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Contents
1 Get Started in HTML
Meet HTML
Understand Structure Create Documents
Validate Documents Bestow Titles
Supply Metadata
Describe Contents
Add Styles
Include Scripts
Link Resources
Summary
2 Structure Web Pages
Proclaim Headings
Group Headings
Include Navigation
Complete Framework Create Sections
Provide Asides
Revise Divisions
Summary
3 Manage Text Content
Insert Paragraphs
Include Quotations
Add Emphasis
Add Modifications
Add Phrasing
Retain Formatting
Use Superscript
Display Code

Give Advice
Gauge Quantity
Direct Language
Create Hyperlinks
Access Keys
Fragment Links
Protocol Links
Summary
4 Write Lists and Tables
Unordered Lists
Ordered Lists
Description Lists
Basic Table
Span Cells
Enhance Tables
Control Columns
Summary
5 Incorporate Media Content
Add Images
Image Maps
Reference Figures
Select Pictures
Embed Objects
Embed Vectors
Embed Frames
Add Audio
Add Video
Indicate Progress
Use Templates
Insert Slots
Employ Dialogs

Paint Canvas
Summary
6 Create a Local Domain
Install Abyss
Install Python
Configure Abyss
Echo Script
Test Environment
Summary
7 Produce Input Forms
Submit Text
Input Types
Text Areas
Check Boxes
Hide Data
Upload Files
Push Buttons
Image Buttons Add Logos
Select Options Datalist Options Label Controls Summary
8 Get Started in CSS
Meet CSS
Create Rules
Apply Rules
Select Type
Select Class
Select Identity
Select Relatives
Select Attributes
Weigh Importance Paint Colors

Set Backgrounds
Summary
9 Manage the Box Model
Recognize Boxes
Display Inline
Define Dimensions
Control Borders
Add Padding
Set Margins
Position Boxes
Fix Positions
Stack Boxes
Float Boxes
Handle Overflow
Layout Pages
Summary
10 Manipulate Text Content
Suggest Font
Set Size
Vary Style
Use Shorthand
Align Text
Control Space
Decorate Text
Change Direction
Enhance Text
Number Sections Summary
11 Organize Tables & Lists
Construct Columns
Space Cells

Collapse Borders
Assign Features
Choose Markers
Position Markers
Provide Navigation
Make Dropdowns
Summary
12 Generate Effects
Choose Cursors
Show Focus
Roll Over
Push Buttons
Reveal Elements Draw Corners
Cast Shadows
Blend Gradients
Decorate Borders Transform Shapes Make Transitions Animate Elements Fit
Objects
Summary
13 Control the Web Page
Change Models
Draw Outlines
Use Columns
Span Columns
Use Flexbox
Align Items
Draw Grid
Place Items
Query Media
Switch Navigation
Summary
14 Design for Devices

Adapt Layouts
Compare Schemes Combine Schemes Add Breakpoints Scale Images
Hide Content
Summary
15 Get Started in JavaScript
Meet JS
Include Scripts
Console Output
Make Statements
Avoid Keywords
Store Values
Create Functions
Assign Functions
Recognize Scope
Use Closures
Summary
16 Perform Useful Operations
Convert Values
Do Arithmetic
Assign Values
Make Comparisons
Assess Logic
Examine Conditions
Juggle Bits
Force Order
Summary
17 Manage the Script Flow
Branch If
Branch Alternatives
Switch Alternatives

Loop For
Loop While
Do Loops
Break Out
Catch Errors
Summary
18 Use Script Objects
Custom Objects
Extend Objects
Built-in Objects Create Arrays Loop Elements Slice Arrays
Sort Elements Get Dates
Extract Calendar Extract Time
Set Dates
Match Patterns Meet JSON
Make Promises Fetch Data
Summary
19 Control Strings & Numbers
Calculate Areas
Compare Numbers
Round Decimals
Generate Randoms
Unite Strings
Split Strings
Find Characters
Trim Strings
Summary
20 Address the Window Object
Meet DOM
Inspect Properties
Show Dialogs

Scroll Around
Pop-up Windows
Make Timers
Examine Browsers
Check Status
Control Location
Travel History
Summary
21 Interact with the Document
Extract Info
Address Arrays
Address Elements
Write Content
Manage Cookies
Load Events
Mouse Events Event Values Check Boxes Select Options Reset Changes
Validate Forms Summary
How to Use This Book
The examples in this book demonstrate HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
features that are supported by leading web browsers, and
screenshots illustrate the actual results produced by the listed code
examples. Colorization conventions are used to clarify the code
listed in the steps...
HTML tags and punctuation are Blue, attribute values are Orange,
and literal text is Black:
<p class=”frame”>HTML, CSS & JavaScript in easy steps</p>
CSS selectors, properties, and punctuation are Blue, attributes are
Orange, specified values are Red:
p.frame { color : White ; background : Green ; }

JavaScript keywords and punctuation are Blue, specified names are
Red, and literal values are Black:
let greeting = ‘Hello World!’ ;
All comments are colored green:  /* CSS &
JS Comments */
Additionally, in order to identify each source code file described in
the steps, a file icon and file name appears in the margin alongside
the steps:
The source code of HTML documents used in the book’s examples
is not listed in full to avoid unnecessary repetition – only the
relevant code is listed for each example. You can download a single
ZIP archive file containing all the example files by following these
easy steps:
Browse to www.ineasysteps.com then navigate to Free
Resources and choose the Downloads section
Next, find HTML, CSS, & JavaScript in easy steps in the list, then
click on the hyperlink entitled All Code Examples to download the
ZIP archive file
Now, extract the archive contents to any convenient location on
your computer

If you don’t achieve the result illustrated in any example, simply
compare your code to that in the original example files you have
downloaded to discover where you went wrong.
1
Get Started in HTML
This chapter is an introduction to the exciting world of HTML. It
demonstrates how to create a valid HTML document and how to include
style rules, script code, and linked resources.
Meet HTML Understand Structure Create
Documents Validate Documents Bestow Titles
Supply Metadata Describe Contents Add Styles
Include Scripts Link Resources Summary
Meet HTML
Historically, the desire to have text printed in specific formats meant
that original manuscripts were “marked up” with annotation to

indicate to the book printer how the author would like sections of
text laid out. This annotation had to be concise and needed to be
easily understood both by the printer and the author. A series of
commonly-recognized abbreviations therefore formed the basis of a
standard markup language.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a modern standard
markup language that uses common abbreviations called “tags” to
indicate to the web browser how the author would like to have
sections of a web page laid out. It was first devised in 1989 by
British physicist Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland (the
European organization for nuclear research) to share all computer-
stored information between the CERN physicists. Berners-Lee
created a text browser to transfer information over the internet using
hypertext to provide point-and-click navigation. In May 1990 this
system was named the World Wide Web and was enhanced in 1993
when college student Marc Andreessen added an image tag. Now
that HTML could display both text and images, the World Wide
Web quickly became hugely popular.
As various web browsers were developed, their makers began to
add individual proprietary tags – effectively creating their own
versions of HTML! The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
standards organization recognized the danger that HTML could

become fragmented, so they created a standard specification to
which all web browsers should adhere. This successfully
encouraged the browser makers to support the standard tags. The
final W3C standard specification of HTML5 is now continued by
the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG) as the “HTML Living Standard”.
The World Wide Web comprises a series of large-capacity
computers, known as “web servers”, which are connected to the
internet via telephone lines and satellites. The web servers each use
the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as a common
communication standard to allow any computer connected to any
web server to access files across the web.
HTML web pages are merely plain text files that have been saved
with a “.htm” or “.html” file extension, such as
index.html.
You can find the HTML Living Standard specification, and other
related specifications, online at whatwg.org
In order to access an HTML file across the internet, its web address
must be entered into the address field of the web browser. The web
address is formally known as its “Uniform Resource Locator”
(URL), and typically has three parts:
• Protocol – any URL using the HTTP protocol begins by
specifying the protocol as
http:// or secure https://
• Domain – the host name of the computer from which the file can

be downloaded. For instance: www.example.com
• Path – the file name prefixed by any parent directory names where
applicable. For instance: /htdocs/index.html
A URL describing the location of a file by protocol, domain, and
path is stating its full “absolute address”. Files resident within the
same domain can be referenced more simply by their “relative
address”, which means that files located in the same directory can
be referenced just by their file name. Additionally, a relative address
can reference a file in its parent directory by prefixing its name with
“../”. For instance, a file named “higher.html” in the parent directory
can be referenced as ../higher.html
How do web servers work?
When you enter a URL into the browser address field, the browser
first examines the protocol. Where the protocol is specified as
HTTP, or assumed to be HTTP if unspecified, the browser
recognizes that a file is being sought from a web server. It then
contacts a Domain Name Server (DNS) to look up the numerical
Internet Protocol (IP) address of the specified domain name. Next, a
connection is established with the web server at that IP address to
request the file at the specified path. When the file is successfully
located, it is copied back to the browser, otherwise the web server
sends an error code, such as “404 – Page Not Found”.

