Natural Language Processing (NLP)
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The document is a comprehensive overview of Natural Language Processing (NLP), detailing key concepts, common tasks, and the challenges faced in the field. It emphasizes the transition from traditional rule-based systems to machine learning and deep learning approaches, highlighting techniques such as tokenization, named entity recognition, and language modeling using neural networks. Additionally, it includes resources and tools for NLP development, particularly focusing on progress with the Ukrainian language.
![Deep Learning for NLP
• Core enabling idea: represent words as dense vectors
[0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] [0.315 0.136 0.831]
• Try to capture semantic and morphologic similarity so that the features
for “similar” words are “similar”
(e.g. closer in Euclidean space).
• Natural language is context dependent: use context for learning.
• Straightforward (but slow) way: build a co-occurrence matrix and SVD it.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/nlp-160709201345/85/Natural-Language-Processing-NLP-46-320.jpg)
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- 1. Natural LanguageProcessing Yuriy Guts – Jul 09, 2016
- 2. Who Is This Guy? Data Science Team Lead Sr. Data Scientist Software Architect, R&D Engineer I also teach Machine Learning:
- 3. What is NLP? Study of interaction between computers and human languages NLP = Computer Science + AI + Computational Linguistics
- 4. Common NLP Tasks Easy Medium Hard • Chunking • Part-of-Speech Tagging • Named Entity Recognition • Spam Detection • Thesaurus • Syntactic Parsing • Word Sense Disambiguation • Sentiment Analysis • Topic Modeling • Information Retrieval • Machine Translation • Text Generation • Automatic Summarization • Question Answering • Conversational Interfaces
- 6. Interdisciplinary Tasks: Image Captioning
- 7. What Makes NLP so Hard?
- 8. Ambiguity
- 9. Non-Standard Language Also: neologisms, complex entity names, phrasal verbs/idioms
- 10. More Complex Languages Than English • German: Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitän (5 “words”) • Chinese: 50,000 different characters (2-3k to read a newspaper) • Japanese: 3 writing systems • Thai: Ambiguous word boundaries and sentence concepts • Slavic: Different word forms depending on gender, case, tense
- 11. Write Traditional “If-Then-Else” Rules? BIG NOPE! Leads to very large and complex codebases. Still struggles to capture trivial cases (for a human).
- 12. Better Approach: Machine Learning “ • A computer program is said to learn from experience E • with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, • if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, • improves with experience E. — Tom M. Mitchell
- 13. Part 1 Essential Machine Learning Backgroundfor NLP
- 14. Before We Begin: Disclaimer • This will be a very quick description of ML. By no means exhaustive. • Only the essential background for what we’ll have in Part 2. • To fit everything into a small timeframe, I’ll simplify some aspects. • I encourage you to read ML books or watch videos to dig deeper.
- 15. Common ML Tasks • Regression • Classification (Binary or Multi-Class) 1. Supervised Learning 2. Unsupervised Learning • Clustering • Anomaly Detection • Latent Variable Models (Dimensionality Reduction, EM, …)
- 18. Regression Predict a continuous dependent variable based on independent predictors
- 24. After adding polynomial features
- 26. Classification Assign an observation to some category from a known discrete list of categories
- 27. Logistic Regression Class A Class B (Multi-class extension = Softmax Regression)
- 28. Neural Networks and Backpropagation Algorithm
- 30. Clustering Group objects in such a way that objects in the same group are similar, and objects in the different groups are not
- 32. Evaluation How do we know if an ML model is good? What do we do if something goes wrong?
- 34. Development & Troubleshooting • Picking the right metric: MAE, RMSE, AUC, Cross-Entropy, Log-Loss • Training Set / Validation Set / Test Set split • Picking hyperparameters against Validation Set • Regularization to prevent OF • Plotting learning curves to check for UF/OF
- 35. Deep Learning • Core idea: instead of hand-crafting complex features, use increased computing capacity and build a deep computation graph that will try to learn feature representations on its own. End-to-end learning rather than a cascade of apps. • Works best with lots of homogeneous, spatially related features (image pixels, character sequences, audio signal measurements). Usually works poorly otherwise. • State-of-the-art and/or superhuman performance on many tasks. • Typically requires massive amounts of data and training resources. • But: a very young field. Theories not strongly established, views change.
