Learning React js Learn React JS From Scratch with Hands On Projects 2nd Edition Alves
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- 5. Learning React js Learn React JS From Scratch with Hands-On Projects Edition nd 2 2020 By Claudia Alves
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- 7. Edition: 2020 nd 2 Learning React js Copyright © 2020 by Claudia Alves
- 8. . figure out Programming isn't about what you know; it's about what you can " Chris Pine - ” Before you begin, please note that this is a beginner-friendly guide that covers the concepts I classify as fundamentals for working with React. It is not a complete guide to React but rather a complete introduction. At the end of this guide, I list a few next-level resources for you. This guide will pave the way for you to understand them.
- 11. VIRTUAL DOM PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY IN REACT SINGLE-PAGE APP BANKS BUNDLERS PACKAGE MANAGER CONTENT DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ELEMENTS THE INGREDIENTS CHARACTERISTICS PROPS.CHILDREN CASE LIFE CYCLE DEPENDENCIES ADJUSTED AND UNCONFIGURED COMPONENTS KEYS REFERENCES EVENTS MATCHING Introduction From the author
- 12. Connect react as a script Component creation Using props If-else, ternary operator Let's refactor ... Prop-types Using state More about state Working with input Component life cycle Working with a form Add news Summary by Basics create-react-app Tidying and imports Asynchronous requests Spam filter componentWillReceiveProps getDerivedStateFromProps Let's refactor ... Conclusion
- 13. Introduction Facebook's React has changed the way we think about web applications and user interface
- 14. development. Due to its design, you can use it beyond web. A feature known as the Virtual DOM enables this. In this chapter we'll go through some of the basic ideas behind the library so you understand React a little better before moving on. What is React? React is a JavaScript library that forces you to think in terms of components. This model of thinking fits user interfaces well. Depending on your background it might feel alien at first. You will have to think very carefully about the concept of state and where it belongs. Because state management is a difficult problem, a variety of solutions have appeared. In this book, we'll start by managing state ourselves and then push it to a Flux implementation known as Alt. There are also implementations available for several other alternatives, such as Redux, MobX, and Cerebral.
- 15. React is pragmatic in the sense that it contains a set of escape hatches. If the React model doesn't work for you, it is still possible to revert back to something lower level. For instance, there are hooks that can be used to wrap older logic that relies on the DOM. This breaks the abstraction and ties your code to a specific environment, but sometimes that's the pragmatic thing to do. One of the fundamental problems of programming is how to deal with state. Suppose you are developing a user interface and want to show the same data in multiple places. How do you make sure the data is consistent? Historically we have mixed the concerns of the DOM and state and tried to manage it there. React solves this problem in a different way. It introduced the to the masses. Virtual DOM concept of the Virtual DOM exists on top of the actual DOM, or some other render target. It solves the state manipulation problem in its own way. Whenever changes are made to it, it figures out the best way to batch the changes to the underlying DOM structure.
- 16. It is able to propagate changes across its virtual tree as in the image above. Virtual DOM Performance Handling the DOM manipulation this way can lead to increased performance. Manipulating the DOM by hand tends to be inefficient and is hard to optimize. By leaving the problem of DOM manipulation to a good implementation, you can save a lot of time and effort. React allows you to tune performance further by implementing hooks to adjust the way the virtual tree is updated. Though this is often an optional step. The biggest cost of Virtual DOM is that the implementation makes React quite big. You can expect the bundle sizes of small applications to be around 150-200 kB minified, React included. gzipping will help, but it's still big.
- 17. React facilitates the creation of interactive user interfaces. Just design views for each status in your app, and React will efficiently update and synthesize the right components when your data changes. React relies primarily on the concept of components. You have to build packaged components that manage their own state, and then install these components together to create complex user interfaces. Since component logic is written using JavaScript instead of template mode, you can easily pass a lot of data through your application and keep the state away from DOM. React is based on the principle of “learning once and writing anywhere”. You don't assume you are dealing with a specific technology, but you can develop new features without rewriting a new code. React can be rendered on the server using Node.js, and mobile applications can be created via React Native.
- 18. Terminology in React Single-page app Single-page Application is an application that loads a single HTML page and all the necessary extensions (such as CSS and JavaScript) required for the application to work. No interactions with the page or subsequent pages require a return to the server again, which means that the page is not reloaded. Although you can build a single-page application in React, it is not necessary. React can also be used to optimize small portions of the site with greater interactivity. A code written using React can co-exist with the format on the server using PHP or any other
- 19. server-side libraries. In fact, this is exactly how to use React on Facebook. ES6, ES2015, ES2016, etc .. These abbreviations refer to the latest versions of the ECMAScript standard, for which JavaScript is implemented. ES6 (also called ES2015) includes many additions to earlier versions such as arrow functions, classes, literal templates, and let and const statements. You can learn more about the specific versions here. Banks The JavaScript sink takes JavaScript code, converts it, and returns JavaScript in another format. The most common use case is to take the ES6 wording and convert it to an older wording so that older browsers can interpret it. The most frequently used banker with React is Babel. Bundlers Packers take CSS and JavaScript code written as separate modules (usually hundreds), and group
- 20. them together in a few performance-optimized files for browsers. One of the most commonly used packages in React applications is Webpack and Browserify. Package Manager Package Manager is a tool that allows you to manage the credits in your project. The two most commonly used packet managers in React are npm and Yarn, both of which are the interface of the same npm packet recorder. Content Distribution Network CDN stands for Content Delivery Network. These networks distribute static and cached content from a network of servers around the world. JSX JSX is an extended formatting to JavaScript, which is similar to template language but has the full power of JavaScript. JSX behaves into calls to the React.createElement () function, which returns abstract JavaScript objects called React elements.
