Metamorphosing Indian Blockchain Ecosystem

International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-12, Issue-1, (February 2022)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.12.1.9
77 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Metamorphosing Indian Blockchain Ecosystem
Dr. Jyoti Mahajan1
, Dr. Rajesh Mahajan2
and Dr. Dileep Kumar Singh3
1
Assistant Professor, G.H. Raisoni Institute of Management & Research, Khaperkheda, Nagpur, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, Amity Business School, Amity University Chhattisgarh, INDIA
3
Assistant Professor, Amity Business School, Amity University Chhattisgarh, INDIA
3
Corresponding Author: dksingh@rpr.amity.edu
ABSTRACT
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is
shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts
as a database, storing information in a digital format. The
study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block
chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian
economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper
understanding of blockchain technology's idea and
implementation in India, as well as the technology's
potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals,
papers, and websites were used to compile all the data.
Current and relevant information were utilised to help
understand the research goals. All the information is
rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current
research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's
Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best
in the world at utilising this new technology.
Keywords— Blockchain, Ecosystem, Banking Industry
I. INTRODUCTION
The functionality and complexity of Distributed
Ledger Technology (DLT) and blockchain have grown
significantly to provide solutions to a variety of
industries, including the financial sector. Some of the
banks have started pilot initiatives to understand more
about DLT and see how it may help their operations and
financial systems. Most of these projects have been
experimental in nature so far, with the goal of
determining the viability of performing inter-bank
settlements, digital asset and token settlements, and
cross-border payments over DLT platforms using
existing system functionality. In the Indian context,
boosting support for innovations and evolving
technologies from the Reserve Bank of India and the
Government of India through regulatory sandboxes and
other initiatives will pave the path for a new economic
system to emerge for a new economy enhanced with
technology-centric growth. The present research study
focuses on ideas for transforming India's Blockchain
ecosystem so that it may become one among the most
developed countries in terms of leveraging the benefits
of this emerging technology.
II. RESEARCH QUESTION
The present study addresses the research
questions mentioned below:
1. How will Block Chain technology transform
different sectors of Indian economy in future?
2. What challenges India will face for adoption of
Block Chain Technology and steps the
government of India have taken to implement
the Block Chain Technology?
III. OBJECTIVES
The study is fundamentally aimed at
understanding the following:
1. To understand the blockchain's technical
architecture and how it works.
2. To have a better understanding of the
technological and administrative aspects of
implementing Block Chain in India.
3. To study Opportunities and threats of Block
Chain Technology.
4. To understand transformation of India's
Blockchain ecosystem
IV. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(Guo and Liang,2016)[1]
asserted that
blockchain technology has a bright future ahead of it in
the banking industry. It has the potential to improve and
improve the efficiency of the banking sector's payment
clearing and settlement system, as well as the credit
information system. Abou (Jaoude, J., & Saade, R.
G.,2019)[2]
identified that BCT originally conceived as a
mechanism to enable a frictionless cryptocurrency,
Bitcoin, blockchain has since unbound itself from its
original purpose as an increasing number of industries
and stakeholders see the technology as an appealing
alternative to solve existing business problems and
disrupt mature industries. The blockchain's unique
characteristics, such as privacy, security, anonymity,
decentralisation, and immutability, help a wide range of
disciplines and subjects. The exploration of blockchain's
application has barely begun with a few small studies in
domains including the Internet of Things, energy,
banking, healthcare, and government, all of which stand
to gain disproportionately from its deployment. (Yang, X.
M., Li, X., Wu, H. Q., & Zhao, K. Y., 2017) [3]
regarded
that the underlying technology of bitcoin, blockchain
technology is not only applied in the field of finance, but

also has potential in education. According to the
experience and enlightenment from the application of
blockchain in the financial field, the blockchain in
education is mainly embodied in the six application
modes: establishing individual knowledge big data,
creating intelligent educational platform of Taobao,
developing degree certificate system, constructing new
ecology of open education resources, achieving "self-
organization" operation of network learning community
and developing the decentralization of education system.
(Gupta and Gupta 2018) [4]
have stated that Indian
banking system can drastically change with the help of
blockchain technology. It has the ability to make
transactions to be more secured, transparent and cost
effective and to evolve towards digitizing the Indian
monetary system. (MM Queiroz and SF Wamba, 2019)
[5]
identified that blockchain technology can reshape the
future of the banking. Banks need to process and store
enormous data and therefore enhanced security and
transparency can be achieved by this technology.
