Lecture "Open Source and Open Content"

Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

Did You Know?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY

Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 1/34


Open Source and Open Content
158.344 – Module 6

Guy K. Kloss

Computer Science
Massey University, Albany

Lecture Series – Emerging Issues in IT
Auckland, 7 September 2002



Did You Know?

We need to prepare for the future . . .
but we don’t know what it’s going to be like
The current economy (for IT, music, ﬁlm, press, other
media) is US oriented, but the US is not going to stay
our “yard stick” for measurement

We need to stop following blindly and start to
think and learn for ourselves.



Who has ever . . . ?

. . . read the (MS) EULA?
http://2tu.us/mmc
. . . understood the implications?
. . . compared them to an OSS license?



A special “public” park
Steve G. Mann, “Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free
Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1, 3 January 2000
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/
fm/article/view/723/632



Reversalism?



Outline

1 Open Source Software

2 Open Education

3 Open Content/Open Access

4 Open Standards

5 Open Licenses



Outline


2 Open Education


4 Open Standards

5 Open Licenses



The majority of all web sites worldwide is hosted by the
Open-Source Apache Web Server.
– Netcraft, September 2008 Web Server Survey



An estimated 29 million people use Linux, an Open Source
operating system.
– Linux Counter (2005)



Open Source Software represents a 23 % share of the
software market in the US and Europe.
– 2007 Gartner Open Source Summit



There are over hundreds of thousands Open Source Software
applications available today.



Outline


2 Open Education


4 Open Standards

5 Open Licenses



“He who receives an idea from me,
receives instruction himself without lessening mine;
as he who lights his taper at mine,
receives light without darkening me.”
– Thomas Jeﬀerson



The Theory of Relativity is on YouTube
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is on iTunes
31 % of MIT freshmen knew about MIT OCW before
applying . . .
. . . and it was a signiﬁcant inﬂuence in their decision for
35 % of them.
There is a California Open Source Textbook Project
Albany Senior High School and Open Source
http://www.edgazette.govt.nz/Articles/
Articles.aspx?ArticleID=7839



Outline


2 Open Education


4 Open Standards

5 Open Licenses



“Imagine a world in which every single person on
the planet is given free access to the sum of all
human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.”
– Jimmy Wales (co-founder and promoter of Wikipedia)



Wikipedia topped 10 million articles in 2008
The US National Institute of Health mandated in
December 2007 that all funded researchers make their
publications openly accessible on the Web.
In January 791 universities in 46 European countries
unanimously voted for Open Access mandates
Harvard faculty unanimously voted in February 2008 to
make their scholarly articles openly available to the
public online.



Outline


2 Open Education


4 Open Standards

5 Open Licenses



Build on good foundations:

“If I have seen further,
it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
– Sir Isaac Newton



Copyright

Intended for public good to encourage creativity
Now 70 years minimum
Up to 120 years
Terms of copyright have been extended 11 times over
last 40 years
1998 – Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
(CTEA) added 20 years to term
No new works will enter the public domain until 2018!
Poems of Emily Dickinson – 2050
Compositions of George Gershwin – 2019–2030



“Just at the time that technology is enabling all
sorts of new creativity, to build on this material and
do stuﬀ with it, the law is getting in the way and
locking it up.”
– Lawrence Lessig (founder of Creative Commons)



GNU GPL

General Public License
The freedom to use the software for any purpose.
The freedom to change the software to suit your needs.
The freedom to share the software with your friends and
neighbours.
The freedom to share the changes you make.
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html



Creative Commons License

Version 3.0 Licenses:
Attribution
Attribution – Noncommercial
Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works
Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike
Attribution – No Derivative Works
Attribution – Share Alike

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nz



Intellectual Property

Copyright
License
Trade Mark
Patent



Patenting



The rights of the user



Motivation for openness

Should you do open source science?

Three reasons:
Ideological
Reproducibility and open communication are supposed
to be at the heart of good science
Idealistic
It’s harder to change the world when you’re trying to do
good science and keep your methods secret
Pragmatic
Maybe having more eyes on your project will help!



Kindle



Open Source cannot be destroyed!

“First they ignore you,
then they laugh at you,
then they ﬁght you,
then you win.”
– Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,
describing the stages of a winning strategy of nonviolent
activism



Stephen Fry says “Happy Birthday” to GNU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfAO0AXMyQU



Questions?

Image by “walknboston”, CC-BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkn/3526522573/



Thanks to . . .

Some ideas and content of this talk have been used from:
Ellyssa Kroski
Presentation “Open and Libraries,”
http://www.slideshare.net/ellyssa/
open-and-libraries-presentation
Steve G. Mann
“Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free
Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1,
3 January 2000
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.
php/fm/article/view/723/632


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