Networking Fundamentals
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This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It covers topics such as network types (LANs and WANs), common network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer, mainframe), OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet technologies, and common network devices (hubs, switches, routers). Each layer of the OSI model is described along with its purpose and functions. Ethernet cabling types and speeds are also outlined. The document serves as an introductory guide to basic internetworking concepts.
Networking Fundamentals
- 3. What is Networks? Networks - Link computers together to share files and communicate and do all the things we like to do. Networks range in size from the smallest and simplest network—two computers connected together—to the largest and most complex network of all—the Internet.
- 4. Network Types - Local Area Network
- 6. Architecture of Networks Client/Server Peer to Peer Mainframe/Terminal
- 12. Module - 2 OSI Reference Model
- 13. OSI Layers
- 14. TCP/IP Model
- 15. Application Layer Purpose User application to network service interface Examples FTP E-mail services – POP3,SMTP HTTP Telnet
- 16. Functions of Application Layer Identifies communication partners Determines resource availability Synchronizes communication
- 17. Presentation Layer Purpose Formats data for exchange between points of communication Example: Redirector software Formats for transmission to the server
- 18. Functions of Presentation Layer Protocol conversion Data translation Encryption Character set conversion Expansion of graphics command
- 19. Session Layer Purpose Oversee a communication session Establish Maintain Terminate
- 20. Functions of Session Layer Performs name recognition and related security Synchronization between sender and receiver Assignment of time for transmission Start time End time etc.
- 21. Transport Layer Purpose Repackage proper and efficient delivery of packages Error free In sequence Without duplication
- 22. Functions of Transport Layer For sending data Repackage the message to fit into packets Split long messages Assemble small messages On receiving data Perform the reverse Send an acknowledgment to the sender Solve packet problems During transmission and reception
- 23. Network Layer Purpose Addressing and routing the packets Example application at the router If the packet size is large, splits into small packets
- 24. Functions of Network Layer Address messages Address translation from logical to physical Ex: nganesa ----------> 102.13.345.25 Routing of data Based on priority Best path at the time of transmission Congestion control
- 25. Data Link Layer Purpose Manages the flow of data over the physical media Responsible for error-free transmission over the physical media Assures error-free data submission to the Network Layer
- 26. Datalink Layer Functions Point of origin Packages data for transmission over physical line Receiving end Packages data for submission to the network layer Deals with network transmission protocols IEEE 802. protocols
- 27. Datalink Layer Subdivision Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer Manages service access points (logical link) Error and flow control Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer Applies directly to network card communication Access control
- 28. Physical Layer Purpose Deals with the transmission of 0s and 1s over the physical media Translation of bits into signals Example Pulse duration determination Transmission synchronization
- 29. Functions of Physical Layer Encode bits into signals Carry data from the h higher layers Define the interface to the card Electrical Mechanical Functional Example: Pin count on the connector
- 31. Ethernet Cabling Types Coaxial cabling Thinnet Thicknet Twisted-pair cabling Cat 3 Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Fiber optic cabling Single mode and Multi mode
- 32. Ethernet - RJ45
- 33. Types of Ethernets 10BaseT – runs at 10Mbps 100BaseT – runs at 100Mbps – Fast Ethernet 1000BaseT – runs at 1000Mbps or 1Gbps – Gigabit Ethernet 10000BaseT – runs at 10000Mbps or 10Gbps Ethernet
- 34. Module - 4 Hubs,Switches and Routers
- 36. Layer 1 Hubs no intelligent forwarding whatsoever hubs will always forward every frame out every port operate at half-duplex, which allows a device to either transmit or receive data, but not simultaneously Ethernet utilizes Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) to control media access.
- 37. Layer 2 Switches Layer-2 devices build hardware address tables, which will contain the following at a minimum: Hardware addresses for host devices The port each hardware address is associated with intelligent forwarding decisions based on frame (Data-Link) headers. Can operate in full duplex.