A successful response sends HTTP headers to the web browser,
describing the nature of the response, along with a copy of the
requested file. The HTTP headers are not normally visible but can
be examined using various development tools, such as the F12
Developer Tools feature in the Google Chrome web browser.
Understand Structure
The skeletal structure of an HTML document has three parts:
• Document type declaration – declaring precisely which version
of HTML is used to mark up the document.
• Head section – providing descriptive data about the document
itself, such as the document’s title and the character set used.

• Body section – containing the content that is to appear when the
document gets loaded into a web browser.
Document type declaration
The document type declaration must appear at the start of the first
line of every HTML document to ensure the web browser will
“render” (display) the document in “Standards Mode” – following
the HTML specifications. The document type declaration tag for all
HTML documents looks like this:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
It is important to note that HTML is not a case-sensitive language –
so the document type declaration tag, and all other tags, may
alternatively be written in any combination of uppercase and
lowercase characters. For example, the following are all valid:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!Doctype Html>
<!doctype html>
The choice of capitalization is yours, but it is recommended you
adhere consistently to whichever style you choose. The document
type declaration tag capitalization style favored throughout this
book uses all uppercase to emphasize its prominence as the very
first tag on each page – but all other tags are in all lowercase.
Those familiar with earlier versions of HTML may be surprised at
the simplicity of the HTML document type declaration. In fact, the
document type declaration in earlier versions was not actually part
of the HTML language – so required lengthy references to schema
documents. By contrast, the modern HTML document type
declaration is an intrinsic part of HTML itself.

The document type declaration in earlier versions of HTML was
part of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) from
which HTML is derived.
The entire document head section and body section can be enclosed
within a pair of <html> </html> tags to contain the rest of the
document. The HTML specification actually states that these are
optional, but it is logical to provide a single “root” element. Most
HTML tags are used in pairs like this to act as “containers” with the
syntax < tagname > data </ tagname >
Head section
The document’s head section begins with an HTML opening <head>
tag and ends with a corresponding closing </head> tag. Data
describing the document can be added later between these two tags
to complete the HTML document’s head section.
Body section
The document’s body section begins with an HTML opening
<body> tag and ends with a corresponding closing </body> tag. Data
content to appear in the browser can be added later between these
two tags to complete the HTML document’s body section.
Code comments
Comments can be added at any point within both the head and body
sections between a pair of <!- and --> tags. Anything that appears
between the comment tags is ignored by the browser.

An HTML “element” is any matching pair of opening and closing
tags, or any single tag not requiring a closing tag – as described in
the HTML element tags list on the inside front cover of this book.
Fundamental structure
So, the markup tags that create the fundamental structure of every
HTML document look like this:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>

</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>
The “invisible” characters that represent tabs, newlines, carriage
returns, and spaces are collectively known as “whitespace”. They
may optionally be used to inset the tags for clarity.
Create Documents

The fundamental HTML document structure described here, can be
used to create a simple HTML document in any plain text editor –
such as Windows’ Notepad application. In order to create a valid
“barebones” HTML document, information must first be added
defining the document’s primary written language, its character
encoding format, and its title.
The document’s primary language is defined by assigning a
standard language code to a lang “attribute” within the opening
<html> root tag. For the English language the code is en, so the
complete opening root element looks like this:
<html lang=“en”>
The document’s character encoding format is defined by assigning a
standard character-set code to a charset attribute within a <meta> tag
placed in the document’s head section. The recommended encoding
is the popular 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format for which the
code is UTF-8, so the complete element looks like this: <meta
charset=“UTF-8”>
HTML documents should not be created in word
processors such as MS Word, as those apps include additional
information in their file formats. Finally, the document’s title is
defined by text between a pair of <title> </title> tags placed in the

document’s head section.
Follow these steps to create a valid barebones HTML document:
Launch your favorite plain text editor then start a new document
with the HTML document type declaration
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
hello.html
Below the document type declaration, add a root element that
defines the document’s primary language as English
<html lang=” en”>

</html>
Within the root element, insert a document head section
<head>

</head>
Within the head section, insert an element defining the
document’s encoding character set
<meta charset=“UTF-8”>
The <meta> tag is a single tag – it does not have a matching closing
tag. See the element tags list on the inside front cover of this book
to find other single tags.

Next, within the head section, insert an element defining the
document’s title
<title>Get Started in HTML</title>
After the head section, insert a document body section
<body>

</body>
Within the body section, insert a size-one large heading
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
Set the file’s encoding to the UTF-8 format, then save the
document as “hello.html”

Now, open the HTML document in a modern web browser to see
the title displayed on the title bar or tab, and the document content
displayed as a large heading
The quotation marks around an attribute value are usually optional
but are required for multiple values. For consistency, attribute
values in the examples throughout this book are all surrounded by
quotation marks.
You will discover more about headings here.
Validate Documents
Just as text documents may contain spelling and grammar errors,
HTML documents may contain various errors that prevent them
from conforming to the specification rules. In order to verify that an

HTML document does indeed conform to the rules of its specified
document type declaration, it can be tested by a validator tool. Only
HTML documents that pass the validation test successfully are sure
to be valid documents.
Web browsers make no attempt at validation so it is well worth
verifying every HTML document with a validator tool before it is
published, even when the content looks fine in your web browser.
When the browser encounters HTML errors it will make a guess at
what is intended – but different browsers can make different
interpretations so may display the document incorrectly. Conversely,
valid HTML documents should always appear correctly in any
standardscompliant browser.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) provides a free online
validator tool at
validator.w3.org that you can use to check the syntax of your web
documents: With an internet connection, open your web browser
and navigate to the W3C Validator Tool at validator.w3.org then
click on the Validate by File Upload tab

Other tabs in the validator allow you to enter the web address of an
HTML document located on a web server to “Validate by URI” or
copy and paste all code from a document to “Validate by Direct
Input”.
Click the Browse button then navigate to the HTML document you
wish to validate – once selected, its local path appears in the
validator’s “File” field

Next, click the validator’s Check button to upload a copy of the
HTML document and run the validation test – the results will then
be displayed
The validator automatically detects the document’s character set and
HTML version.
If validation fails, the errors are listed so you may easily correct
them. When validation succeeds, you may choose to include a
suitable logo at the end of the document to prove validation:

The validation logo can be customized to describe the technology
classes used by the web page. Discover the logo Badge Builder
online at w3.org/html/logo where you can generate the code to
paste into your HTML document and so display a suitable logo.
Bestow Titles
The specifications require every HTML document to have a title,
but its importance is often overlooked. The document title should be
carefully considered, however, as it is used extensively:

