Lecture 1 programming fundamentals (PF)
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The document serves as an introductory guide to programming with C++, detailing the roles and skills of programmers, the history and types of programming languages, and fundamental programming structures like sequence, selection, and repetition. It emphasizes the importance of algorithms in programming and provides examples of machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages. The document also includes activities aimed at enhancing understanding through practical applications of the concepts discussed.
Lecture 1 programming fundamentals (PF)
- 1. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • The presentations cover the objectives found in the opening of each chapter • All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of each presentation • You may customize the presentations to fit your class needs • Some figures from the chapters are included. A complete set of images from the book can be found on the Instructor companion Web site at login.cengage.com An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 1 About the Presentations
- 2. An Introduction to Programming with C++ Eighth Edition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Programming
- 3. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Objectives • Define the terminology used in programming • Explain the tasks performed by a programmer • Understand the employment opportunities for programmers and software engineers • Explain the history of programming languages • Explain the sequence, selection, and repetition structures • Write simple algorithms using the sequence, selection, and repetition structures An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 3
- 4. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Programming a Computer It is important to understand the relationship between the terms programs, programmers, and programming languages. Programs - The directions that humans give to computers Programmers - The people who create these directions Programming Languages - Special languages used by programmers to communicate directions to a computer An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 4
- 5. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Programmer’s Job • Programmers help solve computer problems • Employee or freelance • Typical steps involved – Meet with user to determine problem – Convert the problem into a program – Test the program – Provide user manual An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 5
- 6. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 6 What Traits Should a Software Developer Possess? • Analytical skills • Communication skills • Creativity • Customer-service skills • Detail oriented • Problem-solving skills • Teamwork • Technical skills
- 7. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Employment Opportunities • Computer software engineer: designs an appropriate solution to a user’s problem • Computer programmer: codes a computer solution • Coding is the process of translating a computer solution into a language a computer can understand • Some positions call for both engineering and programming An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 7
- 8. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A Brief History of Programming Languages There are many different types of programming languages. This chapter will discuss: •Machine languages •Assembly languages •High-level procedure-oriented languages •High-level object-oriented languages An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 8
- 9. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 9 Machine Languages • The first programmers had to write the program instructions using only combinations of 0s and 1s – Example: 0000 0101 1100 0000 • Instructions written in 0s and 1s are called machine language or machine code • Each type of machine has its own language • Machine languages are the only way to communicate directly with the computer • Programming in machine language: tedious and error- prone; requires highly trained programmers
- 10. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 10 Assembly Languages • Assembly languages made writing code simpler than using only 0s and 1s • Mnemonics – symbols used to represent the actual machine language instructions Example: 00000101 vs. BALR • Assembly programs require an assembler to convert instructions into machine code • Easier to write programs in assembly language – But still tedious and requires highly trained programmers
- 11. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 11 High-Level Languages • High-level languages allow programmers to use English- like instructions Example: taxAmount = total * taxRate • Each high-level language instruction is equivalent to more than one machine language instruction • Compilers translate high-level instructions into 0s and 1s (machine language) • Interpreters translate the program line by line as the program is running
- 12. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 12 High-Level Languages (cont.) • When writing a procedure-oriented program, the programmer concentrates on the major tasks that the program needs to perform – Examples: COBOL, BASIC, C • An object-oriented program requires the programmer to focus on the objects that the program can use to accomplish its goal – Examples: C++, Visual Basic, Java, C# • Object-oriented programs allow for an object to be created that can be reused in more than one program
- 13. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 13 Control Structures All computer programs are written using one or more of three basic control structures: sequence, repetition, and selection. Another term used for control structures are logic structures, because they control the logic flow of the program. While in every program that is written the sequence structure will be used, in most all programs all three control structures will be used.
- 14. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 14 The Sequence Structure • The sequence structure directs the computer to process the program instructions, one after another, in the order in which they are listed in the program • An algorithm is a finite number of step-by-step instructions that accomplish a task • Example: steps to pump gas at a self-service pump
- 15. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Sequence Structure (cont.) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 15 Figure 1-1 An example of the sequence structure
- 16. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 16 The Selection Structure • The selection structure directs the computer to make a decision (evaluate a condition), and then take an appropriate action based upon that decision • The selection structure allows the programmer to evaluate data, therefore properly controlling the logic flow of the program • Another name for the selection structure is the decision structure • Example: stopping or going at a signal light
- 17. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Selection Structure (cont.) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 17 Figure 1-2 An example of the selection structure
- 18. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 18 The Selection Structure (cont.) Figure 1-3 Another example of the selection structure
- 19. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 19 The Repetition Structure • The repetition structure, commonly called iteration or looping, directs the computer to repeat one or more program instructions until some condition is met • This condition may be checked at the beginning or end of the set of instructions to be processed dependent upon the language being used • The repetition structure allows the programmer to repeatedly process a set of instructions, while only typing them in once
- 20. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Repetition Structure (cont.) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 20 Original algorithm and modified algorithm showing the repetition structure
- 21. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary • Programs are step-by-step instructions that tell a computer how to perform a task • Programmers use programming languages to communicate with the computer • First programming languages were machine language using 0s and 1s • Assembly languages followed, using mnemonics • High-level languages can be used to created procedure- oriented or object-oriented programs An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 21
- 22. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (cont.) • An algorithm is a finite number of step-by-step instructions that accomplish a task • Algorithms utilize three basic control structures: sequence, selection, and repetition • The sequence structure directs the computer to process the program instructions, one after another, in the order in which they are listed • The selection structure directs the computer to make a decision (evaluate a condition), and then take an appropriate action based upon that decision An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 22
- 23. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (cont.) • The repetition structure, commonly called iteration or looping, directs the computer to repeat one or more program instructions until some condition is met • The sequence structure is used in all programs • Most programs also contain both the selection and repetition structures An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 23
- 24. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lab 1-1: Stop and Analyze Study the algorithm below and answer the questions. • Which control structures are used in the algorithm? • What will the algorithm print when the price of the TV is $2,100? • How would you modify the algorithm so that it can be used for only the first 10 customers buying a TV? • How would you modify the algorithm so that it allows the user to also enter the discount rate and then uses that rate to calculate the discount? An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 24
- 25. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 25 Lab 1-2: Plan and Create The 10 salespeople at Harkins Company are paid a 10% bonus when they sell more than $10,000 in product; otherwise, they receive a 5% bonus. Create an appropriate algorithm using only the instructions shown below.
- 26. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 26 Lab 1-3: Modify Modify the algorithm shown below so that it gives a 25% discount to customers who are also employees of the store; all other customers receive a 15% discount.
- 27. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 27 Lab 1-4: What’s Missing? Harold wants to sit down on the park bench, but his cat Ginger may or may not be already seated there. Put the instructions shown below in the proper order, and then determine the one or more missing instructions.