1. MySQL uses Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) to allow for concurrent reads and writes to the same data.
2. MVCC works by storing the data in multiple versions and using read views and undo logs to present different versions of the data to transactions based on their isolation level and start time.
3. The InnoDB storage engine in MySQL implements MVCC using undo logs to reconstruct past versions of rows from writes and maintain multiple read views with different views of the data for concurrent transactions.
The document discusses the internals of the Windows heap and how it can be exploited for arbitrary memory overwrites. It covers the key data structures used in heap management like segments, free lists, lookaside tables, and virtually allocated chunks. The algorithms for allocation and freeing memory from the heap are explained in detail. Special techniques for reliable heap exploitation are presented for overcoming issues with service pack dependencies and unknown addresses.
Practical ,Transparent Operating System Support For SuperpagesNadeeshani Hewage
The document discusses the operational principles and considerations for superpages in operating systems, emphasizing the need for efficient memory management and optimization of Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) coverage. It outlines the constraints, allocation strategies, promotion/demotion policies, and the challenges associated with fragmentation and dirty pages. Evaluations indicate that with effective fragmentation control, superpages can significantly improve performance in terms of memory access speed and TLB miss reduction.
[若渴計畫] Challenges and Solutions of Window Remote ShellcodeAj MaChInE
This document discusses challenges and solutions related to window remote shellcode. It outlines challenges posed by antivirus software, EMET, firewalls, and IDS/IPS systems. It then describes various techniques for bypassing these protections, such as encryption, obfuscation, non-standard programming languages, and the use of tools like Meterpreter and Veil Framework payloads. Specific bypass techniques covered include DLL injection, process hollowing, reflective loading, and the use of techniques like one-way shells and HTTP stagers.
InnoDB Architecture and Performance Optimization, Peter ZaitsevFuenteovejuna
This document provides an overview of the Innodb architecture and performance optimization. It discusses the general architecture including row-based storage, tablespaces, logs, and the buffer pool. It covers topics like indexing, transactions, locking, and multi-versioning concurrency control. Optimization techniques are presented such as tuning memory configuration, disk I/O, and garbage collection parameters. Understanding the internal workings is key to advanced performance tuning of the Innodb storage engine in MySQL.
The document discusses four physical memory models in Linux: flat memory model, discontinuous memory model, sparse memory model, and sparse memory virtual memmap. It describes how each model addresses physical memory (page frames) and maps them to page descriptors. The sparse memory model is currently used, using memory sections to allocate page structures and support memory hotplug. It initializes by walking memory ranges from memblocks and allocating/initializing mem_section data structures.
Linux Kernel Booting Process (2) - For NLKBshimosawa
The document discusses the booting process and virtual memory in Linux kernel architecture, focusing on both x86 and ARM systems. It explains concepts like segmentation, paging, and memory management, alongside details on the structure of page tables and the roles of various registers in managing virtual addresses. Additionally, it addresses how hardware mechanisms like the Memory Management Unit (MMU) operate in conjunction with software to translate virtual addresses to physical memory.
The document discusses MySQL's buffer pool and buffer management. It describes how the buffer pool caches frequently accessed data in memory for faster access. The buffer pool contains several lists including a free list, LRU list, and flush list. It explains functions for reading pages from storage into the buffer pool, replacing pages using LRU, and flushing dirty pages to disk including single page flushes during buffer allocation.
The document discusses InnoDB flushing and checkpoints. It provides an overview of InnoDB architecture and describes the page cleaner thread that handles background flushing. The page cleaner thread coordinates multiple worker threads to flush pages from the LRU and flush lists. Flushing involves writing dirty pages from the buffer pool to disk in the background to avoid needing synchronous I/O.
Windows 10 Nt Heap Exploitation (Chinese version)Angel Boy
The document discusses Windows memory allocation and the NT heap. It describes the core data structures used, including the _HEAP, _HEAP_ENTRY chunks, and _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP BlocksIndex. It explains how allocated, freed, and VirtualAlloc chunks are structured and managed in the Back-End, including using freelist chains and BlocksIndex to efficiently service allocation requests.
The document discusses secondary index searches in MySQL. It describes the process as starting with a search of the secondary index tree to find the primary key. The primary key is then added to an unsorted list. Once all secondary index searches are complete, the primary key list is sorted. The primary index tree is then searched sequentially using the sorted primary key list to retrieve the clustered data records. Finally, the clustered data records are accessed sequentially.