Sharma (2020)[6]
stated that blockchain can bring in a
revolution in the Indian banking. A secured and
distributed database of clients helps in reducing the time
and cost in interbank transactions, KYC of customers,
and reduction in NPA of the banks. Hsani and Sherimon
(2021)[7]
have also noted that blockchain technology
helps in quickly completing complex clearing and
settlement system and make the process of
authentication easier through shared KYC infrastructure.
Madaan, L., Kumar, A., & Bhushan, B. (2020, April)[8]
investigated blockchain and its current scenario, it first
focuses on the emergence of blockchain and its working
and also briefly explains the characteristics and
challenges faced by technology.
The review of literature highlights that BCT
have been studied from different perspective by different
authors but very few studies focus on essential
ecosystem required to implement the BCT. Therefore the
current research focuses on ideas for transforming India's
Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the
top countries in terms of leveraging the benefits of this
emerging technology.
V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The current research focuses on gaining a better
knowledge of the concept and application of blockchain
technology in India, as well as the technology's prospects
as a disruptive financial technological advancement. By
focusing on the technological and administrative aspects
of block chain technology implementation in India, the
study also provides insight into the strategies for
metamorphosing the Indian Blockchain ecosystem to
make India one of the leading countries in terms of
harnessing the benefits of this emerging technology. The
current research is exploratory and descriptive. All the
information was gathered from secondary sources such
as reports, journals, papers, and websites. To
comprehend the research aims, tables were used. All the
data is logically organised to meet the given goals.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Understanding Block Chain Technology
"A blockchain is a distributed ledger that
records transactions in near real time and is digitally
unchangeable." The respective consensus of the network
participants (called nodes) is required for each future
transaction to be added to the ledger, hence generating a
continual process of control regarding manipulation,
errors, and data quality." Simply explained, Blockchain
is a technology for trading value without the use of a
middleman over the internet.
Figure 1: Blockchain Network and the process of adding new transaction to ledger (Source: National Strategy on
Blockchain, NISG, https://www.nisg.org/blockchain)

The immutability of a Blockchain makes it
nearly impossible to make changes after it has been
formed, increasing data integrity, and reducing fraud
potential. The basic data structure of a Blockchain,
known as a Merkle tree or Hash tree, provides
immutability and irreversibility.
Figure 2: Merkle Tree Structure ((Source: National Strategy on Blockchain, NISG, https://www.nisg.org/blockchain)
6.2 Merkle Tree Structure at the heart of Block Chain
Blockchain's cryptographic security is provided
by a binary data structure with hash pointers. Merkle
tree, also known as hash tree, is a distributed data
structure that groups data blocks into pairs and stores the
hash of each pair in a parent node. The hash codes are
grouped together until they reach the root node. The
immutability of a Blockchain is derived from the fact
that tampering of any block will result in manipulation
of all preceding hashes until the root node, which is
tamper proof. Another benefit of the Merkle tree is that it
provides proof of membership/ownership because
knowing the root member is sufficient to know all of the
tree's members.
Figure 3: Traditional database vs. Blockchain base distributed ledger
(Source: National Strategy on Blockchain, NISG, https://www.nisg.org/blockchain)
Traditional Database
In traditional database actual value is
transferred between two parties by central authorities. To
facilitate the transfer of assets and establish trust,
multiple intermediaries are required.
Blockchain Database
In Blockchain database distributed nodes that
maintain a shared source of Information. Trust enabled
by cryptographic algorithm
6.3 Types of Block Chain:
Blockchain can be set up in two ways: public /
permissionless or private / permissioned, each with its
own set of benefits and drawbacks. Figure 4
demonstrates the various architecture possibilities for

Blockchain deployments, illustrating that private
Blockchains allow only known entities to join the
network, whereas public Blockchains do not have a
central authority (Brant et al 2018) [9]
.
Figure 4: Block Chain Architecture Options
Public Block Chain
Fully decentralized and Transparent - Anyone
can read, send transactions & participate in the
consensus process.
Permissioned Block Chain
Quasi-decentralized, with a pre-selected number
of nodes controlling consensus and read permission
restricted to participants.