- 21. For an introduction to JSX see here, and for more detailed information about JSX see here. React DOM uses the camelCase naming convention instead of the HTML property names. For example, the tabindex property becomes tabIndex in JSX. The class property is also written as className because class is a reserved word in JavaScript: const name = 'Clementine'; ReactDOM.render ( <h1 className = "hello"> My name is {name}! </h1>, document.getElementById ('root') ); Elements React elements are modules for building React applications. One might confuse elements with a more common concept of components. The item describes what you want to see on the screen, and the React elements are not editable: const element = <h1> Hello world </h1>;
- 22. Items are not usually used directly, but are returned from components. the ingredients React components are small, reusable pieces of code that return the React elements to be rendered on the page. The simplest form of the React component is an abstract JavaScript function that returns the React element: function Welcome (props) { return <h1> Hi {props.name} </h1>; } Components of ES6 varieties may also be: class Welcome extends React.Component { render () { return <h1> Hi {this.props.name} </h1>; } }
- 23. Components can be divided into functionally independent parts that can be used among other components. Components can return other components, arrays, text strings, and numbers. The rule here is that if part of your user interface is used multiple times (such as buttons, control panel and avatar), or if it is complex (application, comment), it is a good candidate to be a reusable component. Component names must always begin with a capital letter (<Wrapper />, not <wrapper />). . Characteristics Props are inputs into the React components, that is, data passed to the lower level of the parent component to the son component. Remember that the properties are read-only and should not be modified in any way: // Error! props.number = 42; If you need to modify some values in response to user input or responses from the network, use the state instead.
- 24. props.children Props.children is available in each component and contains content between the opening tag and the closing tag of the component, for example: <Welcome> Hello world! </Welcome> The text string is "Hello world!" Available under props.children in the Welcome component: function Welcome (props) { return <p> {props.children} </p>; } For components defined as classes, use this.props.children: class Welcome extends React.Component { render () { return <p> {this.props.children} </p>; }
- 25. } Case The component needs state when some of the data associated with it changes over time. For example, the Checkbox component needs to have isChecked in its state, and the NewsFeed component needs to track all fetchedPosts in its state. The biggest difference between the state and the properties is that the properties are passed from the parent component, and the state is managed by the component itself. The component cannot change its properties but can change its status. To do this he must call the child this.setState (). Only components defined as classes can have a status. For each specific piece of variable data, there must be one component that it owns in its state. Don't try to sync statuses to two different components,
- 26. instead elevate the status to their nearest shared parent and pass it to lower levels as attributes for both. Life cycle dependencies Lifecycle dependencies are a custom function performed during different phases of component life. Dependents are available when the component is created and inserted into the DOM, when the component is updated, and when the component is removed or removed from the DOM. Adjusted and unconfigured components React has two different methods when working with input fields. The input field element whose value is set by React is called the justified component. When the user enters the data into the configured component, a change event handler is fired and your code determines whether the entries are valid (by
- 27. rendering with the updated value). If you do not reset, the input field element remains unchanged. The unset component works the same way as field items outside React. When a user enters data into an input field (such as an input field box or a drop-down list), the new information is reversed without React having to do anything. This means that you cannot force fields to have specific values. In most cases you should use the configured component. Keys A key is a attribute and a text string that you need to include when creating elements from arrays. The React keys help identify elements that have been changed, added, or removed. Keys must be given to the elements inside an array to give the elements a stable identity. Keys must be unique only within sibling elements of the same matrix; they should not be unique
- 28. throughout the application or even in a single component. Don't pass something like Math.random () to the keys. It is important that the keys have stable identities during rendering so that React can determine when to add, remove, or rearrange items. Keys must match stable and unique identifiers coming from your data, such as post.id. References React supports a unique feature that you can link to any component. The ref property can be a component arising from the React.createRef () function, a callback function, or a text string (in the old API). When the ref property is a call function, the function will receive the corresponding DOM element or a copy of the class (depending on the type of element) as its argument. This allows direct access to the DOM element or component instance. Use references with caution. If you find yourself using it a lot to do things in your app, consider whether you can adapt to top-down data flow.
- 29. Events Event handling in React elements has some wording differences: React event handlers are called camelCase instead of lowercase letters. In JSX, it passes the function as an event handler instead of passing a text string. Matching When the status or properties of the component change, React determines whether a DOM update is necessary by comparing the newly restored element with the previous creator. When they are not equal, React updates the DOM model. This process is called reconciliation.
- 30. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
- 31. his first decade, xx; Legatio Babylonica, xx; acc. by Harrisse, xx; by Schumacher, xx; by Heidenheimer, xx; Die Schiffung, xxi; Poemata, xxi; De Nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, xxi; facs. of title, xxii; De orbe novo, xxi; Extrait ou Recueil, xxi; De rebus oceanicis, xxiii; Summario, xxiii; joined with Oviedo, xxiii; Eden’s Decades, xxiii; Willes’ Hist. of Travayle, xxiii; edited by Hakluyt, xxiii; by Lok, xxiii; Opus Epistolarum, xxiv; on the Ethiopian origin of the tribes of Yucatan, 117; describes the Maya and Nahua picture-writings, 203. Maryland, docs. in her Archives, xiv; Hist. Soc., xviii; Indians, 325. Masks, Mexican, 419. Mason, Geo. C., on the Newport mill, 105; Rem. of Newport, 105. Mason, O. T., on the mounds, 402; bibliog. of anthropology, 411; on anthropology in the U. S., 411; his anthropolog. papers, 439. Massachusetts Bay map, 100. Massachusetts Hist. Soc., Library Catalogue, xvii; on the statue of Leif Ericson, 98; on Rafn’s over-confidence, 100. Massachusetts Indians, 323. Massachusetts Quart. Rev., 96. Massachusetts State Library, xvii. Massilia founded, 26.
