Notes of DBMS Introduction to Database Design

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This document outlines the six steps of database design: requirements analysis, conceptual design, logical design, schema refinement, physical design, and application/security design. It describes each step in detail. Requirements analysis involves understanding user needs. Conceptual design models the data using an entity-relationship diagram. Logical design maps the conceptual model to a relational schema. Schema refinement improves normalization. Physical design optimizes performance. Application/security design specifies user roles and access permissions.

 The Entity –Relationship (ER) data model allows us
to describe the data involved in a real world enterprise
in terms of objects and their relationships and is widely
used to develop an initial database design.

Database Design and ER Diagrams
 The database design process can be divided into six
steps. The ER model is most relevant to the first
three steps.
 Requirements Analysis
 Conceptual Database Design
 Logical Database Design
 Schema Refinement
 Physical Database Design
 Application and Security Design

 It is the process of determining what kinds of data to store,
what functionalities to support, and what are the most
frequently performed operations on the data stored in the
database.
 Very first step in designing a database application is to
understand what data is to be stored in the database, what
applications must built on top of it, and what operations are
most frequent and subject to performance requirements.
 We must find out what the users want from the database.
Requirement Analysis

 This step is an informal process that
involves discussions with user groups, a
study of the current operating environment
and how it is expected to change, analysis of
any available documentation on existing
applications that are expected to be replaced
or complemented by the database, and so on.
 Then the gathered information is organized
and presented as requirement specification
document.

Conceptual Database Design
 Once the information gathered in the requirements
analysis step, a conceptual database design is developed .
 This step is often carried out using the ER model.
 ER model is a high-level description of the data to be
stored in the database, along with the constraints known
to hold over this data.
 The goal is to create a simple description of the data that
closely matches how users and developers think of the
data.
 This facilitates discussion among all the people involved
in the design process, even those who have no technical
background.

Logical Database Design
 In this step, the conceptual database design of a database
schema is converted into logical database schema.
 i.e ,convert the conceptual database design into a
database schema in the data model of the chosen DBMS.
 Here the task in this step is to convert an ER schema
into a relational database schema.

Schema Refinement
 The fourth step in database design is to analyze the
collection of relations in our relational database schema
to identify potential problems, and to refine it.
 This step is subject to the theory of normalizing relations.

Physical Database Design
 In this step, the physical features of the database
which includes form of file organization, and the
internal storage structure of file is specified.
 We consider typical expected workloads that our
database must support and further refine the database
design to ensure that it meets desired performance
criteria.
 This step may simply involve building indexes on some
tables and clustering some tables, or it may involve a
substantial redesign of parts of the database schema
obtained from the earlier design steps.

Application and Security Design
 In this step, all the entities and its role are identified for
every application that access the database.
 identify the entities (e.g., users, user groups, departments) and
processes involved in the application.
 Must describe the role of each entity in every process.
 For each role, we must identify the parts of the database
that must be accessible and the parts of the database that
must not be accessible.
 Must take steps to ensure that these access rules are
enforced.

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Notes of DBMS Introduction to Database Design

1. Introduction to Database Design

2.  The Entity –Relationship (ER) data model allows us to describe the data involved in a real world enterprise in terms of objects and their relationships and is widely used to develop an initial database design.

3. Database Design and ER Diagrams  The database design process can be divided into six steps. The ER model is most relevant to the first three steps.  Requirements Analysis  Conceptual Database Design  Logical Database Design  Schema Refinement  Physical Database Design  Application and Security Design

4.  It is the process of determining what kinds of data to store, what functionalities to support, and what are the most frequently performed operations on the data stored in the database.  Very first step in designing a database application is to understand what data is to be stored in the database, what applications must built on top of it, and what operations are most frequent and subject to performance requirements.  We must find out what the users want from the database. Requirement Analysis

5.  This step is an informal process that involves discussions with user groups, a study of the current operating environment and how it is expected to change, analysis of any available documentation on existing applications that are expected to be replaced or complemented by the database, and so on.  Then the gathered information is organized and presented as requirement specification document.

6. Conceptual Database Design  Once the information gathered in the requirements analysis step, a conceptual database design is developed .  This step is often carried out using the ER model.  ER model is a high-level description of the data to be stored in the database, along with the constraints known to hold over this data.  The goal is to create a simple description of the data that closely matches how users and developers think of the data.  This facilitates discussion among all the people involved in the design process, even those who have no technical background.

7. Logical Database Design  In this step, the conceptual database design of a database schema is converted into logical database schema.  i.e ,convert the conceptual database design into a database schema in the data model of the chosen DBMS.  Here the task in this step is to convert an ER schema into a relational database schema.

8. Schema Refinement  The fourth step in database design is to analyze the collection of relations in our relational database schema to identify potential problems, and to refine it.  This step is subject to the theory of normalizing relations.

9. Physical Database Design  In this step, the physical features of the database which includes form of file organization, and the internal storage structure of file is specified.  We consider typical expected workloads that our database must support and further refine the database design to ensure that it meets desired performance criteria.  This step may simply involve building indexes on some tables and clustering some tables, or it may involve a substantial redesign of parts of the database schema obtained from the earlier design steps.

10. Application and Security Design  In this step, all the entities and its role are identified for every application that access the database.  identify the entities (e.g., users, user groups, departments) and processes involved in the application.  Must describe the role of each entity in every process.  For each role, we must identify the parts of the database that must be accessible and the parts of the database that must not be accessible.  Must take steps to ensure that these access rules are enforced.

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