Private Block Chain
Centralized–requires a 'high trust' entity with
centralised Write access for one entity and Read
permissions for all participants.
6.4 Blockchain Applications of National Importance
In corporate operations, blockchain technology
enables transparency, security, and efficiency. It creates
a unique layer of trust across the Internet, which was
initially explored with the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. The
functionality of B2B, G2C, G2G, and B2G services
related to diverse application fields will be
revolutionised by Blockchain Technology. As shown in
Figure 5, it has applications in healthcare, governance,
cyber security, autos, media, travel, logistics &
hospitality, education, legal, energy, and smart cities.
Figure 5: Application of Block Chain Technology

Potential Block Chain Applications of National
Interest includes:
 Transfer of Land Records (Property Record
Management)
 Digital Certificates Management (Education,
Death, Birth, Agreements, and Sale deeds...)
are two potential Blockchain applications of
national relevance.
 e-Notary Service is a service that allows you to
sign documents electronically (Blockchain
enabled e-Sign Solution)
 Supply chain for pharmaceuticals
 Agricultural Insurance
 Managing your identity
 Distribution of power
 Payments of duties
 Supply networks in agriculture and other
industries
 eVoting (Electronic Voting)
 Management of Electronic Health Records
(EHR)
 System for Managing Digital Evidence
 Providing Public Services
 IoT Device Security and Management
 Vehicle lifecycle management
 Managing the operations of a chit fund
 Microfinance for Self-Help Organizations
(SHG)
6.5 Value addition through Blockchain in E-
Governance
1) In e-Government, blockchain may provide a lot
of value by improving transparency and
accountability, building trust with citizens,
speeding up transactions, protecting sensitive
data, and lowering costs and improving
efficiency.
2) In order to provide service to residents,
government procedures necessitate the
involvement of numerous agencies. Data
communication between departments must be
seamless if efficient service delivery is to be
achieved. Smart contract workflows and shared
ledgers can be used to track cross-departmental
procedures. As a result, through utilization of
Block Chain, the system becomes more
transparent and accountable.
3) Because blockchain is a single source of truth,
it may be used to authenticate and verify all
transactions and data generated by various
government agencies.
4) Smart contracts, supply chains for various
government procedures, trusted inter-
departmental communication, and tamper-
evident storage are all possible with blockchain.
5) By comparing the submitted document copy to
a version kept in a Blockchain, officials will be
able to validate the proof of existence of papers.
Storing digital artefacts / documents in a
Blockchain ensures that they are secure and
unaffected by alteration.
6.6 Global initiative in implementation of Block Chain
Many governments have implemented
Blockchain-based platforms and services, and many
vendors are already delivering Blockchain as a service to
their clients.
1) China's Blockchain-based Service Network
(BSN) programme intends to make it easier for
businesses and people to deploy Blockchain
applications more quickly and affordably. The
BSN includes components that provide
application development developer tools and
focuses on standardising them across public
networks, regions, and business sectors. The
goal is to assist efforts in the digital economy
and smart cities.
2) Another initiative of China has launched a
Blockchain-based identification system for
smart city infrastructure that was developed
independently. This technology will issue
Chinese smart cities a unique, global digital ID
in order to promote communication and data
sharing between them. The Blockchain-based
notary application has been operational in
China's offices since April 2019.
3) The European Blockchain Partnership (EBP)
aims to use blockchain and distributed ledger
technologies to build a trusted, secure, and
resilient European Blockchain Services
Infrastructure (EBSI) that meets the highest
standards in terms of privacy, cybersecurity,
interoperability, and policy implementation,
among other things.
4) The Estonian-developed Keyless Signature
Infrastructure (KSI) is a Blockchain technology.
In Estonian government networks, blockchain is
being used to mathematically guarantee the
legitimacy of electronic data (records). They
used X-Road, a "centrally managed distributed
Data Exchange Layer (DXL) connecting
information systems." Organizations can use X-
Road to share information over the Internet
while maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and
interoperability.
5) United Arab Emirates has “Smart Dubai”
initiative, which aims to become the first city
fully powered by Blockchain by 2021,” and
enhance everything from health care and
education to traffic management and
environmental sustainability.