• Bookmarks – save the document title to link back to its URL.
• Title Bar – a web browser window may display the title.
• Navigation Tab – a web browser tab may display the title.
• History – saves the document title to link back to its URL.
• Search Engines – read the document title and typically display it
in search results to link back to its URL.
Document titles should ideally be short and meaningful – each tab
on a modern tabbed browser may display only 10 characters.
Document titles throughout a website should follow a consistent
naming convention and capitalize all major words. One popular
naming convention provides a personal or company name and brief
page description separated by a hyphen. For example, “Amazon - C
Programming in easy steps”. An alternative puts the description
first, so it remains visible when the title is truncated. For example,
“C Programming in easy steps - Amazon”.
Document titles and document content may contain special
characters that are known in HTML as “entities”. Each entity
reference begins with an ampersand and ends with a semicolon. For
example, the entity < (less than) creates a “<” character and the
entity > (greater than) creates a “>” character. These are often
needed to avoid confusion with the angled brackets that surround
each HTML tag. Other frequently used entities include   (a
single non-breaking space), • (bullet point), © (©), ®
(®), ™ (™), and " (quotation mark). These are best

avoided in document titles, however, as the vocal narrator used by
visually impaired viewers may read each entity character as a word.
The specifications do not define a naming scheme for document
titles but do encourage authors to consider accessibility issues in all
aspects of their web page designs.
You can find a chart of all character entities
at dev.w3.org/html5/htmlauthor/charref
Start a new HTML document with a type declaration
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
title.html
Add a root element containing head and body sections
<head>

</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>
Within the head section, insert a meta element specifying the
character set and an empty title element
<title> </title>
Within the title element insert a title including entities
<HTML in easy steps>
Save the document then open it in your web browser
Start a vocal narrator to hear
that the title may be read out as “Less-thanHTML-in-easy-steps-
greater-than”
Edit the document title to make it more user-friendly
"HTML in easy steps"
Save the document once more
then open it in your web browser to hear the narrator now read the
document title as “HTML in easy steps”
The character set can be defined in uppercase, as shown here, or in
lowercase as “utf-8”.

In Windows 10, press Winkey + Ctrl + Enter to launch the
narrator, then click the tab to hear the title. Title text that is not
visible on the tab will still be read by the narrator. Windows 10
ignores angled brackets in a title, but they are read literally by the
narrator in earlier versions of Windows.
Supply Metadata
Meta information is simply data that describes other data. In the
context of HTML, document metadata describes the document itself
– rather than the document’s contents.
HTML metadata is defined in the head section of the HTML
document using the <meta> tag. The <meta> tag is an “empty” tag
that needs no matching closing tag to create an HTML element – it
is only used to specify information with its tag attributes. Previous
examples have used this tag to specify the document’s character-set.
Further <meta> tags can be added to describe other aspects of the
document.
Given the number of handheld devices that may view a web page, it
is useful to optimize the page for smaller screens by including this
<meta> tag in all your HTML documents’ head sections:

<title>Meta Refresh</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Moving in 5 Seconds...</h1>
</body>
</html>
refresh.html
Insert two more elements of metadata
<meta name=” viewport”
content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1”>
<meta http-equiv=“refresh”
content= “5 ; url=’https://ineasysteps.com’ ”>
Save the document then open it in your web browser and wait
five seconds to see the browser redirect

When you only specify the domain to the url attribute, as in this
case, the browser will automatically load the index.html page at
that domain location.
Describe Contents

In addition to specifying the document’s character-set and expiry
date, <meta> tags can be used to provide information that may be
used by search engines. This offers no guarantee of high ranking,
however, as search engines also use other page information for that
purpose – especially the document title. Typically, a Search Engine
Results Page (SERP) will show the meta description in search
results below the page title.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is highly prized to ensure a web
page will appear at the top of a SERP to increase traffic to a
website. Unfortunately, there is no sure-fire technique to achieve
this as the search engines constantly change the algorithm by which
pages are ranked. It is, however, useful to provide metadata that
describes the page content.
Descriptive
<meta> tags have a name attribute that is assigned a “description”
value, and a content
attribute that is assigned a description of the page contents.
The description should be between 50-160 characters long, as
lengthy descriptions may be truncated. The description should
include keywords relative to the text content. For example, a search
for “italian ceramics” could return all web pages with “italian” and
“ceramics” in their description.

The description serves as advertising copy so a readable, compelling
description using important keywords will encourage visits to the
page from a SERP. You should not repeat keywords in the
description, but do try to use the plural form for keywords – to
match searches made with both the single and plural form of that
word. Additionally, you should not include double quotation marks
in the description as Google may truncate the description at a
double quotation mark.
If a website contains pages of identical or very similar content, you
can specify which page is to be indexed by including a “canonical
link” in your HTML code to indicate the preferred source. This uses
a <link> tag containing a rel (relationship) attribute to specify a
“canonical” value, and an href (hypertext reference) attribute to
specify the URL address of the preferred page.
All search engines find pages to add to their index – even
if the page has never been submitted to them.
Always include the three most important keywords in the
description.
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<head>

<title>Tuscan Home Decor</title>
</head>
<body> <h1>Beautiful Tuscan Ceramics</h1> </body>
</html>
keywords.html
Insert a metadata description of the web page
<meta name=“ description” content=“Explore our extensive range of
high quality italian ceramics including tuscan majolica, dinnerwares,
vases, plates, and bowls”>
Next, in the head section, add an element to specify that this
page is the preferred page for indexing purposes
<link rel=”canonical”
href=”https://www.example.com/keywords.html” >
Save the document then visit the Chrome Web Store at
chrome.google.com/webstore/category/extensions and search for
“seo” to add a search engine analysis extension
Open the HTML document in the Google Chrome web browser
then use the analysis tool to see the meta data

There are a number of free meta tag generators available online –
enter “free meta tag generator” into a search engine.
Add Styles
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) rules can be incorporated within
HTML documents to control the presentational aspects of each
element on the page. The use of style sheets has replaced all
features of HTML that formerly related to presentation. For
example, the <font> tag has become obsolete, as font family, weight,
style, and size are now specified by a style sheet rule.

Style sheets embedded with <style> </style> tags can be added
within the head section of an HTML document to enclose rules
governing how the content will appear. For example, a simple style
sheet containing rules to determine the appearance of all size-one
headings could look like this:
<style>
h1 { color : red ; background : yellow ; }
</style>
This is acceptable and will validate but, in line with the aim of
HTML to separate content from presentation, style sheets may be
contained within a separate file. The great advantage of placing
style sheets in separate files is that they can be applied to multiple
HTML documents – thus making website maintenance much easier.
Editing a shared style sheet instantly affects each HTML document
that shares that file.
An external style sheet is incorporated within an HTML document
by adding a <link> tag in the document’s head section. This must
contain a rel (relationship) attribute assigned a “stylesheet” value,
and the URL of the style sheet must be assigned to its href
(hypertext reference) attribute – for example, add an adjacent style
sheet file named “style.css”, like this:
<link rel=“stylesheet” href=“style.css”>
You can also specify style rules “in-line” to a style attribute of

presentational HTML tags, like this:
<h1 style=”color:red”>
In-line style rules are useful in some circumstances but can make
page maintenance more difficult.
When multiple rules select the same property of an element for
styling, the rule read last by the browser will generally be applied,
but in-line rules take precedence over embedded rules and external
rules. Embedded rules take precedence over external rules.
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<head>
<title>Style Sheet Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Styled Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
style.html
Next, in the head section, add an embedded style sheet

Some HTML elements, such as <div> and <span> (see here), exist
purely for styling. CSS is a separate topic but many examples in this
book include embedded CSS style sheet rules to provide standalone
example files that demonstrate the use of HTML elements. Some of
the source code examples include unlisted CSS rules to illustrate the
size and position of HTML elements and their content in
screenshots.
Include Scripts
Scripts can be incorporated within HTML documents to interact
with the user and to provide dynamic effects. This ability has
become increasingly important with the development of pages in
which sections of the page can be dynamically updated. Previously,
the browser would typically request an entire new page from the
web server, which was less efficient and more cumbersome.