- 32. Mastodon, carvings of, 405; mound, 409; remains of man associated with the, 388; how long disappeared, 389. Materiaux pour l’histoire primitive, 411. Mather, Cotton, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104; Wonderful works of God, 104; on Jews in New England, 115; on supposed remains of a giant, 389; and the Royal Society, 442. Mather, Increase, his letter to Leusden, 322. Mather, Saml., America known to the ancients, 40. Mathers, their library, i. Matienzo, Juan de, Gobierno de el Peru, 261. Matlaltzinca, 148. Matthews, W., Language of the Hidatsa, 425; Hidatsa Indians, 440. Maudsley, A. P., Guatemala, 197. Maurault, Abenakis, 322. Maurer, Konrad, Altnord. Sprache, 84; Island, 85; Isländische Volkssagen, 85; on the Zeni, 113; Rechtgesch. des Nordens, 85. Mauro, Fra, map (1457), 53, 117; facs. of northern parts, 120. Maury, Alfred, 374. Mavor, Voyages, xxxvi. Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, his library, viii. Maximilian, Prince, Reise, 319; Travels, 392. Maxtla, 146. Maya d’Ahkuil-Chel, 426. Mayapan, 152; deserted, 153.
- 33. Mayas, origin of, 134, 152; name first heard, 135; nations comprised, 135; acc. of, 152; hieroglyphics, 152, 426; Katunes, 152; calendar, 152; manuscripts, 162; Chilan Balam, 164; Popul Vuh, their sacred book, 166; their last pueblo, 175; picture-writing, 197; metals among, 418; languages of, 427; dialects, 427; allied to the Greek, 427; general references, 427; religion of, 433; hero-gods, 430, 434. Mayberry, S. P., on Florida shell heaps, 393. Mayda, 31, 47, 51, 53. Mayer, Brantz, on Sparks, vii; Mexico, 170; Observations on Mex. hist., 184. Mayhews, the Indian missionaries, 322. Mayta, Ccapac, Inca, 229. Mazahuas, 136. Mazetecs, 136. McAdams, W., 409; Anc. Races in the Mississippi Valley, 403, 410; Cahokia, 408. McCaul, John, 99. McCharles, A., 410. McClellan, G. B., 440. McClintock and Strong’s Cyclop. bibl. lit., 384. McClure and Parish, Mem. of Wheeloch, 322. McCoy, Isaac, Baptist Indian missions, 369.
- 34. McCulloh, James H., Researches on America, 169, 372; on the mounds, 399. McCullough, John, captive to the Indians, 292, 319. McElmo cañon, 395. McFarland, R. W., 408. McGee, W. J., 377; on glacial man, 330, 343; on the Columbia period, 343; his lacustrine explorations, 349; on Iowa mounds, 409. McIntosh, John, Disc. of America, 372. McKenney, T. L., Memoirs, 320; his career, 320; (with James Hall) Indian Tribes, 320. McKinley, Wm., 410. McKinney, W. A., 41. McLennan, J. F., Primitive Marriage, 380; Studies in Anc. Hist., 380. McMaster, S. Y., 111. McParlin, J. A., 397. McWhorter, T., 408. Measures of length used by the Mexicans, 420. Meddelelser om Grönland, 86. Medel on the Mex. hieroglyphics, 200. Megatherium, 389. Megiser, H., Sept. Novantiquus, xxxiv, 111. Meigs, J. A., on Morton’s collection, 372; Catal. human crania, 372; Obs. on the cranial forms, 374; Form of the occiput, 375. Meineke, A., ed. Strabo, 34. Mela, Pomponius, his views of the extension of Africa, 10; relations with Ptolemy, 10; on men supposed to be carried from America to Europe, 26;
- 35. De Situ Orbis, 36. Melgar, E. S. de, 279. Melgar, J. M., De las Teogonias en los manuscritos Méxicanos, 431. Melgar, Señor, 116. Melkarth, 24. Melo, Garcia de, 260. Menana, 102. Mendieta, Hist. Eçcles. Ind., 157. Mendoza, Gumesindo, 155; curator of Museo Nacional in Mexico, 444. Menendez, Geog. del Peru, 212. Mengarini, G., Flat-head Grammar, 425. Mentone caves, 390. Menzel, Bibl. Hist., ii. Menzies, Wm., his library and catalogue, xii. Mer de l’Ouest, 79. Mercator map (1538), 125. Mercer, H. G., 405. Mercurio Peruano, 276. Meredith, a Welsh bard, 109. Merian, M., xxxi. Merida, 188. Meridian, the first, where placed by the ancients, 8. Merivale, C., Conversion of the Northern Nations, 85. Merom, Ohio, 408. Meropes, 22. Merry Meeting Bay, 102. Mesa, Alonso de, 260; Anales del Cuzco, 270. Metal, use of, 418; working in Peru, 256;
- 36. among the early Americans, 417. Metz, Dr. C. L., finds palæolithic implements in Ohio, 340, 341; Prehist. Mts. Little Miami Valley, 408. Meunier, V., Les ancêtres d’Adam, 383. Mexia y Ocon, J. R., 279. Mexico (country), linguistics of, viii; held to be Fousang, 78, 80, 81; correspondences in languages with Chinese, 81; with Sanskrit, 81; Asiatic origin of games, 81; jade ornaments in, 81; Asiatic origin, references on, 81; obscurities of its pre-Spanish history, 133; early race of giants, 133; chronologies, 133; the Toltecs arrive, 139; the confederacy growing, 147; its nature, 147; portraits of the kings, 148; sources of pre-Spanish history, 153; the early Spanish writers, 153; the courts and the natives, 160; MS. annals, 162; general accounts in English, 169; Archives de la Com. Scient. du Méxique, 270; ethnology of, 172; character of its civilization, 173, 176; the confederacy, 173; diverse views of the extent of the population, 174; disappearance of their architecture, 174; map by Santa Cruz, 174; mode of government, 174, 175; their palaces, 175, 176; notes on the ruins, 176; astronomy in, 179; idols still preserved, 180; superstitions for writings, 180; origin of the people, 375; copper, use of, 418; variety of tongues in, 426; culture, 329, 330.