6) In the United States, the Food and Drug
Administration is utilising Blockchain to
address the issue of lack of openness and
security in the processing of health data. The
Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom
is utilising Blockchain to track the circulation
of meat in order to improve food traceability.

7) The Brazilian government has declared that
applications and popular voting would be
migrated to Ethereum. Brazil is also
concentrating on public bidding for government
contracts, on-line bid solutions to provide
secure and transparent negotiations for farm
applications, and student credentials and
performance tracking.
8) Chile uses Ethereum to track data and finances
from the energy infrastructure in order to
combat corruption and exploitation by making
data transparent and immutable for all citizens
to see. In 2017, Switzerland began offering and
registering digital IDs on Ethereum.
9) To alleviate voters' concerns about corruption,
Canada is adopting Ethereum to offer
transparency to the usage of government grants.
10) Sweden is concentrating on real estate
transactions, while Ghana is working on a
blockchain-based land registry and cadastral
record to collect property taxes.
11) Samsung Blockchain Wallet, which is powered
by COSMOCHAIN Blockchain, has created
CosmeeDApp, which allows users to purchase
content with bitcoin. If a corporation uses
information provided or developed by
customers, the information sources are
rewarded in a completely transparent manner
utilising Blockchain.
12) LG Blockchain is a company that specialises in
digital authentication, community tokens, and
enterprise supply chain management.
13) Some of the Blockchain services available
include Amazon Managed Blockchain,
Microsoft Azure Workbench, IBM Blockchain,
Oracle Blockchain, and BlockappsStrato.
14) Cosmos, Polkadot, Aion, Ark, Wanchain,
Atomic Swap, and Chainlink are just a few of
the global Blockchain Interoperability research
projects.
6.7 National Scenario in implementation of Block
Chain
Blockchain Technology has been selected by
the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY) as one of the significant research fields with
application potential in several domains such as
governance, banking and finance, cyber security, and so
on. With C-DAC, IDRBT, and VJTI as executing
agencies, MeitY has financed a multi-institutional
project dubbed Distributed Centre of Excellence in
Blockchain Technology.
Agencies have conducted research on the
application of Blockchain Technology in designated
domains, built Proof-of-Concept solutions, and piloted
them as part of this programme. A blockchain-based
property registration solution has been successfully built
and is being tested in Telangana's Shamshabad District.
Proof-of-Concept solutions for Cloud Security
Assurance, CKYC, and trade financing are being
developed. A generic blockchain-based Proof-of-
Existence (PoE) Framework is being created to enable
PoE for digital artefacts, such as academic diplomas, sale
deed documents, and memorandums of understanding.
A method for authenticating academic
certificates has been built utilising the PoE framework,
and it is currently being tested at C-DAC Advanced
Computing Training School. In order to encourage the
growth of the Blockchain ecosystem, the team has
showcased the developed solutions to a number of
additional states and successfully conducted capacity
building programmes for user agencies. C-DAC is also a
founding member of Telangana State's Blockchain
District programme.
In collaboration with NICSI, NIC developed a
Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain technology.
The goals of the CoE are to speed up the adoption and
deployment of Blockchain technology in government, to
execute projects focused on various use cases, to pilot
deployment, to offer Blockchain-Platform as a Service to
speed up the design and development of solutions, and to
provide consultancy and capacity building. The Center
of Excellence is focusing on collaboration between the
government, the public sector, and the business sector.
Blood Bank, Digidhan, Public Distribution System, Land
Registration, GST Backoffice, Excise Management
System, and other application areas discovered and
developed by CoE.
Blockchain has been identified by the National
Institution for Transparency and Accountability (NITI
Aayog) as a promising technology that enables features
such as decentralisation, transparency, and
accountability. NITI Aayog has piloted a number of
Blockchain use cases in collaboration with various
government departments and private organisations. Land
records, pharmaceutical supply chains, fertiliser subsidy
disbursement, and educational diplomas are some of the
use cases.
C-DAC has completed successful proof-of-
concepts and pilot deployments, demonstrating that
Blockchain Technology will play a disruptive role in the
industry 4.0, government, and public sectors. One of the
mission areas specified by C-DAC is Blockchain
Technology. C-mission DAC's is to create Blockchain
Technology solutions that enable a trusted and auditable
shared infrastructure for cross-domain application
development and large-scale deployment. The top level
components of C-mission DAC's in Blockchain
Technology are as follows:
Unified Blockchain Framework: A cross-
domain blockchain platform that addresses performance,
scalability, interoperability, security, and privacy
concerns.