JavaScript code enclosed by <script> </script> tags can be embedded
within an HTML document. These are best placed in the body
section of the document, just before the </body> closing tag, so the
browser can process the content of the document before reading the
script.
In line with the aim of HTML to separate content from presentation,
scripts may also be contained in a separate file. In this case, the
URL address of the script file must be assigned to an src attribute
within the <script> tag. The </script> closing tag is also required.
These, too, can be placed at the end of the body section of the
HTML document, as the browser will treat the external script as if it
was embedded there – for example, to add an adjacent external
script file named “script.js”, like this:
<script src=“script.js”></script>
Remember that the <script> tag always needs to have a
matching closing tag.
You can also specify script “in-line” to on-event attributes of HTML
tags. For example, to recognize a mouse click event:
<h1 onclick=”alert(‘Clicked!’)”>
In-line script is useful in some circumstances but can make page
maintenance more difficult. Alternative fallback content can be

provided in the document’s body section between <noscript>
</noscript> tags, which will only be displayed when script
functionality is absent or disabled.
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title> </head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
script.html
In the body section, insert a fallback message and heading
<noscript>JavaScript Is Not Enabled!</noscript>
<h1 onclick=”this.innerText=’Mouse Clicked!’;
this.style.color=’Red’”>Active Heading</h1>
At the end of the body section, add an embedded script and
nominate an external script
<script>
document.getElementsByTagName(‘h1’)[0].onmouseover =
function ( ) {
this.innerText= ’Mouse Is Over’ ; this.style.color=’Blue’ }
</script>
<script src=”script.js”> </script>

script.js
Save the HTML document then open a new text editor window
and create the external script
document.getElementsByTagName(‘ h1’)[0].onmouseout =
function ( ) {
this.innerText= ’Active Heading’ ; this.style.color = ’Black’ }
Save the JavaScript file as “script.js” in the same directory as the
HTML document, then open the web page in your browser and click
on the heading

Some HTML elements, such as <template> and <slot> (see here),
exist purely for scripting. JavaScript is a separate topic but many
examples in this book include embedded JavaScript code to provide
standalone example files that demonstrate the use of HTML
elements.
Link Resources
The <link> tag that was used in an earlier example to incorporate a
style sheet in an HTML document can also be used to incorporate
other resources into a document.
This tag may only appear in the head section of a document, but the
head section can contain many <link> tags. Each <link> tag must
contain rel and href attributes, stating the relationship and location
of the link resource. It may also include a type attribute where
appropriate, to hint at the MIME type of the link resource.
Permitted rel (relationship) values
alternate author bookmark help icon license next nofollow noreferrer
prev search stylesheet tag shortcut icon

MIME (Multipart Internet Mail Extension) types describe file types
– such as text/html for HTML files. You can find the list of official
MIME types at https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-
types/media-types.xhtml
Many of the link types above are intended to help search engines
locate resources associated with that HTML document, and the
<link> tag may also include a title attribute to further describe the
resource – for example, a version of the page in another language:
<link rel=“alternate” type=“text/html” href=“esp.html”
title=“Esta página en Español - This page in Spanish” >
In this case, the location of the resource is specified using a relative
address that, by default, the browser will seek in the directory in
which the HTML document is located. The browser can, however,
be made to seek a relative address in a different directory by
inserting a <base> tag at the start of the document’s head section. Its
href attribute can then specify the absolute directory address – for
example, to specify a separate “resources” directory, like this:
<base href= “http://localhost/resources/”>
It is popular to link an icon resource to display in the web browser.
This is named exactly as “favicon.ico” and can be placed in the
same directory as the HTML document, or in a directory specified
by the <base> tag. All browsers recognize any other resources in the
directory specified by the <base> tag.
When using a <base> element it must be placed in the
head section before any <link> elements.

Create a new HTML document that includes metadata, a linked
resource, and areas for style rules and script code
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<head>
<meta name=”viewport”
content=” width=device-width, initial-scale=1”>
<link rel=“shortcut icon” href=“favicon.ico”>
<title>Document Title</title>
<style>
</style>
</head>
<body>
<script>
</script> </body> </html>
This template is the basic HTML document that is used in all
ensuing examples to create a new HTML document – only the title
changes to suit each example.
At the beginning of the head section, insert an element to specify
a base “resources” directory
<base href=“http://localhost/resources/”>
Change the document title to “Favicon,” then save the HTML

document
favicon.html
Open an icon editor and create an icon sized 32 x 32 pixels and save
your icon alongside the HTML document, or in the “resources”
directory, named as “favicon.ico”
favicon.ico 32px x 32px
Open the HTML document in your web browser via a web
server to see the icon resource appear in the browser
You can force your browser to refresh the favicon by assigning
favicon.ico?v=2 to the link’s href attribute.

Summary
• The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG) oversees the HTML Living Standard.
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the common
communication standard used by web servers.
• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an absolute web address
comprising protocol, domain, and path components.
• A relative address can reference an adjacent file by its name, and
may use the ../ syntax to reference a parent directory.
• Web servers send response headers back to the requesting
computer and a copy of the requested file, or an error code.
• Each HTML document should have a document type declaration, a
head section, and a body section.
• Information about the document itself is contained in the head
section, and content is contained in the body section.
• The document’s written language is specified to a lang attribute in
the opening <html> root element.
• The document’s character-set encoding is specified to a charset
attribute in a <meta> tag within the head section.
• The document’s title is specified between <title> </title> tags
within the head section.
• The free online W3C validator tool can be used to verify that an
HTML document is free of errors.
• Metadata describes the document, and a content description can be
used by search engines to index the web page.
• The <style> </style> tags can be used to embed style sheets within
an HTML document.
• The <script> </script> tags can be used to include internal and
external JavaScript code in an HTML document.
• The <link> tag can be used to embed external style sheets and

other resources within an HTML document. 2
Structure Web Pages
This chapter demonstrates how to position page content into groups and
sections.
Proclaim Headings Group Headings Include
Navigation Complete Framework Create Sections
Provide Asides Revise Divisions Summary
Proclaim Headings
HTML heading elements are created using <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,
<h5>, and <h6> tags. These are ranked in importance by their
numeric value – where <h1> has the greatest importance, and <h6>
has the least importance. Each heading requires a matching closing
tag and should only contain heading text. Typically, the heading’s
font size and weight will reflect its importance, but headings also
serve other purposes.

Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics

She got to the door somehow. When she actually had the iron
ring of it in her hand she felt strength to speak. "I stood up for you,"
she said gaspingly. "I—I don't think I have deserved that you should
treat me—like this!"
He turned an odd colour, but she was too absorbed in her own
outraged feelings to remark that. His voice was steady enough as he
answered: "Now you know what sort I am. Like nothing on earth,
eh? But you haven't answered. I've asked you to marry me, and
you've almost accepted me, you know."
"Accepted you? ... Accepted you?"
"Come! That's more like. Miserable caitiff, avaunt! Soil not the
ear of Vere de Vere with thy pernicious twaddle! But, I say, if I've
guessed right, and you are turning me down in a manner which
might perhaps be described as unmitigated, at least you'll let Madam
and my brother know that I did come up to the scratch, won't you?
As for Balmayne, I'll tell him myself that I asked you, but you
wouldn't have me."
She could not resist a last thrust. "Did you expect me to take
your damnation upon my hands?"
"You've come pretty near it. I'm more than half-way to hell at
this minute—put out your finger and I'll come the rest of the way!"
As he stood; his green eyes flickering like light upon steel, the
idea that he was the worse for drink flashed upon her for the first
time. Had that been the explanation of his devilry upon the occasion
of their first meeting? It was from the bar parlour of a tavern that he
had appeared upon her horizon. Was this—this—perhaps the real
meaning of Dr. Balmayne's hints?