- 37. See Toltecs, Nahuas, Anahuac, Aztecs, Chichimecs. Mexico (city), founded, 133, 144; Clavigero’s map in facs., 143; its lakes, 143; other maps, 143; facs. of the map in Coreal’s Voyages, 145; a native acc. of the capture, 162; calendar stone, 179; used to regulate market days, 179; Museo Nacional, 419, 444; its Anales, 444; view of, 180, 181; forgeries in, 180; no architectural remains, 182; the city gradually sinking, 182; relics still beneath the soil, 182; Bandelier’s notes, 182; old view of the city, 182; early descriptions, 182; its military aspect, 182; relics unearthed, 182; temple of (views), 433, 434. Meye, Heinrich, Copan und Quiriguá, 196, 197. Meyer, A. B., 417. Meyer, J., map of Greenland, 131. Mica, 416. Michel, Francisque, Saint Brandan, 48. Michigan mounds, 408. Michinacas, 136. Michoacan, 149, 433. Micmacs, 321; language, 425; legends, 431; missions, 321; traditions of white comers among, 99. Mictlan, 184, 435. Mictlantecutli, 435.
- 38. Middle Ages, geographical notions, 30. Miedna, 78. Migration of nations in pre-Spanish times, 137, 139, 369; disputes over, 138; Gallatin’s view, 138; bibliog., 139; Dawson’s map of those in North America, 381; generally from the north, 381. Mil, A., De origine Animalium, 370. Milfort, a creek, 326. Miller, J., Modocs, 327. Miller, W. J., Wampanoags, 102. Mindeleff, V., on Pueblo architecture, 395. Minnesota mounds, 409. Minutoli, J. H. von, on Palenqué, 191; Stadt in Guatemala, 195. Miocene man, 387. Miquitlan, 184. Mirror of Literature, 110. Mission Scientifique au Méxique, Ouvrages, 207. Missions’ effect on the Indians, 318. Mississippi Valley, loess of, 388; mounds, 410. Missouri, mounds, 409; pottery, 419. Missouri River, lacustrine age, 348. Mitchell, S. L., on the Asiatic origin of the Americans, 76, 371; on the Northmen, 102. Mitchell, A., 410. Mitchell, W. S., on Atlantis, 44. Mitchener, C. H., Ohio Annals, 407. Mitla, ruins of, 184; plan, 184.
- 39. Mitre, Gen. B., Ollantay, 282. Miztecs, 136; subjugated, 149. Mochica language, 227, 275, 276. Modocs, 327. Mohawks put English arms on their castles, 304, 324. Mohegan Indians, their language, 423. Moke, H. T., Hist. des peuples Américains, 172. Moletta (Moletius) on the Zeno map, 129. Molina, Alonzo de, 156. Molina, Christoval de, in Peru, 262; Fables and Rites of the Incas, 262; on the Incas, 436. Molina, Vocabulario, viii; Arte de la lengua Méx., viii. Möllhausen, Reisen, 396; Tagebuch, 396. Moluccan migration to South America, 370. Monardes, Dos Libros, xxix; Hist. Medicinal, xxix; likeness, xxix; Joyfull Newes, xxix. Monboddo, Lord, on Irish linguistic traces in America, 83. Moncacht-Ape, 77. Money, 420. Mongolian stock on the Pacific coast, 82. Mongols in Peru, 82. Monhegan, alleged runes on, 102. Monogenism, 374. Monotheism in America, 430. Monro, R., Anc. Scotch lake dwelling, 393. Montalboddo, Paesi Nov., xix. Montana mounds, 409.
- 40. Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld, i; on the Zeni, 111; America, xxxiv; on the sagas, 92; on the Madoc voyage, 109. Monte Alban, 184. Montelius, O., Bibliog. de l’archéol. de la Suède, 444. Montémont, A., Voyages, xxxvii. Montesinos, F., in Peru, 263; Memorias antiguas, 82, 263; Anales, 263; Mémoire historique, 263; on Jews in Peru, 115; Mémoires, 273. Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, 380. Montezuma (hero-god), 147, 150. Montezuma (first of the name), 146; in power, 147; various spelling of the name, 147; dies, 148. Montezuma (the last of the name), 148; forebodings of his fall, 148; hears of the coming of the Spaniards, 149; his “Dinner”, 174, 175. Montfaucon, Collectio, 30. Montgomery, James, Greenland, 69. Moore, Dr. Geo. H., at the Lenox Library, xii; account of, xii. Moore, Martin, 322. Moore, M. V., 41. Moore, Thos., Hist. Ireland, 61. Moosmüller, P. O., Europäer in America, 88, 90. Moquegua, 277. Moqui Indians, 397, 429; representatives of the cliff dwellers, 395.