Block chain services: e Sign has related to a
blockchain-based Proof-of-Existence system (PoE).
Blockchain Applications for different
domains: Security for IoT Deployment, Blockchain for
Electronic Health Record (EHR), Blockchain based
Digital Evidence Management System, Blockchain for

Track and Trace, Blockchain for Electronic Health
Record (EHR), Blockchain for Electronic Health Record
(EHR), Blockchain for Electronic Health Record (EHR),
Blockchain for Electronic Health Record (EHR),
Blockchain for Electronic Health Record Self-Sovereign
Identity on the Blockchain APEDA Trace Net,
Government e-Marketplace (GeM) Platform, Blockchain
Technology for Voting, and Blockchain based Property
Record Management System all use blockchain
technology.
RBI & other initiatives: The Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) is investigating the use of Blockchain
technology in the banking sector. Mahindra and IBM are
working on a supply chain management system together.
For a Blockchain-based application trial, SBI has
partnered with commercial banks and financial
institutions. Blockchain is also being used by Yes Bank,
Axis Bank, and ICICI Bank in their financial operations.
NASSCOM: According to the NASSCOM Avasant
India Blockchain Report 2019, various states throughout
India have begun to implement Blockchain-based use
cases. The top three use cases are land registry, farm
insurance, and digital certificates.
6.7 Legal Challenges for implementation of Block
Chain Technology
1) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed
restrictions on virtual currencies based on
Blockchain technology, and a circular has been
issued to prohibit crypto-currency transactions
in India. However, the feature of tokenization-
related actions is unclear.
2) In banking legislation, in-person verification is
required to satisfy non-repudiation standards,
and implementing technical solutions for such
requirements, particularly for crypto-currency
based on Blockchain, is difficult.
3) Blockchain networks and applications rely
heavily on digital signatures. There are
currently no specifics in Schedule I of the
Information Technology Act, 2000 in relation
to transactions involving immovable property,
wills, or negotiable instruments, hence this
clause excludes the technology's applicability to
such operations.
4) When it comes to Blockchain, Section 43A of
the IT Act currently does not have any
precautions indicated in terms of privacy. The
'Right to be Forgotten,' which is a common
aspect of data protection law such as the Draft
Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, clashes
with Blockchain's intrinsic feature of data not
being able to be removed and data history being
constantly available.
5) Localization: Because the Blockchain
automatically stores data redundancy across all
nodes on a network, localization requirements
may pose a problem for the system, even if they
are limited to only important personal data, as
the Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology is considering (MeitY).
6.8 Privacy, Security, and regulation Challenges for
implementation of Block Chain Technology
1) Privacy: Because data on the blockchain is kept
on every node in the network, privacy is not an
intrinsic characteristic of the blockchain. This is
an active research subject, with numerous
solutions being presented and evolving. Data
should be maintained in a way that does not
jeopardise an individual's privacy, and proper
permission methods should be implemented in
accordance with data protection legislation.
2) Regulations: The situation of Blockchain
application legislation and compliance is still
unclear. The restrictions primarily concern the
privacy of information transferred via
Blockchain, which might include health data or
user identity documents, among other things.
When the regulations are well-defined, adoption
will speed up.
3) Use of CA’s: Every entity in Blockchain,
including nodes and users, has public keys,
private keys, and certificates. The utilisation of
existing certificate authorities (CAs) is a crucial
integration point. The type of CA to use would
be determined by the application's nature.
Applications that require transaction signing
with certificates from a licenced CA should be
considered as part of the implementation from
the start.
(*The above challenges have been adopted from report
National Block Chain Strategic Report by NIC)
6.9 Technological Challenges for implementation of
Block Chain Technology
1) Performance & Scalability: The decentralised
architecture of Blockchain, in contrast to old
centralised systems, indicates that it will be
slower than traditional systems. As a result, it's
critical to create a system that allows for
speedier synchronisation. While extensive
research is being done in this area, the initial
use-cases should be carefully chosen such that
real-time processing and results are not
required. The architecture and configuration of
the Blockchain platform, as well as variable
computing power, network bandwidth, block
size, consensus, transaction validation
processes, privacy needs, file system, and data
storage, all impact the scalability of Blockchain
systems. These scalability needs should be
addressed in the architectural architecture of the
Blockchain network and platform.