As she fled from the room upstairs to her chamber she had but
one intention in her mind.
It was the intention to escape. She must leave this house, leave
this man with his unholy fascination, put all this degradation behind
her, and run to her father's arms as to a city of refuge.
CHAPTER XXVIII
ESCAPE
Sunia awaited her—Sunia, with eyes that seemed to entreat, to
expect—to listen breathless for some tidings.
For the first few minutes Olwen sat where she had flung herself,
in her chair beside the hearth, fighting for the control she knew to
be so necessary if she were to carry out the purpose taking shape
within her.
First she was inclined to announce that she would not go down
to supper. On reflection she thought it would look better if she were
to dress quietly, as though nothing had happened, allow Sunia to
leave her, and then be, as it were, suddenly obliged to undress and
go to bed.
She owned, in a low voice, that she was not feeling well, and
the ayah, in consequence, tended her with extra gentleness and no
words. When she had hastened away upon her other duties the girl
began to consider possibilities.
It was of no use to ask to be driven to Caryngston, because
they would say she was not well enough to travel. She could not

post a letter, ordering a fly to be sent, until to-morrow, which meant
that she could not set out until the day following. It seemed clear
that her only practicable course would be to descend the mount,
walk through the woods and go to Lachanrigg, where Mrs. Kay
would no doubt have her driven to Raefell station, and her
homeward journey would be more simple than by way of Picton
Bars.
So she sat cogitating, planning by the fireside until, as she had
expected, the ayah returned to know why she had not come down
to supper. She said she had been suddenly taken faint and must lie
down, begging that no food might be brought to her.
Sunia had her disrobed and between the sheets in a very short
time. She then departed, returning, as well the girl had expected,
with a tray of appetising fare. Upon the plate lay a note, addressed
merely to O. I.
Hoping that Madam had chosen this manner of giving her
notice, she opened it. Then her colour changed. Whatever she had
expected, she had not been prepared for what she read:
"I can't stand this. I give in. I must tell you everything. That's what
I've been trying to avoid. I made an attempt to write it down, but in
black and white it makes me seem too great a blackguard. How can
I see you alone? Could you come down to the banqueting-hall at six
o'clock to-morrow morning? It won't take long, for I shan't try to
make excuses. You shall know me for what I am, and then I suppose
it will be 'Good-bye' for always."
"Nin."

Half stupidly she sat up in bed, staring at the tapestried walls,
holding the paper in her shaking hand.
Her trust had been misplaced. Ninian had evidently lied to her
when he professed his innocence with regard to Lily Martin. Just
now, in the dining-room, he said he had told more lies since her
coming than in his life before. Yet on the summit of Duke's Crag he
had sworn that he had told her nothing but the truth. She could not
reconcile it. The only saving clause was that he had determined to
confess—at last!
Tumultuous thoughts chased each other through her mind.
Did he really care for her? In her heart she believed that he did.
She had trusted him, and that trust, which he knew to be
undeserved, had melted him at last. He would not marry her, with
this hateful thing between them. He meant to tell her ... what?
Strong shuddering seized her. She felt her whole self yearning
with longing unutterable for him—for the merest chance to believe in
him. She knew that if he showed her his sweet side she must believe
anything he told her. Yet, ah! How could she pardon it, if the girl
who attempted suicide were—it must be put in plain language—if
she were, as Dr. Balmayne evidently thought, Ninian Guyse's
discarded mistress?
She must not, would not love such an one as he must be, if this
were the atrocious truth.
How her words of defence, her assertion of faith in him, must
have cut him to the heart! He had left the room and the house
precipitately. He had wandered about, trying to make up his mind;
he had been suddenly confronted with the sight of her—alone—and

had intended flight. That not being practicable, he had turned to his
usual weapon, derisive flippancy.
Having hurt her more deeply than he intended, he had at last
come to a decision to make a clean breast of it.
Such was the situation as she saw it. How to grapple with it was
the point upon which all her energies were directed.
It came to her soon, as with a flash of illumination, that at no
cost must she allow Ninian to give her the explanation he desired.
Her weakness where he was concerned was too abject. She was in
his hands. The one thing she craved was to be in his arms. If he
dropped his rude flippancy, if he pleaded, she well knew there was in
her no force to resist him....
In the extremity of her mental distress she loathed herself for
her weakness, yet acknowledged the man's power.
She wondered whether, after all, Madam was the best judge of
her own son, and whether this knowledge was the cause of her
anxiety to get him married, even to so poor a match as Olwen Innes.
She must know, or suspect, the worst. Her opinion of Ninian, as the
girl had seen from the first, was anything but high—was, in fact,
what it must be, granted the truth of this ugly story.
... And she, little fool, wanted him, loved him, longed for him
with every pulse she possessed. So strong was the rush of her
feeling that she felt she dare not see him, dare not meet him, even
in the presence of others, for a single moment more. If she decided
to renounce him, it must be done forthwith; and her better self had
so decided.
How to accomplish her flight was now the question.

As has been said, the top floor of the Pele, like the others, was
divided into rooms. Of these there were three, the remaining
quarter, entered from the stairs, being a receptacle for spare articles,
a kind of landing. This landing formed the south-east quarter,
Olwen's room opening from it, being the south-west. Sunia's room
was the north-west, next Olwen's; and from the way she would
emerge thence, bearing trays of tea and so on, the girl had always
suspected that on that side of the tower there was another newel
stair. This reflection now gave her an idea. Knowing herself to be
safe from observation for the moment, she sprang out of bed and
went to reconnoitre. It was as she had supposed. In the corner of
the ayah's room was a little door, set slanting, and within was a stair
not quite like the one in general use, for it was enclosed in a circular
corner turret, and she knew it must go straight down to the ground
floor, and no doubt communicated with the kitchen by a passage in
the thickness of the wall.
By this stair she could go, so she believed, right out upon the
narrow walk which edged the tower upon its precipitous side. The
door below was not likely to be locked from without. The key would
almost certainly be in it. If she waited until all were in bed she might
thus get away with ease. The difficulty was that she could not enter
Sunia's room when its owner was there without being heard.
With the thought that there might be some small chamber in
the wall where she might lurk until the woman came up to bed, she
slipped down the dark corkscrew, descended past the next landing,
and reached the first floor. Here were two doors, one leading into a
passage and one into the Priest's Room.

This was the place. She must dress herself warmly, creep down
the stairs, leaving her own room locked behind her, hide in the
Priest's Room, wait until the house was quiet, and then simply let
herself out.
Hurriedly reascending, she set about her preparations, putting
what little money she had into a small handbag, with one or two
necessaries. In order completely to reassure Sunia, she wrote a note
to Ninian, put it in an envelope, and sealed it elaborately. It
contained only these words:
"I will come to-morrow morning if I can.—O. I."
When Sunia came to take away her supper tray Miss Innes gave her
this note, impressing upon her the necessity of delivering it quite
unseen by anybody else. The ayah undertook the commission with
beaming smiles. Was not this intrigue—the very air in which she
flourished? She would, in return, have done anything that Olwen
chose to command; and when ordered not to come in again, but to
leave the invalid undisturbed until morning, she cheerfully
consented.
It seemed to the over-excited girl a long time before everything
was arranged finally for the night—a supply of bed-candles near at
hand, Brand's extract and Horlick lozenges in case of hunger in the
dark hours, the fire built up as only Sunia could build it, a kettle full
of hot water in case her bottle needed replenishment.
Was not any girl a fool to leave such luxury? Was she going to
flee when Ninian's love awaited her? Just because he had behaved