- 41. Moravian missions, 308, 318. Moravian Quarterly, 109. Morellet, Arthur, Voyage, 194; Travels, 195. Morgan, Col. Geo., 319. Morgan, L. H., his Montezuma’s dinner, ix, 174; attacked by H. H. Bancroft, ix, 174; on the cradle of the Mexicans, 138; his exaggerated depreciation of the Mexican civilization, 173, 174; his relations with the Iroquois, 174; Houses and House life, 175, 420; Ancient Society, 175, 382; controverted, 380; his publications, 175; his death, 175; on Rau’s views as respects the Tablet of the Cross, 195; on centres of migrations, 381; on human progress, 382; on the Pueblo race, 395; on the ruins of the Chaco cañon, 396; on the ruins on the Animas River, 396; on the social condition of the Pueblos, 397; on the moundbuilders, 401; finds their life communal, 402; on their houses, 402; League of the Iroquois, 325, 416; on bone implements, 417; on linguistic divisions, 422; on Indian life, 325; Iroquois laws of descent, 437; Bestowing of Indian names, 437; Houses of American Aborigines, 437. Morgan, Thomas, on Vinland, 98. Morillot, Abbé, Esquimaux, 105. Morisotus, C., Epist. Cent. duæ, 370. Morlot, A., 395; on the Phœnicians in America, 41. Mormon bible, its reference to the lost tribes, 116. Morris, C., 403.
- 42. Morse, Abner, Anc. Northmen, 105. Morse, Edw. S., Arrow Release, 69; on the tertiary man, 387; on prehistoric times, 412. Morse, Jed., Report on Indian affairs, 320. Mortillet, G. de, Le Signe de la Cross, 196; Antiq. de l’homme, 383; founds the Materiaux, etc., 411, 442; L’homme, 442; Dict. des Sciences Anthropologique, 442. Morton, S. G., Inquiry into the distinctive characteristics of the aborig. race, 437; Crania Amer., 372; his collection of skulls, 372; Physical type of the American Indian, 372; Aboriginal Race of America, 372; Some observations, 372; on the moundbuilders’ skulls, 399, 403. Morton, Thomas, New English Canaan, 369. Mossi, H., on the Quichua language, 280. Motolinía, Historia, 156. Motupé, 276. Moulton, J. W., New York, 93. Moulton, M. W., 409. Moundbuilders, connected with the Irish, 83; with the Welsh, 111; with the Jews, 116; with the later peoples of Mexico, 136, 137; Morgan on their houses, 175; Haynes’s views, 367; literature of, 397; early Spanish and French notices of, 398; accounts by travellers, 398, 402; held to be ancestors of the Aztecs and other southern peoples, 398; emblematic mounds, 400; the most ancient, 402; believed to be of the Indian race, 400, 401, 402; earliest advocates of this view, 400; vanished race view, 400, 401, 402;
- 43. Great Serpent mound, 401; no clue to their language, 401; mounds in New York built by the Iroquois, 402; date of their living, 402; divisions of the United States by their characteristics, 402; held to be Cherokees, 402; agriculturalists, 402, 410; sun-worshippers, 402; age of, 403; contents of the mounds, 403; fraudulent relics, 403; geographical distribution of their works, 404; built by Finns, 405; by Egyptians, 405; maps, 406; use of copper, 408; pipes, 409; military character, 409; turned hunters, 410; their textile arts, 419; cloth found, 419; pottery, 419. Movers, Die Phoenizier, 24. Mowquas, 111. Moxa, 428. M’Quy, Dr., 191. Mudge, B. F., 409. Muellenhof, Alterthumskunde, 4. Muhkekaneew Indians, 116. Mühlenpfordt, E. L., Versuch, 184. Muiscas. See Muyscas. Mujica, M. A., 282. Müller, C., Geog. Græci, 34. Müller, F., Allgemeine Ethnographie, 375. Müller, J. G., on the Peruvian religion, 270; Amer. Urreligionen, 380, 430; on Quetzalcoatl, 433.
- 44. Müller, J. W. von, Reisen, 185. Müller, Max, on early Mexican history, 133; on Ixtlilxochitl, 157; on the Popul Vuh, 167; on E. B. Tylor, 377; on American monotheism, 430. Müller, P. E., Icelandic Hist. Lit., 84; (with Velchow, J.) ed. Saxo Gram., 92; Sagenbibliothek, 85. Müller, Handbuch des klas. Alterth., 5. Muller, Frederik, xvi. Mummies, in American caves, 391; of Incas, 234, 235; Peruvian, 276, 277. Munch, P. A., Det Norske Folks Hist., 84; Olaf Tryggvesön, 90; Norges Konge-Sagaer, 90. Munich, Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443. Muñoz, J. B., 191; Historia, ii; on the Norse voyages, 92. Munsell, Frank, xv. Munsell, Joel, xv; his publications, xv; sketch by G. R. Howell, xv. Münster, Sebastian, his map, xxv; Cosmographia, xxv; likeness, xxvi, xxvii; Kosmograffia, xxviii; translations, xxviii; on the Greenland geography, 126. Murphy, H. C., his library, ix; his Catalogue, ix; dies, ix. Murray, Andrew, Geog. Distrib. Mammals, 82, 106. Murray, Hugh, Travels, 93, 111; Disc. in No. America, 72; on the Northmen, 93.
