Python twisted
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Python Twisted is an event-driven networking framework. It uses non-blocking functions and callbacks to handle events like data on sockets. Code execution is triggered from an event loop when events occur. This allows for highly scalable servers without threads. Twisted supports many protocols and includes features like deferreds for asynchronous programming and a plugin architecture. However, it is single-threaded and requires external tools to utilize multiple CPUs.
Python twisted
- 1. Python Twisted Mahendra M @mahendra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
- 2. Methods of concurrency Workers Threads and processes Event driven Let us examine this with the case of a web server
- 3. Worker model request dispatch() worker_1() read(fp) db_rd() db_wr() sock_wr() worker_n()
- 4. Worker model request dispatch() worker_1() read(fp) BLOCKING!!db_rd() db_wr() sock_wr() worker_n()
- 5. How does it scale ? A worker gets CPU when it is not blocking When it makes a blocking call, it sleeps till the sys call is requested At this time another worker gets CPU Worker might block before it completes it's allocated timeslice. This model has worked great and still works great Eg: Apache, Squid
- 6. Overheads Worker management Thread creation Process creation and management Synchronization Scheduling (though this is left to OS) More system calls for blocking operations
- 7. Event Driven Code Non blocking code blocks Code execution on events Data on sockets, timer, new connection Execution triggered from an event loop Full use of CPU timeslice
- 8. Visually ... Non blocking functions event_1 hdler_1() event_2 block_on_events( .. ) hdler_2() Events are posted event_n hdler_n()
- 9. Visually ... Non blocking functions event_1 hdler_1() ev() event_2 block_on_events() hdler_2() Events are posted event_n hdler_n()
- 10. Web Server Non blocking functions request open(fp) reg() opened parse() event_loop() read_sql() reg() sql_read wri_sql() reg() sql_writ sock_wr() reg() responded close()
- 11. Event Driven Designs Nginx, Tornado Varnish Memcached OS support epoll – Linux kqueue – BSDs
- 12. Event Driven Libraries Libevent Pythontwisted Java NIO Apache MINA, Tomcat (not default) Jetty QT
- 13. Drawbacks Tougher to code, design and maintain Workers required to make use of multiple CPUs All callbacks must be nonblocking Tough to get nonblocking libraries for all modules No isolation A block in any event loop can freeze everything
- 14. Python Twisted Event driven programming framework MIT licensed 8 years old and stable Support for large number of protocols Client and server support HTTP – SOAP, REST, CouchDB, XMLRPC, .... Sockets, TCP/IP, Multicast, TLS, SSH, IMAP … SMTP, NNTP, FTP, Memcached, AMQP, XMPP, ...
- 15. Deferred The central concept of twisted A callback returns a deferred to indicate that the job is not done yet. The caller can add callbacks to a deferred. The callbacks are invoked then the job is done Eh ?
- 16. Deferred example from twisted.internet import reactor # Define a success callback def cb( arg1, arg2 ): print ”Timeout after %d %s” % ( arg1, arg2 ) # Define an error callback def eb( error ): Print ”error %s” % error # Invoke a non blocking task deferred = someTimeout( 4 ) # Register the callbacks on the returned deferred deferred.addCallback( cb, 4, 'twisted is great' ) deferred.addErrback( eb ) # Run the event loop reactor.run()
- 17. Twisted Server from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, Factory from twisted.internet import reactor class QOTD(Protocol): def connectionMade(self): self.transport.write("Welcomern") self.transport.loseConnection() # Next lines are magic: factory = Factory() factory.protocol = QOTD # 8007 is the port you want to run under. reactor.listenTCP(8007, factory) reactor.run()
- 18. Deferred chaining A callback can register and return another deferred This callback can return another deferred In short we have a deferred chain … Web server example:
- 20. Advanced twisted Twisted application support Mixing and matching twisted applications Command line 'twistd' runner Predefined twisted apps Web, telnet, xmpp, dns, conch (ssh), mail, … Plugin architecture Live debugging ADBAPI – for RDBMS
- 21. Advanced twisted Perspective Broker RPC and object sharing Spreading out servers Cred – Authentication framework Deferring to threads External loops (GTK, QT) Streaming support MVC framework (Complex. Very complex)
- 22. Drawbacks Single threaded by design Makes use of only one core/CPU Need external modules for using multiple CPU Run multiple instances of twisted on a box num_instances = num_cpus Use nginx (HTTP), HAProxy for load balancing
- 23. Demos
- 24. Links http://twistedmatrix.com/trac/