badly to another girl, who, if her portrait were to be trusted, was
distinctly a minx?
Yet words would ring in her head, words learned when a child in
the schoolroom—"Haste, for thy life escape, nor look behind!"
As soon as she felt sure that Sunia had gone down to her own
supper she arose and dressed herself with the greatest haste, all but
her thick boots. These she carried in her hand, wearing her felt
bedroom slippers that she might make no noise upon the stone
steps.
Warmly wrapped, she crept out into Sunia's room, locking her
door behind her and taking away the key. Very softly she descended
two floors, opened the little door and emerged into the Priest's
Room.
In the pitch darkness a very narrow thread of light was visible
below the door which opened into the banqueting-hall. She sat
down, hardly daring at first to breathe, upon an old arm-chair which
she and Ninian had stored away there when rearranging the room.
She began to wonder how she would know when the ayah came up
to bed; for it was quite possible that she might not come up this way
at all, since she could reach her own quarters through the third
room upon the top landing, a room intended for another servant
should the dwellers in the Pele employ one.
There was a youngish moon near its setting. Olwen gazed from
the window and noted a curious fact. The light from the Pele
windows was flung right across the valley, and made little squares of
radiance upon the black trees on which it fell. There was the pattern
of the oriel, quite big and bright. There, too, was the dining-room
below it, extinguished even as she gazed. Presently, about half an

hour after the beginning of her vigil, the little glimmer at the very
top. That was Sunia. Yes, there was another patch, which was
Madam's window. To watch them become dark was amusing.
But, although these darkened most satisfactorily, the oriel in the
banqueting-hall remained lit up. This was awkward. Somebody was
still awake, still sitting up in the Pele. If she began to move about,
would not she be heard? Could she leave the Priest's Room, close
the door behind her, descend the stairs, unlock the door below and
shut it again without some unwonted stir penetrating to the ear of
the watcher?
If it was Ninian, as she thought most likely, Daff would be with
him, and she dare not risk attracting Daff's attention.
Her eyes, fixed upon the far-flung square of light, saw a shadow
flit slowly from side to side. It must be Ninian, and he was pacing
restlessly to and fro. The longing to push open the door of her
hiding-place and emerge,—to run to him and forget everything in
the stronghold of his arms, was hard to master. She closed her eyes
that she might not see the weary pacing.
There was nothing for it but to wait until he went upstairs. She
was very sleepy, the arm-chair was comfortable, the night not very
cold. She slipped into slumber.
When she awoke it was with a start. She was cramped and
chilly, and at first wondered where she was and what had happened.
It was not altogether reassuring when she recollected that she was
in the Priest's Room. She gazed from the window. The light was
extinguished in the oriel, and everywhere else. The moon had also
set, which made it a very dark night for her expedition. She had
hidden a box of matches in her bag, and she ventured to strike one.

To her horror she found that it was a quarter to four. However, it
could not be helped. Having got so far, she meant to carry out her
plan, and she hastened downstairs, laced her boots, and before long
found herself out in the cold dark hour before the dawn. Instantly
she made the disagreeable discovery that it had again begun to rain.
She had no umbrella, but was warmly clad, and as soon as she was
under the trees she was sheltered. It was wet and not at all easy
going, but she held on, knowing that the descent was not really very
long, and that as soon as she was in the larger path to which it led
down she would make much easier progress.
She would hardly have credited the difficulty of threading one's
way along a path among trees in the pitch dark. If once she left the
track she felt that she would never regain it. When at last she stood
upon the wet, dark leaves which thickly carpeted the main path
along which she must turn to her right, she felt that the worst was
over.
The rain was to be regretted, for she was not yet quite well.
However, she comforted herself by reflecting that Dr. Balmayne had
said she might go home on Thursday, and this was almost Thursday.
She struggled along pretty boldly for some time, listening to the rush
of the unseen river below her on her left hand. It had been fast
bound in frost when first she came. Now its song was loud and
clear; and when at last she reached the lower level of the meadows
she found that her path was under water.
This was quite unlooked for. She dare not risk stepping through
water of unknown depth in the dark, so she struck up the hill-side to
her right. After going up some distance she found a track which
seemed to go in the right direction, and this she followed until she

was extremely tired. In her remembrance of the way, the woods
ended after about two miles, and you crossed open meadows to the
farm. She felt sure she had walked considerably more than two
miles, and the woods were still thick about her. In one way this was
good, for it kept her dry. But she began to think that she had better
not go on too far without knowing where she was. She had little
choice, however. To sit down and rest in the wet, wild woods was a
risk she dare not take. Usually untiring on her feet, she felt the
power to go on for a long while yet.
Another half-hour's walking, on ground which still ascended,
brought her to a gate leading out of the woods upon a high road.
Here she felt sure that she must turn to the left, since she had not
crossed the river, and Lachanrigg lay upon its bank. But when, still
farther on, she came once more to cross-roads, she had no idea
whether she ought to go on or to turn again. She had now been at
least two hours upon her feet, and the first dim light of dawn was
beginning to make the line of the roads more apparent, the
hedgerows blacker.
As she stood, bewildered, wondering what to do, she heard a
sound of cheery whistling along the road she was deciding to follow.
Could this be a human being, someone who would direct her? She
felt a rush of hope, and stood waiting until out of the gloom ahead
came the figure of a sturdy boy, wearing the cap of a telegraph
messenger.
His whistling, probably executed in order to keep up his own
spirits upon his lonely tramp, was suddenly checked and his feet
halted. In her mist-coloured coat and veil the apparition in the road
might easily have been something of the kind which raises the hair.

To reassure him she called out at once: "Oh, please, can you tell
me how far am I from Raefell Station?"
The boy stopped. After the manner of his kind, he said nothing
of his startled surprise, though his chest rose and fell rapidly.
"It's all of five miles," he replied stolidly. "Want to get there?"
"Yes, but I did not mean to walk all the way. How far am I from
Lachanrigg Farm?"
"Lachanrigg? Oo, thaat's a canny way baack. Six mile happen."
"Oh!" she cried. "Am I really nearer the railway than I am to
Lachanrigg?"
It appeared that this was so.
"I came through the Guyseburn woods," she said, "and the path
was flooded, so I went up the hill and lost my way."
"D'ye coom from t' Pele?" asked the boy with sudden interest.
"Yes," she replied, not desiring to risk a lie which might be quite
unnecessary.
He gave her a long, speculative look, his hand fumbling
doubtfully with the leather pouch containing the dispatch he carried.
An inquiry after her name was trembling on his tongue, but to
deliver a cablegram to an unknown woman in the dark was too risky.
It would save him some miles of unpleasant walking, but, on the
other hand, it might cost him his job. It did not occur to Olwen that
he was bound for the place she had come from, for she believed she
had come far out of the way. Her preoccupation was to obtain
directions for reaching the station, and these he gave her. It did not
sound a difficult route, and it would be dawn before long. With
hearty thanks she bade him good morning and set off. Beyond a
headache she did not feel over-tired. She thought she could manage

five miles, and she had several malted milk lozenges with her. She
took her way, and the boy took his, bearing the message which
contained such important news for herself.
CHAPTER XXIX
BRAMFORTH AGAIN
Some time later Olwen sat down by the roadside upon a very wet
tree trunk, and wondered if she could get any farther.
Things might have been worse, for the rain had ceased at dawn
and the weather was not so very cold. But her head ached
excruciatingly, and she was conscious at the moment of hardly any
desire, except to find herself back in her room in the Pele with Sunia
in attendance.
A winter's morning and an empty stomach, taken together, do
not make for heroism. She was wondering vaguely why she had
acted thus—what had induced her to pass the night in such an ill-
regulated fashion, and what she should say to the Vicarage circle at
Bramforth when she got there.
The sound of an approaching motor upon the road gave her a
faint hope of a lift. It caused her no apprehension, for she was not
aware that the car which Wolf had chartered had been hired for the
time of his stay and was stabled at the Pele. According to her
calculation, there was not yet time for any pursuit to catch up with
her even if they knew which way she had gone. Thus, as the car
swung round the corner, she had no foreboding, and she stood up