MongoDB WiredTiger Internals: Journey To TransactionsMydbops
This document presents an in-depth overview of MongoDB's WiredTiger storage engine, focusing on its architecture, transaction management, and internal workings. It discusses MongoDB's evolution with WiredTiger, including transaction features introduced in various versions, as well as features like MVCC and journaling for data integrity. The presentation outlines practical implications for developers and DBA practitioners, emphasizing best practices for managing transactions and performance optimization.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a presentation on PostgreSQL. The agenda includes topics such as practical use of PostgreSQL, features, replication, and how to get started. The background section discusses the history and development of PostgreSQL, including its origins from INGRES and POSTGRES projects. It also introduces the PostgreSQL Global Development Team.
The document provides an overview of RocksDB, an open-source log-structured merge (LSM) database optimized for performance and reliability in backend services. It details key differences between LSM and B+ tree architectures, performance practices, and reliability strategies including handling write stalls and managing tombstones. The insights drawn from years of production experience highlight the trade-offs between write efficiency and read performance, along with best practices for database operations.
Troubleshooting Complex Performance issues - Oracle SEG$ contentionTanel Poder
The document discusses performance issues related to executing complex tasks in a high-concurrency Oracle database environment, particularly focusing on slow operations due to various wait events. It reveals insights into contention issues, especially concerning single-row inserts into the seg$ table, which are impacted by nested locking scenarios during parallel execution. The analysis highlights the need to measure and profile tasks to understand performance bottlenecks better.
The document is a presentation on the internals of Oracle's shared global area (SGA). It discusses the components of the SGA including granules, the fixed SGA, buffer cache, shared pool, and log buffer. It provides details on how the SGA is divided into granules and the sizes and operations of the different SGA pools.
Your tuning arsenal: AWR, ADDM, ASH, Metrics and AdvisorsJohn Kanagaraj
The presentation covers the tuning tools available in Oracle 10g Release 2, including AWR, ADDM, ASH, and various performance metrics. It discusses the evolution of performance management, the interface changes, and the significance of new features like the 'wait' interface and enhanced statistical reporting. Additionally, it explores the functionalities of automatic workload repository and active session history for improving database performance, alongside common vendor and user advisory tools for optimization.
QEMU is an emulator that uses dynamic translation to emulate one instruction set architecture (ISA) on another host ISA. It translates guest instructions to an intermediate representation (TCG IR) code, and then compiles the IR code to native host instructions. QEMU employs techniques like translation block caching and chaining to improve the performance of dynamic translation. It also uses helper functions to offload complex operations during translation to improve efficiency.
Play with FILE Structure - Yet Another Binary Exploit TechniqueAngel Boy
The document discusses exploiting the FILE structure in C programs. It provides an overview of how file streams and the FILE structure work. Key points include that the FILE structure contains flags, buffers, a file descriptor, and a virtual function table. It describes how functions like fopen, fread, and fwrite interact with the FILE structure. It then discusses potential exploitation techniques like overwriting the virtual function table or FILE's linked list to gain control of program flow. It notes defenses like vtable verification implemented in modern libc libraries.
- The document discusses advanced techniques for optimizing MySQL queries, including topics like temporary tables, file sorting, order optimizations, and calculated fields.
- It provides examples of using indexes and index optimizations, explaining concepts like index types, index usage, key lengths, and covering indexes.
- One example shows how to optimize a query involving a calculated year() expression by rewriting the query to use a range on the date field instead.
The document presents an introduction to MyRocks, a MySQL storage engine developed by Facebook that integrates RocksDB, aiming to improve space efficiency and lower write amplification compared to traditional InnoDB databases. It discusses the architecture, advantages, and challenges faced during the migration and production deployment of MyRocks at Facebook, emphasizing the need for monitoring and maintaining performance under large-scale use. Technical aspects, including configuration, query execution, and data verification during migration, are also covered to illustrate how MyRocks addresses existing limitations in InnoDB.
The document is a detailed presentation on MyRocks, a storage engine for MySQL developed by Facebook, focusing on its architecture, efficiency, and advantages over traditional InnoDB. It covers various topics including MyRocks' data structures, query optimizations, compression techniques, and the performance benefits for write-heavy applications. The tutorial is aimed at MySQL users who wish to integrate and leverage MyRocks capabilities.
