- Exception
handling - Multithreading
Dr R Jegadeesan Prof-CSE
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science,
Karimnagar

SYLLABUS
Exception handling - Fundamentals of exception handling, Exception
types, Termination or resumptive models, Uncaught exceptions, using
try and catch, multiple catch clauses, nested try statements, throw,
throws and finally, built- in exceptions, creating own exception sub
classes.
Multithreading- Differences between thread-based multitasking and
process-based multitasking, Java thread model, creating threads,
thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread communication

UNIT 3 : Exception Handling and Multithreading
Topic Name : Fundamentals of exception handling and introduction to multithreading
Topic :Basic concepts of Exception handling and multithreading
Aim & Objective : To make the student understand the concept of Exception handling
and multithreading.
Application With Example : Java program to handle checked and unchecked
exceptions.
Limitations If Any :
Reference Links :
• Java The complete reference, 9th edition, Herbert Schildt, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pv
Ltd.
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multithreading-in-java/
•Video Link details
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-N2ltgU-X4
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-WcHj5GrYE

Universities & Important Questions :
• How many Exceptions we can define in ‘throws’ clause?
• What are errors?
• What are exceptions?
• How can bugs be removed?
• Distinguish between synchronous and asynchronous exceptions.
• Distinguish between checked and unchecked exceptions.
• Explain uncaught exceptions
• How to display the description of an exception.
• Explain the uses of multiple catch clauses
• Explain nested try statements.
• Explain Java’s built-in exceptions
• List out the differences between multithreading and multitasking
• What is a thread? Explain the concept of a multithread programming.
• Define multithreading. Give an example of an application that needs multithreading.
• Explain the various methods defined by the thread class with examples of each.
• How do we set priorities for thread?
• Write a program that demonstrates the priorities setting in thread.
• What is synchronization? Explain with suitable example.
• How is interthread communication achieved?
• Explain interthread communication with an example.
• What is thread group? Explain its importance with a program

▪ Exception handling concepts
▪ Exception types
▪ Uncaught exceptions
▪ Try, catch, throw, throws, finally clauses
▪ Creating own exceptions
▪ Threadbased and processbased multitasking
▪ Java thread model
▪ Creating threads
▪ Synchronizing threads
▪ Inter Thread communication
UNIT – III
CONTENTS

Exception
When an exceptional
condition arises, an object
representing that exception is
created and thrown in the
method that caused the error.

Diagrammatic Representation of Program
Execution
Java
Interp
reter
java
r Exception
Program
Execution
No
Errors
Error o
Exception Type determined
Object of Exception Class created
Related message displayed
Java Code classes.zip: classes needed at run-
time by Java Interpreter
Exception Classes
Java Compiler
javac
Bytecode

•Exceptions can be generated by: Java
run-time system:-
ERROR
Generated by the code:-
EXCEPTION

THROWABLE
❖All Exception types are
subclasses of the built-in
class THROWABLE.
❖THROWABLE is at the top of
the Exception class
Hierarchy.

Exception Types
Throwable
Exception Error
Stack overflow
ArrayIndexOutOfBounds
Run-time
Exception
ClassNotFound
Linkage
Error

Uncaught
Exceptions
• class UncaughtEx{
• public static void main(String args[]) {
• int d = 0; int a =
42/d;
• } }
• Output : java.lang.ArithmeticException:/by zero
• at Exc0.main(UncaughtEx.java:4)

Five keywords
Java exception-handling
❖try
❖catch
❖throw
❖throws
❖ finally

Exception-Handling ...
❖Program statements to be
monitored for exceptions are
contained within a try block.
❖Your code can catch this
exception using catch and
handle it in some rational
manner.

throw to
❖Use the keyword
throw an exception.
❖Any exception that is thrown
out of a method throws
clause.
❖Any code that absolutely
must be executed is put in a
finally block.

class HandledException{
public static void main(String args[])
{ int d, a ;
try { d = 0;a = 42 /d; }
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{System.out.println(“Division by 0”);}
} }
Output: Division by 0