by the roadside, her arm outstretched to attract the attention of the
occupants. But for this they might have passed her without notice,
for they were travelling fast, and daylight was not fully come.
There was an exclamation, a sudden jamming on of brakes,
they drew to a standstill, and she found herself caught. Both the
Guyse twins had come in search of her. Ninian was driving, Wilfrid
beside him.
In a moment the whole frame of Olwen's mind changed. The
weakness of her spirit passed. She was almost free, and they had
pursued.
They did not mean her to escape.
In her terror and distress, a cry broke from her. She held up her
hands, like one at bay, and her voice was strangled as it is in
nightmare as she gasped:
"Go away! Go away! I will not come with you!"
Wolf was at her side. He held his cap in his hand, and his
expression was that of pitying kindness.
"Thank God we have found you!" he said. "What can have
happened? Did you walk out of the house in your sleep?"
She put up her hands to her throat as if she were choking. "No!
no! I have escaped," she panted. "I will not go back, I tell you! I will
not go back!"
"Oh, but I think you must," was the gentle, regretful answer.
"You could not be so unkind as to cast this slur upon our hospitality?
We know that there have been difficulties, but I do most earnestly
assure you that my mother has always wanted to do her very best to
make you happy and comfortable. Surely—surely things were not so
bad yesterday that nothing would do but a midnight flight? Come,

come!" He took her helpless hands. "Try to quiet yourself. Try to
reflect. You are feverish and overwrought—not fit to travel. Let me
——"
He was drawing her gently towards the car where it waited.
Ninian had kept his seat at the driving-wheel, his face hard set,
looking straight in front of him as though he had turned into a
chauffeur.
In her extremity, resisting the compulsion of Wilfrid's hands, the
unspoken reproof of his eyes, she appealed passionately to the elder
twin. "Ninian," she cried, "help me! Don't let me be taken back! I
won't go back! I can't! ... You know I can't!"
Ninian flung himself into the road and approached.
"Why," Wolf was saying, half playfully, "if Ninian knows why you
cannot stay with us another hour, he knows more than I do. Come,
come, when the doctor has been and your temperature goes down,
you will be grateful to us for having saved you from the
consequences of a little temporary delirium—indeed you will!"
Ninian spoke suddenly. "She isn't going back if she doesn't want
to," he announced.
"But, my dear chap, what can she do?" cried Wolf.
"What do you want to do?" asked Ninian, standing over her.
She lifted her white face to his. Her knees were shaking under
her, she was within an ace of sheer breakdown, but his
unimpassioned coldness steadied her a little. "I want to go—home—
to Bramforth!" she brought out. "Oh, please, please!"
"Miss Innes, anybody would tell you that you are not fit for a
long cold journey," began Wolf, but Ninian pushed him aside.

"You really mean it?" he demanded of her. "You are determined
not to go back to the Pele? You insist on leaving us?"
His voice sounded lifeless and weary.
"Yes, yes," she faltered, bringing out her handkerchief and
wiping the two drops which had overflowed her eyelids and lay on
her white cheeks. "I must go. Can't you see I must?"
He stared along the dim road as though he stared into the
future.
"This is the end then?"
She assented dumbly.
"All right. I'll take you to Raefell and see you into the train.
There's a through carriage on the 8.20, and you can get to
Newcastle without changing." He turned to open the door of the car,
adding, as she hesitated, "You can't trust me even to do this?"
She yielded at that touch. She was wax in his hands. If he had
caught her up in his arms, told her not to be silly, but to come back
with him, she would have done it. Perhaps Wolf saw, and it may
have been the reason why his fine lip curled as he looked at his
brother rather contemptuously.
Miss Innes got into the car obediently. Ninian opened a bag
which stood on the seat, and produced a thermos and a package of
sandwiches. He poured out hot coffee and made her drink it. Then,
wrapping the fur carriage rug warmly about her, he shut her in, took
his place, with Wolf beside him, and they made best pace for
Raefell.
She hardly knew what were her thoughts as they sped on.
Probably she did not wholly trust Ninian, and was watchful to see
whether he really would do as he promised. When they arrived in

the pretty village, set among woods sloping to the river, they
stopped before the inn, and Wolf dismounted, as it seemed to her,
unwillingly.
"I will leave my brother to see you into the train," he said,
coming to the window. "Good-bye. I am regretting every minute that
your visit should have such a termination. It was doing my mother
no end of good. Don't you think, even now——"
Nin started the motor, and he was obliged to stand back.
They crossed the river, and doubled back to the station on the
further side. There was not much time to spare. Ninian opened the
door and helped her out, with her handbag, leaving her a minute in
the waiting-room while he went to get her ticket. The train drew in
to the station as he returned. He put her into a first-class carriage,
and covered her knees with the fur rug from the car. She began to
object, both to the class and to the loan of the rug.
"You can send it back by post," he replied, tucking it about her.
"There is your ticket. You have an hour at Newcastle, plenty of time
for a good lunch. You are due at Bramforth at a quarter to three.
Good-bye!"
"Good-bye!" The rush of feeling was overpowering. This was the
end, and by her own act, her own wish! All the fervent life, the keen
emotion of the last few weeks was over, and there was nothing to be
said—nothing! She joined her hands, as if to hold herself back from
stretching them out to him. For a moment her tear-dimmed eyes
caught a green ray from his. "I leave you as I came," cried she with
a gulp, "a little blue thing with a red nose!"
He nodded, speechless, and, to her mortification, shut the door
upon her and departed there and then, though it was a long minute

after before the train began to move. She gazed from the closed
window upon the waiting car, but could not see its driver. He had not
remained for so much as a parting glance.
With all her heart she then wished that she had consented to let
him do as he asked, and "make a clean breast of it."
For some miles her mind held but one idea. There was a place
on the line where, upon looking from the window of the train, one
could see Guysewyke Pele square against the sky-line. Upon
catching this last glimpse she set her whole attention. In vain. The
mist was too thick. No distances were visible. She began to cry then,
miserably and persistently. It was over. She was going back. It was
an ignominious return. Had she felt less ill it is possible that she
might, when she reached Newcastle, have taken a train for Liverpool
instead of Bramforth. She dare not, however, risk such a proceeding
to-day.
With her own hand she had pushed away a temptation whose
strength appalled her. She had done her duty, but the thought
brought no drop of consolation. She felt as if her very heart had
been torn out of her and as though the gaping wound so left would
never heal.
At Newcastle she was much too depressed to go to the
restaurant, and she crept into the ladies' waiting-room, where she
nursed her grief in a corner. Presently a boy came in, carrying a tea-
basket. "Lady in here ordered a tea-basket?" he piped. All the dismal
occupants of the place shook their heads. He advanced, doubtfully.
"Well, that's funny. I've been all over the station. It was a lady
with a grey coat and veil," he went on, placing himself before Olwen.

"I did not order it, but I shall be very glad to take it," she
replied. It was a fortunate blunder for her, as the hot tea was just
what she needed; her thoughts winced away from the idea of dinner.
This seemed an extra nice tea, with buttered toast and brown bread
and butter.
As she emerged from the waiting room, a polite porter just
outside relieved her of her bag and rug, putting her into a
comfortable compartment, with a label "Ladies only" on the window.
Her night of wandering had tired her so much that, being able
to lie down, she presently dropped asleep and forgot her misery for
a time.
As she neared her journey's end, she reflected with vexation
that she might have sent a telegram from Newcastle to tell the
Vicarage to expect her. Even an obvious precaution such as this had
not once occurred to a mind entirely preoccupied with its own
distress.
However, when the train at last drew in to the dirty, noisy,
clamorous platform, she had hardly opened the door of her
compartment before she descried Aunt Maud's yellow mackintosh.
She almost fell into her aunt's hungry arms. "Oh!" she cried,
"how did you happen to be here?"
"Why, I came to meet you, of course. You telegraphed this
morning."
"Oh—did they?—that was kind," said the girl falteringly. "I—I
thought I had better come home. I was ill. They didn't want me to
travel, and I expect they were right, for I—I've left all my luggage
behind."