- 45. Múrua, M. de, Hist. gen. del Peru, 264. Museo Erudico, 276. Museo Guatemalteco, 168. Museo Mexicano, 444. Music, 420. Musical instruments, 420. Mutsun language, 425. Muyscas, myths of, 436; idol, 281; origin of, 80. Myths, not the reflex of history, 429; literature of American, 429. Naaman Creek, rock shelter at, 365. Nachan, 135. Nadaillac, Marquis de, L’Amérique préhistorique, 369, 412, 415; Prehistoric America, 415; on the autochthonous theory, 375; De la période glaciaire, 388; Les prem. hommes, 369, 412; Mœurs des peuples préhistorique, 412; Les pipes et le tabac, 416; L’art préhist. en Amérique, 419. Nahuas, origin of, 134; direction of their migration controverted, 134, 136, 137, 138; earliest comers, 137; from the N. W., 137; date disputed, 137; their governmental organizations, 174; places of their kings, 174; their buildings, 182; picture-writing, 197; myths, 431. See Aztecs, Mexico. Narborough, Magellan Straits, xxxiv. Narragansetts, 323.
- 46. Nasca, Peru, 271, 277. Nasmyth, J., 50. Natchez Indians, 326; supposed descendants of Votanites, 134. Natchez, relics at, 389. Natick language, 423. National Geographic Society, 438. Natural Hist. Soc. of Montreal, 438. Nature, 443. Naugatuck valley, 323. Naulette cave, 377. Nauset, 102. Navajos, 327; expedition against, 396; weaving among, 420. Neanderthal, race, 377; skull, 377, 389. Nebel, Carlos, Viaje pintoresco, 179, 180. Negro race, as primal stock, 373; of a stock earlier than Adam, 384. Nehring, A., on animals found in Peruvian graves, 273. Neill, E. D., on the Ojibways, 327. Neolithic Age, 377; implements of, 377. See Stone Age. Nepeña, 276. Neue Berlinische Monatsschrift, 371. Neumann, K. F., Amerika nach Chinesischen Quellen, 78, 80. Névome language, 425. New Brunswick shell heaps, 392. New England Hist. Geneal. Society, xvii. New England Indians, 322; mounds in, 404;
- 47. visited by the Northmen, 94, 95, 96; shell heaps, 392. New Grenada, map, 209; tribes of, 282. New Hampshire, bibliog., xv; Indians, 322. New Jersey, copies of docs. in her Archives, xiv; Indians, 325; shell heaps, 393. New Mexico, map of ruins in, 397. New Orleans, human skeleton found near, 389. New York Acad. of Science, 438. New York city, as a centre for the study of Amer. hist., xvii; its Hist. Soc. library, xvii; Astor Library, xvii; private libraries, x, xviii. New York State, local history in, v; its library at Albany, xviii; the French import goods into, for the Indian trade, 311; its trade with the Indians, 311; Indians, 323; missions, 323; mounds, 404. Newark, Ohio, map of mounds at, 407; described, 408. Newcomb, Simon, opposes Croll’s theory, 387. Newfoundland, early visited by the Basques, 75; in the early maps, 74; Eskimos in, 106; Indians of, 321. Newman, J. B., Red Men, 46. Newport stone tower claimed to be Norse, 105. Nezahualcoyotl, 146, 147; dies, 148. Nezahualpilli, 148. Nicaragua, early footprint in, 385;
- 48. explorers of, 197; mythology, 434; sources of its history, 169. Nicholas V, alleged bull about Greenland, 69. Nicholls and Taylor, Bristol, 50. Nienhof, Brasil. Zee-en Lantreize, xxxiv. Nijhoff, Martin, xvii. Nilsson, Stone Age, 412. Niza, Marco de, Quito, 268. Noah, M. M., American Indians descendants of the Lost tribes, 116. Nodal, J. F., on the Quichua tongue, 280; Ollanta, 281. Nonohualcas, 136. Nordenskjöld, A. E., Exped. till Grönland, 86; his belief in a colony on east coast of Greenland, 109; portrait, 113; on the Zeni, 114; Bröderna Zenos, 114; Trois Cartes précolumbiennes, 114, 117; Studienund Forschungen, 114; finds the oldest maps of Greenland, 117; his projected Atlas, 125; on the Olaus Magnus map (1567), 125. Norman, B. M., Rambles in Yucatan, 186. Norman sailors on the American coasts, 97. Norris, P. W., 409. Norse. See Northmen. North Carolina, antiquities, 410; rock inscriptions, 411. Northmen, cut of their ship, 62; plan of same, 63; ship discovered at Gokstad, 62; another at Tune, 62; one used as a house, 64; depicted in the Bayeux tapestry, 64; flags, 64;
- 49. weapons, 64; characteristics, 67; in Greenland, 68; in Iceland, 83; alleged visits to America, 98; their voyages seldom recognized in the maps of the xvth cent., 117. Northwest coast, the Berlin Museum’s Nordwest Küste, 76. Nortmanus, R. C., De origine gent. Amer., 370. Norton, Charles B., his Lit. Letter, xv. Norumbega held to be a corruption of Norvegia, 98. Norway, early map, 118; in Fra Mauro’s map, 120; in Olaus Magnus, 124, 125; by Bordone, 126; in Gallæus, 129. Nott, J. C. (with Gliddon), Types of Mankind, 372; Physical Hist. of the Jews, 373; Indigenous Races, 374. Nova Scotia, Indians, 321; shell-heaps, 392. Nova Scotia Institute of Nat. Science, 438. Novo y Colson, D. P. de, and Atlantis, 45. Noyes, New England’s Duty, 322. Noymlap, 275. Numismatic and Antiq. Soc. of Philadelphia, 438. Nuttall, Thomas, Arkansa Territory, 326. Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, on Mexican communal life, 175; on the so-called Sacrificial Stone, 185; on complemental signs in the Mexican graphic system, 198; on Mexican feather-work, 420; on terra cottas from Teotihuacan, 182. Nyantics, 323. O’Brien, M. C., grammatical sketch of the Abnake, 423. O’Curry, Eugene, Anc. Irish history, 50.