Modern Kernel Pool Exploitation: Attacks and TechniquesMichael Scovetta
The document discusses modern techniques for exploiting vulnerabilities in the Windows kernel memory pool. It provides an overview of the kernel pool structures and internals in Windows 7 and earlier versions. Specific topics covered include the pool descriptor, pool headers, free lists, lookaside lists, large allocations, and the use of bitmaps. The goal is to identify weaknesses that can be leveraged for privilege escalation attacks.
This document discusses indexing strategies in MySQL to improve performance and concurrency. It covers how indexes can help avoid lock contention on tables by enabling concurrent queries to access and modify different rows. However, indexes can also cause deadlocks in some situations. The document outlines several cases exploring how indexes impact locking, covering indexes, sorting and query plans.
The document discusses the evolution and performance of spinlock mechanisms in the Linux kernel, detailing various approaches such as test-and-set, ticket spinlock, and MCS locks. It highlights the importance of cache coherence and scalability issues, providing benchmarks for different locking strategies. Additionally, it introduces the qspinlock as the current standard spinlock mechanism used in the Linux kernel.
This document discusses the Linux kernel's slab allocator, detailing its initialization, allocation, and memory management mechanisms. It outlines the differences between slab, slub, and slob allocators while explaining the allocation paths and data structures involved in the caching system. The focus is on the boot process and memory operation efficiencies in a multi-socket environment using kernel version 5.11.
The document discusses MySQL's buffer pool and buffer management. It describes how the buffer pool caches frequently accessed data in memory for faster access. The buffer pool contains several lists including a free list, LRU list, and flush list. It explains functions for reading pages from storage into the buffer pool, replacing pages using LRU, and flushing dirty pages to disk including single page flushes during buffer allocation.
The document discusses InnoDB flushing and checkpoints. It provides an overview of InnoDB architecture and describes the page cleaner thread that handles background flushing. The page cleaner thread coordinates multiple worker threads to flush pages from the LRU and flush lists. Flushing involves writing dirty pages from the buffer pool to disk in the background to avoid needing synchronous I/O.
Windows 10 Nt Heap Exploitation (Chinese version)Angel Boy
The document discusses Windows memory allocation and the NT heap. It describes the core data structures used, including the _HEAP, _HEAP_ENTRY chunks, and _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP BlocksIndex. It explains how allocated, freed, and VirtualAlloc chunks are structured and managed in the Back-End, including using freelist chains and BlocksIndex to efficiently service allocation requests.
The document discusses secondary index searches in MySQL. It describes the process as starting with a search of the secondary index tree to find the primary key. The primary key is then added to an unsorted list. Once all secondary index searches are complete, the primary key list is sorted. The primary index tree is then searched sequentially using the sorted primary key list to retrieve the clustered data records. Finally, the clustered data records are accessed sequentially.
MongoDB WiredTiger Internals: Journey To TransactionsMydbops
This document presents an in-depth overview of MongoDB's WiredTiger storage engine, focusing on its architecture, transaction management, and internal workings. It discusses MongoDB's evolution with WiredTiger, including transaction features introduced in various versions, as well as features like MVCC and journaling for data integrity. The presentation outlines practical implications for developers and DBA practitioners, emphasizing best practices for managing transactions and performance optimization.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a presentation on PostgreSQL. The agenda includes topics such as practical use of PostgreSQL, features, replication, and how to get started. The background section discusses the history and development of PostgreSQL, including its origins from INGRES and POSTGRES projects. It also introduces the PostgreSQL Global Development Team.
The document provides an overview of RocksDB, an open-source log-structured merge (LSM) database optimized for performance and reliability in backend services. It details key differences between LSM and B+ tree architectures, performance practices, and reliability strategies including handling write stalls and managing tombstones. The insights drawn from years of production experience highlight the trade-offs between write efficiency and read performance, along with best practices for database operations.
Troubleshooting Complex Performance issues - Oracle SEG$ contentionTanel Poder
The document discusses performance issues related to executing complex tasks in a high-concurrency Oracle database environment, particularly focusing on slow operations due to various wait events. It reveals insights into contention issues, especially concerning single-row inserts into the seg$ table, which are impacted by nested locking scenarios during parallel execution. The analysis highlights the need to measure and profile tasks to understand performance bottlenecks better.