Her aunt was looking at her with much concern and some
consternation. She suggested an immediate visit to the lost property
office, but Olwen said that she had seen to that—her things would
be sent on.
"I'm afraid we must drive," she faltered, "I feel too crocky to
walk. I can afford it, for they paid my railway fare."
They found a taxi and got in, Miss Wilson full of anxiety to hear
fuller details of the circumstances, and her niece realising (and
wondering why she had not sooner done so) that it was wholly out
of the question for her to reveal what had actually happened.
"The doctor was taken ill," she explained slowly, "and he said it
would be a long business; and I was at the top of the tower, having
to be waited upon. I did not like to feel that I was being a trouble."
As she spoke, they were passing, having been held up by the
stream of traffic, out into the main road from the station approach.
Her eyes, fixed vaguely upon the passing show, suddenly dilated. A
tall man, coming from the station, had just gained the island in the
centre of the thoroughfare, and was detained by the passage of a
huge motor lorry from moving on immediately. He had his back to
her, but had she not known the figure, the clothes were familiar to
her. It was Ninian Guyse.
An instant and the fast-running taxi had carried them away.
"This sumptuous fur rug," Aunt Maud was saying. "It will cost
something to send back!"
She did not notice the sudden pallor, the stifled silence of her
niece; or, if she did, ascribed it to exhaustion. Olwen's emotions
were turbulent. Ninian must have come in her train all the way. It
was to him, doubtless, that she owed the persistence of the boy with

the super-tea-basket; also the courtesy of the porter. During those
hours of anguish, when she had been imagining them parted for
ever, he had actually been within a few yards of her—perhaps in the
next compartment!
The force of the shock of joy was enough to show her her own
heart. She could hardly say a word for some minutes.
Miss Wilson gathered the impression that Olwen was more ill
than she was willing to admit. She thought the best thing to do was
to put her to bed at once, and leave her unquestioned until she had
had a long rest. On receipt of the telegram, her room had been
prepared by her aunt's own hands before she set out for the station.
Olwen was very grateful.
Aunt Ada, no less than Aunt Maud, was quite evidently glad to
see her on any terms, although she detected behind their affection a
jealous hope that their darling had not been a failure—that she was
not in any sense of the word coming home in disgrace.
She could hardly give as emphatic a denial to the suspicion as
she could have wished, for she dreaded very much what Madam
might say should she take it into her head to write to her
grandfather.
She remembered the threat held over her, and knew that her
flight would cause deep displeasure. It seemed almost certain that
Mrs. Guyse would indulge her anger to the extent of a severe letter.
... But Ninian was in Bramforth! ...
Nothing could take from the joy of that. For what had he come?
The answer which her heart returned was that he had come to
make to her, under the shelter of her home roof, the confession
which he had not been able to make at the Pele.

Her bedroom was very cold, and her bed very hard. She
thought of Sunia with a yearning which made her wonder whether
she had been induced by the ayah to swallow some nostrum,
unawares, which should produce acute craving for the Pele the
moment she left it.
She fought, however, with such thoughts. She must pull herself
together, rest, be ready for the morrow. He would know her to be
too tired to-day for him to venture upon a call.
She passed, however, a disturbed night, awakening with bad
dreams every time she went to sleep. They most kindly insisted
upon bringing some breakfast upstairs to her. After she had eaten it,
she slipped out of bed, and started to rummage among her things,
to find a clean blouse which she might put on.
Before she was dressed she heard the familiar click of the gate
latch, and from behind her muslin blind saw Ninian stalking up the
gravel path.
The door-bell pealed, and with a small giggle of delight she
hugged the thought of keeping my lord waiting, chafing, cooling his
heels in the ugly, cold drawing-room.
He was shown in; of that she was certain. But no message
came up to her. After waiting a while, during which she completed
her toilette—not without an ill-tempered struggle over the
arrangement of her hair to conceal the scar—she crept out upon the
landing. The cook was sweeping the hall, and a cautious signal
brought her half-way upstairs.
"Cook, is there a gentleman here?"
"Yes, miss," said the woman, who was a new arrival since
Olwen's departure.

"Did you let him in?"
"Yes, miss."
"For whom did he ask?"
"For the vicar, miss."
"For the vicar?"
"Yes, miss. He asked how you was, and I said you wasn't
downstairs yet. Then he asked for the vicar, and they're talking
together now, in the study."
Olwen crept back, shaking with anxiety. What was Ninian doing?
Why did he want to see her grandfather? Was he assuring him that
she had left without their desire? Was he giving that full account of
their nocturnal adventure on the Fell of which Madam had warned
her? He was taking time enough over it, anyway.
Restlessly she wandered about, up and down her room, every
moment expecting a summons, and every moment growing more
excited, more apprehensive. The hands of the old tin alarum clock
upon her mantelpiece moved on; yet still the visitor was closeted
with Mr. Wilson.
At last she heard a noise—the sound of an opening door. Softly
she crept to the balustrade, and saw the top of Nin's black head as
he came out into the hall. Her grandfather accompanied him to the
entrance. There they shook hands. In a moment, as it seemed to
her, the door had opened and closed upon him. He was gone. He
had left the house without seeing her, without—or so she must
suppose—even asking to see her.
Almost at once she told herself that he would return. He had
been asked to lunch, doubtless—or he was coming back after
dinner.... So far had pride sunk that she wished she had been out in

the hall to waylay him—just to look into his face and judge what he
was feeling.
Her grandfather stood in the empty hall, his hands clasped
behind his back, as if plunged in deepest thought At last he lifted his
head.
"Cook! Is Miss Innes dressed?"
"Yes, sir, I believe she is."
"Kindly tell her that I wish to speak with her at once upon
matters of grave importance."
CHAPTER XXX
THE INCREDIBLE TRUTH
It did not take long for Olwen to reach the study. Her whole self was
nothing but one huge mark of interrogation as she went into her
grandfather's presence. Her eagerness was even enhanced by her
desperate dread. She felt that she might be going to receive the
wigging of her life. What tales had Ninian told of her or himself?
The old man was not seated, but pacing his room in evidently
great perturbation. As he turned to face her, she saw that his usually
parchment-coloured face was quite red. He eyed her with a peculiar
stare which struck terror to her heart.
"But he can't do anything to me," she said to herself. "I have
got father now—somebody to stand up for me!"
"My dear, how are you?" was the vicar's pacific opening. "I was
sorry to be out when you arrived yesterday, but, when I came in,

your aunt said she thought you had better not be disturbed."
"I don't feel very well yet, thank you, Grandfather, but I am well
enough to hear what you have to say."
He eyed her apprehensively. "I—I wonder," said he, shuffling
across the room once more. Then, turning, he sat down at his desk
as though resolved upon controlling his nerves. He cleared his
throat. "Be seated, my dear," he said quite solicitously. His faded
eyes dwelt upon her as she obeyed his behest. "I have—er—just had
a visitor."
"Yes. Mr. Guyse. I saw him come," she replied as naturally as
she could.
"Yes. H'm! You and he have seen a good deal of each other?"
"We have. It was winter, and the Pele is not at all a large
house."
"How did he strike you, I wonder? But perhaps such a question
is merely futile. We must come to the main point—the surprising, I
may say the extraordinary information which this young man has
just given me. My dear, you must prepare yourself for—for
something in the nature of a shock."
"Oh, Grandfather, please, please tell me! Is it abou—about Mr.
Guyse?"
"Well, in part—in part it is. Very painful, very distressing, of
course ... but in the main it concerns you, my dear, you and your
father, my poor son-in-law, Madoc Innes."
She sat like a stone. "My father!" she whispered. "He—he is
worse. Ah, don't say he is—dead?"
The vicar bowed his head. His hands were playing with a
cablegram which lay upon the table before him.

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