2) Storage: Blockchain is regarded as an append-
only data storage system. Because data saved in
the Blockchain cannot be changed, it becomes
eternal and is duplicated across all network
nodes. This necessitates a lot of storage space

and may become an issue if the chain of blocks
grows.
3) Transaction details and interoperability: For
high performance gains, a design choice on
what part of the application data flows offchain
and what part goes onchain is critical. The
number of transaction details that must be
stored should be limited to a bare minimum,
and this may vary depending on the application.
Transaction standardisation for a certain class
of applications must be developed in order to
reap the benefits of interoperability across
comparable applications.
4) Resource Allocation: Due to the dispersed
nature of the network and node infrastructure,
resource allocations would vary and rely on the
cost of network maintenance, peripheral
security, and other critical criteria. In such
instances, lower resource allocations may have
a performance impact on the overall system.
Furthermore, problems associated with
establishing Blockchain Infrastructure across
the country must be addressed.
6.10 Skill Set Challenges for implementation of Block
Chain Technology
1) Awareness: A fundamental difficulty is a lack
of understanding of the nature of Blockchain
systems. There are a lot of open source
Blockchain platforms available, but many of
them lack well-documented features like as the
ability to add new components, security,
scalability, and speed. This need experienced
people in a variety of technologies in order to
comprehend and alter their performance to meet
specific needs.
2) Underlying Technology: The underlying
technology that powers Blockchain is still in its
infancy and is just now approaching the point
where it can be used in production. The benefits
of technology should be communicated to
users, as well as how it might be used to solve
issues in a certain domain of national relevance.
3) Supply Chain: Blockchain may be used to trace
supply chains, which is a useful and significant
use. Due to a lack of understanding and trust
concerns in technology, a lot of domain experts
are hesitant to accept the technology. As a
result, quicker Blockchain use necessitates
increased digitalization and knowledge.
4) Proof of Concept: Users must pay blockchain
professionals or data scientists to execute a
successful large-scale PoC (Proof of Concept),
which is more expensive than hiring software
engineers, making adoption challenging.
5) Manpower: It's difficult to locate people who
are both domain and technology experts. Many
projects that have begun to adopt Blockchain-
based applications are running into a skilled
labour shortage. India's scale and needs
(including catering to global needs) would be
significantly bigger, and if human requirements
are not met in a timely and adequate manner,
the nation's journey to adopt Blockchain will be
severely hampered.
6.11 Challenges in terms of security, privacy, and
legislation
Privacy: Because data on the blockchain is kept
on every node in the network, privacy is not an intrinsic
characteristic of the blockchain. This is an active
research subject, with numerous solutions being
presented and evolving. Data should be stored in a way
that does not jeopardise an individual's privacy, and
proper consent methods should be implemented in
accordance with data protection legislation.
1) Existing CA’s can be used: Every entity in
Blockchain, including nodes and users, has
public keys, private keys, and certificates. The
utilisation of existing certificate authorities
(CAs) is a crucial integration point. The type of
CA to use would be determined by the
application's nature. Applications that require
transaction signing with certificates from a
licenced CA should be considered as part of the
implementation from the start.
2) State Regulations: The state of Blockchain
application legislation and compliance is still
unclear. The restrictions primarily concern the
privacy of information transferred via
Blockchain, which could include health data or
user identity documents, among other things.
When the regulations are well-defined, adoption
will speed up.
6.12 Legislation challenges for adopting in India
1) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed
restrictions on virtual currencies based on
Blockchain technology, and a circular has been
issued to prohibit crypto-currency transactions
in India. However, the feature of tokenization-
related actions is unclear.
2) In banking legislation, in-person verification is
required to satisfy non-repudiation standards,
and implementing technical solutions for such
requirements, particularly for crypto-currency
based on Blockchain, is difficult.
3) Blockchain networks and applications rely
heavily on digital signatures.
4) There are currently no specifics in Schedule I of
the Information Technology Act, 2000 in
relation to transactions involving immovable
property, wills, or negotiable instruments, hence
this clause excludes the technology's
applicability to such operations.