- 50. O’Flaherty, Islands of Arran, 50; Ogygia, 51. Oajaca, 149, 433; sources of its history, 168; ruins in, 184; teocalli at (view), 436. Obando, Juan de, his Quichua dictionary, 279; grammar, 279. Ober, F. A., Travels in Mexico, 170; Anc. Cities of America, 177. Obsidian, 417; implements, 358. Ocean, ancient views of the, 7; depth of, 383. Ocean Highways, 442. Ococingo, 135. Odysseus, voyage of, 6; his wanderings, 40. Ogallala Sioux, 327. Ogilby, America, i, xxxiv. Ogygia, 12, 13, 23. Ohio Archæological and Hist. Quarterly, 407. Ohio Land Company (1748), formation of the, 309. Ohio, mounds in, 405; bibliog. and hist., 406; Centennial Report, 406; pictographs, 410; State Board of Centennial managers, Final Report, 407. Ohio Valley, ancient man in, 341; ancient hearths in, 389; caves, 391; English attempts to occupy, 312; frontier life, 319; Indians, 326. Ojeda, A. de, describes pile dwellings, 364. Ojibways, 327.
- 51. Olaf, Tryggvesson, 62; saga, 90; editions, 90. Olaus Magnus, 65; Hist. de Gentibus Septent, 67. Olivarez, A. F., 282. Ollantai or Ollantay, 425; drama, 274, 242, 281; different texts, 281; its age, 282. Ollantay-tampu or tambo, ruins, 220, 221, 271. Olmecs, migration of, 135; earliest comers, 135; overcame the giants, 137. Olmos, A. de, 156, 276, 279. Olosingo, 196. Omahas, 327. Onas, 289. Ondegardo, Polo de, in Peru, 260, 261; Relaciones, 261. Onderdonk, J. L., 412. Ongania, Sammlung, 47, 53. Onondaga language, 424. Onontio, 289. Ophir of Solomon, 82, 369; found in Palenqué, 191. Orbigny, A. d’, L’homme Américain, 271; Voyages, 271; his ethnographical map of South America, 271. Orcutt, S., Indians, 323; Stratford, 323. Ordoñez, Ramon de, La Creacion del Cielo, etc., 168; Palenqué, 191. Oré, L. G. de, Rituale, 227, 280.
- 52. Oregon, Indians, 328; mounds, 409; shell heaps, 393. Orozco y Berra, helped by the collections of Icazbalceta and Ramirez, 163; Geog. de las lenguas de México, 135, 172, 427; Dic. Universal de Hist., 172;
- 53. Mexico, 172; El Cuauhxicalli de Tizoc, 185; Códice Mendozino, 200. Orrio, F. X. de, Solution, del gran problema, 76. Ortega, C. F., ed. Veytia, 159. Ortelius, on the Zeni, 111; holds Plutarch’s continent to be America, 40; believed Atlantis to be America, 43; map of the Atlantic Ocean (1587), 58; map of Scandia, 129; and the sagas, 92. Otomis, 136, 424; their language, 81. Otompan, 140. Otté, E. C., 271. Otumba, fight at, 175. Ovid, Fasti, 3. Oviedo y Baños, J. de, Venezuela, 444. Oxford Voyages, xxxiv. Oztotlan, 139. Paccari-tampu, 223. Pachacamac, 234, 277. Pachicuti, J. de S. C., Reyno del Piru, 436. Pachacutec, Inca, 230, 277. Pacific Ocean, great Japanese current, 78; its islands in geol. times, 383; long voyages upon, in canoes, 81. Pacific Railroad surveys, 440. Packard, A. S., on the Eskimos, 105. Padoucas, 110. Pæsi Novamente, xix; Newe unbek. landte, xx; fac-simile of title, xxi;
- 54. Nye unbek. lande, xx; Itinerariū Portugal, xx; Sensuyt le nouveau monde, xx; Le nouv. monde, xxi. Paez, 428. Paéz-Castellano language, 425. Page, J. R., 410. Paijkull, C. W., Summer in Iceland, 83. Paint Creek, map, 406. Painter, C. C., Mission Indians, 328. Palacio, Diego Garcia de, Carta, 168, 427. Palacio, M., 281. Palæolithic age, named by Lubbock, 377; its implements, 331; cut of, 331; man in America, 357, 358; could he talk? 421; developments towards the neolithic state, 365. See Stone Age. Palenqué, position of, 151; ruins described, 191; first discovered, 191; age of, 191; restorations, 192; tablet, 193; sculptures from the Temple of the Cross, 193, 195; seen by Waldeck, 194; plans, 195; views, 195; statues, 196. Palfrey, J. G., on the Northmen, 96; on the Newport tower, 105; on the Indians, 323. Palin, Du, Study of hieroglyphics, 204. Pallas, Vocab. comparativa, 424. Palmer, Edw., 409; on a cave in Utah, 390.