The document is a presentation on the internals of Oracle's shared global area (SGA). It discusses the components of the SGA including granules, the fixed SGA, buffer cache, shared pool, and log buffer. It provides details on how the SGA is divided into granules and the sizes and operations of the different SGA pools.
Your tuning arsenal: AWR, ADDM, ASH, Metrics and AdvisorsJohn Kanagaraj
The presentation covers the tuning tools available in Oracle 10g Release 2, including AWR, ADDM, ASH, and various performance metrics. It discusses the evolution of performance management, the interface changes, and the significance of new features like the 'wait' interface and enhanced statistical reporting. Additionally, it explores the functionalities of automatic workload repository and active session history for improving database performance, alongside common vendor and user advisory tools for optimization.
QEMU is an emulator that uses dynamic translation to emulate one instruction set architecture (ISA) on another host ISA. It translates guest instructions to an intermediate representation (TCG IR) code, and then compiles the IR code to native host instructions. QEMU employs techniques like translation block caching and chaining to improve the performance of dynamic translation. It also uses helper functions to offload complex operations during translation to improve efficiency.
Play with FILE Structure - Yet Another Binary Exploit TechniqueAngel Boy
The document discusses exploiting the FILE structure in C programs. It provides an overview of how file streams and the FILE structure work. Key points include that the FILE structure contains flags, buffers, a file descriptor, and a virtual function table. It describes how functions like fopen, fread, and fwrite interact with the FILE structure. It then discusses potential exploitation techniques like overwriting the virtual function table or FILE's linked list to gain control of program flow. It notes defenses like vtable verification implemented in modern libc libraries.
- The document discusses advanced techniques for optimizing MySQL queries, including topics like temporary tables, file sorting, order optimizations, and calculated fields.
- It provides examples of using indexes and index optimizations, explaining concepts like index types, index usage, key lengths, and covering indexes.
- One example shows how to optimize a query involving a calculated year() expression by rewriting the query to use a range on the date field instead.
The document presents an introduction to MyRocks, a MySQL storage engine developed by Facebook that integrates RocksDB, aiming to improve space efficiency and lower write amplification compared to traditional InnoDB databases. It discusses the architecture, advantages, and challenges faced during the migration and production deployment of MyRocks at Facebook, emphasizing the need for monitoring and maintaining performance under large-scale use. Technical aspects, including configuration, query execution, and data verification during migration, are also covered to illustrate how MyRocks addresses existing limitations in InnoDB.
The document is a detailed presentation on MyRocks, a storage engine for MySQL developed by Facebook, focusing on its architecture, efficiency, and advantages over traditional InnoDB. It covers various topics including MyRocks' data structures, query optimizations, compression techniques, and the performance benefits for write-heavy applications. The tutorial is aimed at MySQL users who wish to integrate and leverage MyRocks capabilities.
Modern Kernel Pool Exploitation: Attacks and TechniquesMichael Scovetta
The document discusses modern techniques for exploiting vulnerabilities in the Windows kernel memory pool. It provides an overview of the kernel pool structures and internals in Windows 7 and earlier versions. Specific topics covered include the pool descriptor, pool headers, free lists, lookaside lists, large allocations, and the use of bitmaps. The goal is to identify weaknesses that can be leveraged for privilege escalation attacks.
This document discusses indexing strategies in MySQL to improve performance and concurrency. It covers how indexes can help avoid lock contention on tables by enabling concurrent queries to access and modify different rows. However, indexes can also cause deadlocks in some situations. The document outlines several cases exploring how indexes impact locking, covering indexes, sorting and query plans.
The document discusses the evolution and performance of spinlock mechanisms in the Linux kernel, detailing various approaches such as test-and-set, ticket spinlock, and MCS locks. It highlights the importance of cache coherence and scalability issues, providing benchmarks for different locking strategies. Additionally, it introduces the qspinlock as the current standard spinlock mechanism used in the Linux kernel.
This document discusses the Linux kernel's slab allocator, detailing its initialization, allocation, and memory management mechanisms. It outlines the differences between slab, slub, and slob allocators while explaining the allocation paths and data structures involved in the caching system. The focus is on the boot process and memory operation efficiencies in a multi-socket environment using kernel version 5.11.