- 36. Example: Convolutional Neural Network
- 37. Part 2 NLP Challenges And Approaches
- 38. “Classical” NLP Pipeline Tokenization Morphology Syntax Semantics Discourse Break text into sentences and words, lemmatize Part of speech (POS) tagging, stemming, NER Constituency/dependency parsing Coreference resolution, wordsense disambiguation Task-dependent (sentiment, …)
- 39. Often Relies on Language Banks • WordNet (ontology, semantic similarity tree) • Penn Treebank (POS, grammar rules) • PropBank (semantic propositions) • …Dozens of them!
- 41. POS/NER Tagging
- 42. Parsing (LPCFG)
- 43. “Classical” way: Training a NER Tagger Task: Predict whether the word is a PERSON, LOCATION, DATE or OTHER. Could be more than 3 NER tags (e.g. MUC-7 contains 7 tags). 1. Current word. 2. Previous, next word (context). 3. POS tags of current word and nearby words. 4. NER label for previous word. 5. Word substrings (e.g. ends in “burg”, contains “oxa” etc.) 6. Word shape (internal capitalization, numerals, dashes etc.). 7. …on and on and on… Features:
- 44. Feature Representation: Bag of Words A single word is a one-hot encoding vector with the size of the dictionary :(
- 45. Problem • Manually designed features are often over-specified, incomplete, take a long time to design and validate. • Often requires PhD-level knowledge of the domain. • Researchers spend literally decades hand-crafting features. • Bag of words model is very high-dimensional and sparse, cannot capture semantics or morphology. Maybe Deep Learning can help?
- 46. Deep Learning for NLP • Core enabling idea: represent words as dense vectors [0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] [0.315 0.136 0.831] • Try to capture semantic and morphologic similarity so that the features for “similar” words are “similar” (e.g. closer in Euclidean space). • Natural language is context dependent: use context for learning. • Straightforward (but slow) way: build a co-occurrence matrix and SVD it.
- 47. Embedding Methods: Word2Vec CBoW version: predict center word from context Skip-gram version: predict context from center word
- 48. Benefits • Learns features of each word on its own, given a text corpus. • No heavy preprocessing is required, just a corpus. • Word vectors can be used as features for lots of supervised learning applications: POS, NER, chunking, semantic role labeling. All with pretty much the same network architecture. • Similarities and linear relationships between word vectors. • A bit more modern representation: GloVe, but requires more RAM.
- 49. Linearities
- 50. Training a NER Tagger: Deep Learning Just replace this with NER tag (or POS tag, chunk end, etc.)
- 51. Language Modeling Assign high probabilities to well-formed sentences (crucial for text generation, speech recognition, machine translation)
- 52. “Classical” Way: N-Grams Problem: doesn’t scale well to bigger N. N = 5 is pretty much the limit.
- 53. Deep Learning Way: Recurrent NN (RNN) Can use past information without restricting the size of the context. But: in practice, can’t recall information that came in a long time ago.
- 54. Long Short Term Memory Network (LSTM) Contains gates that control forgetting, adding, updating and outputting information. Surprisingly amazing performance at language tasks compared to vanilla RNN.
- 55. Tackling Hard Tasks Deep Learning enables end-to- end learning for Machine Translation, Image Captioning, Text Generation, Summarization: NLP tasks which are inherently very hard! RNN for Machine Translation
- 56. Hottest Current Research • Attention Networks • Dynamic Memory Networks (see ICML 2016 proceedings)
- 57. Tools I Used • NLTK (Python) • Gensim (Python) • Stanford CoreNLP (Java with bindings) • Apache OpenNLP (Java with bindings) Deep Learning Frameworks with GPU Support: • Torch (Torch-RNN) (Lua) • TensorFlow, Theano, Keras (Python)
- 58. NLP Progress for Ukrainian • Ukrainian lemma dictionary with POS tags https://github.com/arysin/dict_uk • Ukrainian lemmatizer plugin for ElasticSearch https://github.com/mrgambal/elasticsearch-ukrainian-lemmatizer • lang-uk project (1M corpus, NER, tokenization, etc.) https://github.com/lang-uk
- 59. Demo 1: Exploring Semantic Properties Of ASOIAF(“Game of Thrones”) Demo 2: TopicModeling for DOU.UA Comments
- 60. GitHub Repos with IPython Notebooks • https://github.com/YuriyGuts/thrones2vec • https://github.com/YuriyGuts/dou-topic-modeling