Using try and catch
• Advantages of handling
exceptions:
•Itallows the programmer to fix the
error
•Prevents the program from
automatically terminating

try-catch Control Flow
code before try
exception occurs
try block catch block
code after try

code before try
try block
code after try
no exceptions occur
catch block
exception occurs

Multiple catch clauses
❖One block of code causes
multiple Exception.
❖Two or more catch clauses.
➢Exception subclass must
come before any of their super
classes.
➢Unreachable code.

public static void main(String args[]) {
try { int a = args.length;
int b = 42 / a;
int c[ ] = {1}; c[42] = 99; }
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{System.out.println(“Divide by 0: “ + e ); }
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{System.out.println(“Array index oob: “ + e);}
System.out.println(“After try/catch block”);}

Nested try Statements
❖A try and its catch can be
nested inside the block of
another try.
❖It executes until one of the
catch statements succeeds or
Java run-time system handle
the exception.

try{ int a=args.length;
int b=42/a;
try{int c[ ]={1},c[40]=99;}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoudnds
Exception e)
{System.out.println(e); }
}
catch(ArithmeticExceptione)
{}

The finally Clause
❖finally creates
code that will
a block of
be executed
(whether or not an exception
is thrown)

class FinallyDemo {
int [ ] num1= {12, 16, 10, 8, -1, 6};
int [ ] num2 = { 1, 5, 35, 20, 1, 13};
public static void main(String [ ] args) {
FinallyDemo f = new FinallyDemo( );
f.readNums(f.num1);
f.readNums(f.num2);}

void readNums(int [ ] array) {
int count = 0, last = 0 ;
try {
while (count < array.length) {
last = array[count++];
if (last == -1) return; }}
finally
{System.out.println(“Last” +
last);}

try block
exception occurs
code after try
code before try
finally block (if it exists)
catch block

The throw
clause
❖Throw an exception explicitly.
throw ThrowableInstance
Throwable object:
➢Using a parameter into a catch
clause
➢ Creating one with the new
operator.

class ThrowDemo {
static void demoproc( ){
try { throw new
NullpointerException(“demo”);}
catch(NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println(“demoproc.”);
throw e;} }
// Output: demoproc

Continued…
public static void main(Stringargs[])
{try { demoproc();}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{System.out.println(“Recaught”+e);}
} }
//Recaught:java.lang.NullPointerEx
ception: demo

The throws clause
❖A throws :-Is used to throw a
Exception that is not handled.
❖Error and RuntimeException
or any of their subclasses
don’t use throws.

The throws clause -continued
❖Type method-name
(parameter-list) throws
exception-list
{ // body of method }

31
class ThrowsDemo {
static void throwProc( ) throws
IIlegalAccessException { throw new
IllegalAccessException(“demo”);
}
public static void main (String args[] ) {
try { throwProc( );}
catch(IllegalAccessException e){
System.out.println(“Caught ” + e);}}
}

Java’s Built-in Exceptions
❖Java defines several
exception classes inside the
standard package java.lang
• RuntimeException or Error

Unchecked Exceptions
Unchecked Exception = Runtime
Exceptions/ERROR
Example:
•NumberFormatException
•IllegalArgumentException
•OutOfMemoryError

Checked
Exceptions
Checked Exception = checked at
compile time
These errors are due to
external circumstances that
the programmer cannot
prevent
Example:-IOException

Java’s Built-in
Exceptions ...
The following are Java’s Checked
Exceptions:
❖ClassNotFoundException
❖CloneNotSupportedException
❖IllegalAccessException
❖InstantiationException
❖InterruptedException
❖NoSuchFieldException
❖NoSuchMethodException

Creating Your Own Exception
Classes
❖All user-created exceptions –
subclass of Exception
❖All methods inherited
Throwable.

