Lecture-4: Introduction to Programming & Databases
2 likes313 views
This document provides an overview and objectives for a lecture on introduction to programming and databases. It discusses different types of programming languages from low-level languages like machine language and assembly language to high-level procedural and object-oriented languages. It also covers database management systems, relational and object-oriented databases, and the roles of database analysts and administrators.
Lecture-4: Introduction to Programming & Databases
- 1. LECTURE 04 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING & DATABASES Mr. Mubashir Ali Lecturer(Dept. of Computer Science) [email protected]
- 2. Living in a Digital World Discovering Computers 2010
- 3. Objectives Overview Differentiate between machine and assembly languages Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages, and describe the features of C and COBOL Identify and discuss the characteristics of these object-oriented programming languages and program development tools Identify the uses of other programming languages and program development tools Describe various ways to develop Web pages Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 3See Page 663 for Detailed Objectives
- 4. Objectives Overview Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs List the six steps in the program development life cycle Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design Explain the basic control structures and design tools used in designing solutions to programming problems Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 4See Page 663 for Detailed Objectives
- 5. Computer Programs and Programming Languages • A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks – Created by a programmer using a programming language Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 5Pages 664 – 665 Figure 13-1
- 6. Low-Level Languages • Machine language is the first generation of programming languages • Only language the computer directly recognizes Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 6Page 665 Figure 13-2
- 7. Low-Level Languages • Assembly language is the second generation of programming languages • Programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes • A source program contains the code to be converted to machine language Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 7Pages 665 – 666 Figure 13-3
- 8. Procedural Languages • In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it – Third-generation language (3GL) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 8Pages 666 - 667 A compiler translates an entire program before executing it An interpreter converts and executes one code statement at a time
- 9. Procedural Languages Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 9Page 667 Figures 13-4 – 13-5
- 10. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools • An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing objects • Other advantages include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 10Page 669 Objects can be reused Programmers create applications faster Work well in a RAD environment Most program development tools are IDEs
- 11. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools • Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems • The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode into machine-dependent code Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 11Page 670 Figure 13-8 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Java Platforms below Chapter 13
- 12. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools • The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of program to run on the Internet or an internal business network, as well as computers and mobile devices • Features include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 12Page 670 CLR (Common Language Runtime) Classes
- 13. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools • C++ is an extension of the C programming language – Additional features for working with objects, classes, events, and other object-oriented concepts • C# is based on C++ and was developed by Microsoft Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 13Page 671 Figure 13-9
- 14. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of program development tools Visual Basic is based on the BASIC programming language Visual C++ is based on C++ Visual C# combines the programming elements of C++ with an easier, rapid-development environment Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 14Pages 671 - 673
- 15. Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools A visual programming language is a language that uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all source code Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program development tool that is ideal for building large- scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD environment Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 15Page 673
- 16. Other Programming Languages and Development Tools • A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database – One popular 4GL is SQL Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 16Page 674 Figure 13-13
- 17. Other Programming Languages and Development Tools • Classic programming languages include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 17Page 675 Figure 13-14 Ada ALGOL APL BASIC Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP Logo Modula-2 Pascal PILOT PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk
- 18. Other Programming Languages and Development Tools • An application generator is a program that creates source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionality – Often bundled as part of a DBMS Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 18Page 676 Figure 13-15
- 19. Summary of ITP Various programming languages used to create computer programs A variety of Web development and multimedia development tools Steps in the program development life cycle and tools used to make this process efficient Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13 19Page 705
- 20. Objectives Overview DBMS Define the term, database, and explain how a database interacts with data and information Define the term, data integrity, and describe the qualities of valuable information Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file Describe file maintenance techniques and validation techniques Differentiate between a file processing approach and the database approach Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 20See Page 513 for Detailed Objectives
- 21. Objectives Overview Discuss the functions common to most database management systems Describe characteristics of relational, object- oriented, and multidimensional databases Explain how to access Web databases Identify database design guidelines and discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 21See Page 513 for Detailed Objectives