- 55. Palmer, Geo., Migrations from Shinar, 374. Palomino, 260. Palos, Juan de, 155. Palszky, F., 374. Panchæa, 12. Pandosy, M. C., Yahama language, 425. Papabucos, 136. Papantla, 178. Paracelsus, Theoph., on the plurality of the human race, 372. Paradise, position of, 31, 47. Paraguay, 370. Paravey, C. H. de, Fou-Sang, 80; Nouvelles preuves, 80; Plateau de Bogota, 80; replies to Jomard, 80. Pareja, F., La Lengua Timuquana, 425. Pareto, Bart. de, his map (1455), 56. Paris, peace of (1763), 312, 313; Société de Géographie founded, 441; Recueil de Voyages, 441; Bulletin, 441. Parkman, F., California and the Oregon trail, 327; France and England in North America, 316; on the Indian character, 317; La Salle, 318. Parmenides, 3. Parmentier, Col., 81. Parmunca, 275. Parsons, S. H., 437. Parsons, Usher, on the Nyantics, 323. Passamaquoddy legends, 431. Patin, Ch., xxiv. Pattison, S. R., Age of Man, 387;
- 56. Earth and the Word, 383. Patton, A., 408. Pauw., De, Recherches, 173. See De Pauw. Pawnees, 327. Paynal, 432. Payta, 275. Pazos-kanki, V., his Quichua work, 280. Peabody, Geo., 439. Peabody Academy of Science, 438. Peabody Institute (Balt.), xviii. Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, 439; Reports, 439; Special Papers, 439. Peale, T. R., 409, 410. Pech, Nakuk, 164. Peck, W. F., Rochester, 323. Pecos, ruins, 396. Pederson, Christiern, ed. of Saxo, 92. Peet, S. D., The Pyramid in America, 177; on Pueblo architecture, 395; on the serpent symbol, 401; on the moundbuilders, 403, 408, 409; on mounds as totems, 408; on the Saint Louis mounds, 409; on early agriculture, 417; human faces in American art, 420; Religious beliefs of the Aborigines, 431; Animal worship and Sun worship, 431; Religion of the Moundbuilders, 431; edits Amer. Antiquarian, 439. Pégot-Ogier, E., Archipel des Canaries, 48. Peirce, C. S., on the Newport mill, 105. Pelaez, Paula G., Guatemala, 168.
- 57. Pemicooks, 323. Pemigewassets, 322. Penafiel, Antonio, Nombres géog. de México, 427. Penn, Wm., on Jews in America, 115. Pennant, Tour of Wales, iii. Pennock, B., 85. Pennsylvania, Indians in, 306, 325; mounds, 405; settlers of, 307; their treatment of the Indians, 309. Penobscots, 322; their legends, 431. Pentland, J. B., map of Lake Titicaca, 246. Pequods, 323. Percy, Bishop, ed. Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, 91. Perdita, island, 48. Perez, José, 77, 117, 404; preserver of Maya MSS., 163. Perez, Pio, Chron. Yucateca, 164; his notes, 164. Periegetes, D., Periplus, 39. Peringskiöld, ed. Heimskringla, 91. Perizonius, 22, 40. Perkins, Fred. B., his sketch of Gowans, xv; Scrope, xv. Pernetty, D., controverts De Pauw, 370; Examen, 370; De l’Amérique, 370. Perrine, T. M., 408. Perrot, Nic., Mémoires, 429. Pertuiset, E., Le Trésor des Incas, 272. Pertz, G. H., Mon. Germ. Hist., 88. Peru, Mongols in, 82;
- 58. giants in, 82; the Ophir of Solomon, 82; Chinese in, 82; Jews in, 115; Votanites in, 134; civilization in, 209; evidences of it, 209; maps, 210, 211; bounds, 212; length of the settled condition of the Inca race, 212; plants and animals domesticated, 212; ancient burial-places, 214; pre-Inca people, 214; cyclopean remains, 220; water sacrifices, 221; deity of, 222; Pirua dynasty, 223, 225; its people, 227; Tampu Tocco, 223; Inca dynasty, 223; its duration, 225; list of the kings, 223; origin of the Incas, 223; their rise under Manco, 225; their original home, 226; their subjugation of the earlier peoples, 227; establish their power at Cuzco, 228; portraits of the Incas, 228, 267; picture of warriors, 230; Chanca war, 230; Inca Yupanqui, 230; war between Huascar and Atahualpa, 231, 262; names of the Incas, 231; succession of the Incas, 231, 232; their religion, 232; belief in a Supreme Being, 233; sun-worship, 233; plan of the Temple of the Sun, 234; religious ceremonials, 236, 240; astronomical knowledge, 236; their months, 236; festivals, 237; human sacrifices, 237, 238;
- 59. learned men, 241; the Quichua language, 241; the court language, 241; references on the Inca civilization, 241; their bards, 242; dances, 242; musical instruments, 242; dramas, 242; quipus records, 242; healing art, 243; the central sovereign, 244; tributes, 245; the Inca insignia, 245; their architecture, 247; two stages of it, 247; their thatching, 247; ruins, 247; social polity, 249; the Inca family, 249; divisions of the empire, 249; provinces, 250; ruins of a village, 251; laborers, 251; bringing up of children, 251; land measure, 251; their agriculture, 252; hanging gardens, 252; irrigation, 253; peculiar products, 253; their flocks, 253; their roads, 254, 261; travelling, 254; map of roads, 254; colonial system, 255; military system, 255; arts, 255; metal-workers, 256; pottery, 256, 257, 258; weapons, 257; spinning, weaving, and dyeing, 257; cloth-making, 258; authorities on ancient Peruvian history, 259; the conquerors as authors, 260;
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