Demo of ExcepDemo.java
class YourException extendsException
{ private int detail;
YourException(int a)
{ detail = a; }
public String toString( )
{return “YourException[“ + detail +”]”; }
}

class ExcepDemo {
static void compute(int a)
throwsYourException
{
if( a > 10)
throw newYourException(a);
System.out.println(“Normal Exit”)
}

ExcepDemo.j
ava ...
public static void main
(String args[ ]){
try { compute(1); compute(20);}
catch(YourException e)
{System.out.println(“Caught“+e)}
} }

Output:
Called compute(1)
Normal exit
Called compute(20)
Caught YourException[20]

Threads
• Threads are lightweight processes as the
overhead of switching between threads is less
• The can be easily spawned
• The Java Virtual Machine spawns a thread
when your program is run called the Main
Thread

Why do we need threads?
• To enhance parallel processing
• To increase response to the user
• To utilize the idle time of the CPU
• Prioritize your work depending on priority

Example
• Consider a simple web server
• The web server listens for request and serves it
• If the web server was not multithreaded, the
requests processing would be in a queue, thus
increasing the response time and also might hang
the server if there was a bad request.
• By implementing in a multithreaded environment,
the web server can serve multiple request
simultaneously thus improving response time

Creating threads
• In java threads can be created by extending
the Thread class or implementing the
Runnable Interface
• It is more preferred to implement the
Runnable Interface so that we can extend
properties from other classes
• Implement the run() method which is the
starting point for thread execution

Running threads
• Example
class mythread implements Runnable{
public void run(){
System.out.println(“Thread Started”);
}
}
class mainclass {
public static void main(String args[]){
Thread t = new Thread(new mythread()); // This is the way to instantiate a
thread implementing runnable interface
t.start(); // starts the thread by running the run method
}
}
• Calling t.run() does not start a thread, it is just a simple
method call.
• Creating an object does not create a thread, calling
start() method creates the thread.

Synchronization
• Synchronization is prevent data corruption
• Synchronization allows only one thread to
perform an operation on a object at a time.
• If multiple threads require an access to an
object, synchronization helps in maintaining
consistency.

Example
public class Counter{
private int count = 0;
public int getCount(){
return count;
}
public setCount(int count){
this.count = count;
}
}
• In this example, the counter tells how many an access has been made.
• If a thread is accessing setCount and updating count and another thread is accessing
getCount at the same time, there will be inconsistency in the value of count.

Fixing the example
private static int count = 0;
public synchronized int getCount(){
return count;
}
public synchoronized setCount(int count){
this.count = count;
}
}
• By adding the synchronized keyword we make sure that when one thread is in the setCount
method the other threads are all in waiting state.
• The synchronized keyword places a lock on the object, and hence locks all the other methods
which have the keyword synchronized. The lock does not lock the methods without the
keyword synchronized and hence they are open to access by other threads.

What about static methods?
public static synchronized int getCount(){
return count;
}
public static synchronized setCount(int count){
this.count = count;
}
}
• In this example the methods are static and hence are associated with the class object and not
the instance.
• Hence the lock is placed on the class object that is, Counter.class object and not on the
object itself. Any other non static synchronized methods are still available for access by other
threads.

Common Synchronization mistake
public static synchronized int getCount(){
return count;
}
public synchronized setCount(int count){
this.count = count;
}
}
• The common mistake here is one method is static synchronized and another method is non
static synchronized.
• This makes a difference as locks are placed on two different objects. The class object and the
instance and hence two different threads can access the methods simultaneously.

Object locking
• The object can be explicitly locked in this way
synchronized(myInstance){
try{
wait();
}catch(InterruptedException ex){
}
System.out.println(“Iam in this “);
notifyAll();
}
• The synchronized keyword locks the object. The wait keyword waits for the
lock to be acquired, if the object was already locked by another thread.
Notifyall() notifies other threads that the lock is about to be released by the
current thread.
• Another method notify() is available for use, which wakes up only the next
thread which is in queue for the object, notifyall() wakes up all the threads
and transfers the lock to another thread having the highest priority.

JAVA PROGRAMMING- Exception handling - Multithreading

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