- 22. Databases, Data, and Information Database • Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data Data • Collection of unprocessed items • Text • Numbers • Images • Audio • Video Information • Processed data • Documents • Audio • Images Video Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 22Page 514
- 23. Databases, Data, and Information • Database software, often called a database management system (DBMS), allows users to: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 23Page 515 Create a computerized database Add, modify, and delete data Sort and retrieve data Create forms and reports from the data
- 24. Databases, Data, and Information • Data integrity identifies the quality of the data • Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 24Page 516 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Integrity below Chapter 10
- 25. Databases, Data, and Information • Valuable information should have the following characteristics: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 25Pages 516 - 517 Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized Accessible Useful Cost- effective
- 26. The Hierarchy of Data • Data is organized in layers – Files, records, fields, characters Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 26Page 517 Figure 10-2
- 27. The Hierarchy of Data • A character is one byte – Numbers, letters, space, punctuation marks, or other symbols • A field is a combination of one or more related characters – Field name – Field size – Data type Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 27Page 518 Figure 10-3
- 28. The Hierarchy of Data • Common data types include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 28Page 518 Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink Object Attachment
- 29. The Hierarchy of Data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 29Page 519 Figure 10-4 • A record is a group of related fields – A primary key uniquely identifies each record • A data file is a collection of related records
- 30. Maintaining Data • File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data current Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 30Page 520 Adding records Modifying records Deleting records
- 31. Maintaining Data • Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to find out if the data is correct Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 31Pages 522 - 524 Alphabetic/Numeric Check Range check Consistency check Completeness check Check digit Other checks Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Validation below Chapter 10
- 32. File Processing Versus Databases Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 32Pages 524 - 526 File processing system • Each department has its own set of files • Used for many years • Have data redundancy • Isolate data Database approach • Programs and users share data • Reduce data redundancy • Improve data integrity • Share data • Allows easier access • Reduces development time • Can be more vulnerable
- 33. File Processing Versus Databases Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 33Page 525 Figure 10-10
- 34. Database Management Systems • A data dictionary contains data about each file in the database and each field in those files Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 34Pages 527 – 528 Figure 10-12
- 35. Database Management Systems • A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the database Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 35Page 528 Query language Query by example Form Report generator
- 36. Database Management Systems • A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify the data to display, print, or store • Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist users with retrieving data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 36Page 528
- 37. Database Management Systems A DBMS provides means to ensure that only authorized users access data at permitted times •Access privileges •Principle of least privilege Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 37Page 531
- 38. Database Management Systems • A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the database to a usable form in case it is damaged or destroyed Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 38Pages 531 - 532 Backup Log Recovery utility Continuous backup
- 39. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases • A relational database stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns – Each row has a primary key – Each column has a unique name • A relationship is a link within the data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 39Page 533 Figure 10-20
- 40. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases • Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 40Page 534 Figure 10-21 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click SQL below Chapter 10
- 41. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases • An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects • Examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented database include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 41Page 534 Multimedia database Groupware database Computer- aided design database Hypertext database
- 42. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases • A multidimensional database can store data in more than two dimensions of data – Sometimes known as a hypercube – Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database • A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and manages the data required to analyze historical and current transactions Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 42Pages 535 - 536 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Warehouses below Chapter 10
- 43. Web Databases • Databases on the Web allow you to: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 43Page 536 Shop for products or services Buy or sell stocks Search for a job Make airline reservations Register for college classes Check semester grades
- 44. Database Administration Database analysts and administrators are responsible for managing and coordinating all database activities Database Analyst (DA) Decides on proper field placement, defines data relationship, and identifies users’ access privileges Database Administrator (DBA) Creates and maintains the data dictionary, manages security, monitors performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 44Page 538 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Database Administrators below Chapter 10
- 45. Summary How data and information are valuable assets to an organization Methods for maintaining high- quality data Assessing the quality of valuable information Advantages of organizing data in a database Various types of databases Roles of the database analysts and administrators Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 10 45Page 539