5) When it comes to Blockchain, Section 43A of
the IT Act currently does not have any
precautions indicated in terms of privacy. The
'Right to be Forgotten,' which is a common
aspect of data protection law such as the Draft
Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, clashes

with Blockchain's intrinsic feature of data not
being able to be removed and data history being
constantly available.
6) Localization: Because public Blockchain
automatically stores data redundancies across
all nodes on a network, localization
requirements may pose a challenge for the
technology, even if they are limited to only
critical personal data, as the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology is
considering (MeitY).
6.13 SWOT Analysis
The SWOT analysis is taken from the Gartner
Trend Insight Report "Practical Blockchain."
Considering the SWOT analysis, it's critical to identify
and deploy Blockchain to the proper application that can
take advantage of the technology's advantages. Multiple
untrustworthy stakeholder engagement, such as
regulatory bodies, smart contracts that do not change
frequently, data that requires permanent storage, and so
on are all considerations to consider while developing a
blockchain application.
Strength Weakness
 Decentralized approach
 Speed and 100% transparency
 Open Source
 Security and modern cryptography
 Native Asset Creation
 No reliance on third party
 Low cost and risk
 Dynamic and fluid exchange value
 Access challenge
 Change Management
 Integration With Legacy Systems
 Lack of Standards
 Low capacity and processing speed
 Ownership challenge
 Recent technology (not 100% developed)
 Scalability
 Security against cyber criminals
 Storage
 Technology Maturity
Opportunities Threats
 Automations
 Business Process Optimisation
 Elimination of trust necessity
 Faster (international) payment transfer
 Improved customer experience
 Increased quality of products and services
 Innovation In Almost Every Industry Especially
Banking
 Instantaneous settlements
 KYC database
 New Intermediaries
 No reliance on rating agencies
 Opportunities In IoT
 Programmable control mechanisms
 Smart contracts in insurance
 Speedup bank processes
 A lot of research needs to be done
 Disappearance of existing bank jobs
 Govt. willingness to adopt
 High investments for implementations
 Huge regulatory impact
 Hype
 Legal/regulatory and compliance
 Privacy and security
 Time-consuming negotiations
 Uncertainty about the impact
6.14 Block Chain Adoption Road Map
Because Blockchain Technology is still in its
infancy, it faces a number of obstacles that must be
overcome in order for it to be adopted and used
efficiently in a variety of applications. Figure 1 shows a
road map for blockchain technology adoption, as well as
data on key milestones.

Figure 6: Block Chain Technology Adoption Road map (National Strategy on Blockchain, NISG,
https://www.nisg.org/blockchain)
Patient health records, for example, can be kept
on National Level Blockchain in a tamperproof way in
the health care arena. Patient data stored on Blockchain
can be granted role-based privacy enabled access. This
allows doctors at any hospital in India to view a patient's
medical history when the patient comes to them for
treatment. Shared Blockchain architecture prevents asset
data duplication and ensures that asset transaction
histories are consistent. Potential Roadblocks in the
Evolution of Shared Blockchain Infrastructure and
Cross-Domain Applications:
 Transaction Speed and Scalability (achieving
higher number of transactions per second)
 Interoperability and standardisation of data
security and privacy (cross-platform and cross-
chain protocols)
 Regulatory Aspects of AI and Data Analytics
 Ecosystem and enabling environment
 Infrastructure that is not centralised
VII. CONCLUSION
DLT and blockchain have evolved in
functionality and complexity to give solutions to a range
of industries, including the financial industry. Some
central banks have begun pilot projects to learn more
about distributed ledger technology and evaluate how it
may benefit their operations and financial systems. So
far, the majority of these initiatives have been
experimental, with the purpose of assessing the
practicality of completing inter-bank settlements, digital
asset and token settlements, and cross-border payments
through DLT platforms utilising current system
capabilities. In the Indian context, increasing Reserve
Bank of India and Government of India support for
innovations and emerging technologies through
regulatory sandboxes and other efforts would pave the
way for a new economy based on technology.
In the Indian context, increasing Reserve Bank
of India and Government of India support for
innovations and emerging technologies through
regulatory sandboxes and other efforts would pave the
way for a new economy based on technology-centric
growth. The present study focuses on proposals for
improving India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may
become one of the best in the world at reaping the
benefits of this new technology.
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