Lec22 intel
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The document outlines the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in 2001, highlighting key characteristics and technological advancements of each processor generation. It details the increasing number of transistors, improvements in processing speed, and changes in architecture over the 30-year period. Ultimately, it demonstrates a 104-fold increase in transistor count and significant increases in clock frequency.
Lec22 intel
- 1. Introduction to CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors
- 2. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 2 Outline Evolution of Intel Microprocessors – Scaling from 4004 to Pentium 4 – Courtesy of Intel Museum
- 3. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 3 4004 First microprocessor (1971) – For Busicom calculator Characteristics – 10 mm process – 2300 transistors – 400 – 800 kHz – 4-bit word size – 16-pin DIP package Masks hand cut from Rubylith – Drawn with color pencils – 1 metal, 1 poly (jumpers) – Diagonal lines (!)
- 4. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 4 8008 8-bit follow-on (1972) – Dumb terminals Characteristics – 10 mm process – 3500 transistors – 500 – 800 kHz – 8-bit word size – 18-pin DIP package Note 8-bit datapaths – Individual transistors visible
- 5. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 5 8080 16-bit address bus (1974) – Used in Altair computer • (early hobbyist PC) Characteristics – 6 mm process – 4500 transistors – 2 MHz – 8-bit word size – 40-pin DIP package
- 6. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 6 8086 / 8088 16-bit processor (1978-9) – IBM PC and PC XT – Revolutionary products – Introduced x86 ISA Characteristics – 3 mm process – 29k transistors – 5-10 MHz – 16-bit word size – 40-pin DIP package Microcode ROM
- 7. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 7 80286 Virtual memory (1982) – IBM PC AT Characteristics – 1.5 mm process – 134k transistors – 6-12 MHz – 16-bit word size – 68-pin PGA Regular datapaths and ROMs Bitslices clearly visible
- 8. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 8 80386 32-bit processor (1985) – Modern x86 ISA Characteristics – 1.5-1 mm process – 275k transistors – 16-33 MHz – 32-bit word size – 100-pin PGA 32-bit datapath, microcode ROM, synthesized control
- 9. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 9 80486 Pipelining (1989) – Floating point unit – 8 KB cache Characteristics – 1-0.6 mm process – 1.2M transistors – 25-100 MHz – 32-bit word size – 168-pin PGA Cache, Integer datapath, FPU, microcode, synthesized control
- 10. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 10 Pentium Superscalar (1993) – 2 instructions per cycle – Separate 8KB I$ & D$ Characteristics – 0.8-0.35 mm process – 3.2M transistors – 60-300 MHz – 32-bit word size – 296-pin PGA Caches, datapath, FPU, control
- 11. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 11 Pentium Pro / II / III Dynamic execution (1995-9) – 3 micro-ops / cycle – Out of order execution – 16-32 KB I$ & D$ – Multimedia instructions – PIII adds 256+ KB L2$ Characteristics – 0.6-0.18 mm process – 5.5M-28M transistors – 166-1000 MHz – 32-bit word size – MCM / SECC
- 12. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 12 Pentium 4 Deep pipeline (2001) – Very fast clock – 256-1024 KB L2$ Characteristics – 180 – 90 nm process – 42-125M transistors – 1.4-3.4 GHz – 32-bit word size – 478-pin PGA Units start to become invisible on this scale
- 13. CMOS VLSI Design Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 13 Summary 104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 30 years!