Object oriented programming 1 introduction to oop
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The document discusses the transition from procedure-oriented programming to object-oriented programming (OOP), highlighting the challenges of conventional techniques and the advantages of OOP. It emphasizes the importance of treating data as a key aspect of software development and introduces concepts such as encapsulation and modularity through objects. The document also outlines the characteristics and features of both programming paradigms and encourages understanding of their structural differences.
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Information and network security 47 authentication applicationsVaibhav Khanna The document focuses on user authentication, emphasizing its critical role in security and accountability. It outlines four primary methods of authentication: something the user knows, possesses, is, or does, each with their respective challenges. Additionally, it discusses authentication protocols and the concept of replay attacks, highlighting the need for effective countermeasures like timestamps and challenge-response mechanisms.
Information and network security 46 digital signature algorithm
Information and network security 46 digital signature algorithmVaibhav Khanna The document provides a detailed overview of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), including its key generation, signature creation, and signature verification processes. DSA generates 320-bit signatures with security based on discrete logarithm problems and uses global public key parameters. It emphasizes the efficiency of calculations and the structure of functions relevant for signing and verifying messages.
Information and network security 45 digital signature standard
Information and network security 45 digital signature standardVaibhav Khanna The document discusses Schnorr digital signatures and the Digital Signature Standard (DSS), detailing their underlying security mechanisms based on discrete logarithms and hash functions. It explains the key generation process for Schnorr signatures and the procedure for signing and verifying messages, alongside the evolution and specifications of the DSS established by NIST. The comparison between DSS and RSA signatures highlights their operational differences in ensuring signature validity through hash code verifications.
Information and network security 44 direct digital signatures
Information and network security 44 direct digital signaturesVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the principles and requirements of digital signatures, emphasizing the importance of security, uniqueness, and ease of verification. It details direct digital signatures, which involve only the sender and receiver, and explains the Elgamal digital signature scheme, its functionality, and how signatures are generated and verified. Additionally, it outlines the necessity of protecting private keys and the role of digital certificates and certificate authorities in enhancing security.
Information and network security 43 digital signatures
Information and network security 43 digital signaturesVaibhav Khanna The document discusses digital signatures, highlighting their importance in verifying authorship, date, and content of messages while also allowing third-party verification to resolve disputes. It explains the digital signature model, where a user can sign a message using a private key and allows others to verify it with a public key. Additionally, it details various types of attacks that can target digital signatures, ranked by severity, and poses questions regarding the need for digital signatures and related security concerns.
Information and network security 42 security of message authentication code
Information and network security 42 security of message authentication codeVaibhav Khanna The document discusses Message Authentication Codes (MACs), detailing their role in providing message authentication while emphasizing the need for confidentiality through encryption. It outlines the essential properties and requirements for MACs, including resistance to attacks and the importance of uniformly distributed values. Furthermore, it explores security considerations against brute-force and cryptanalytic attacks, advocating for a minimum length of 128 bits for adequate security.
Information and network security 41 message authentication code
Information and network security 41 message authentication codeVaibhav Khanna Message authentication aims to protect integrity, validate originator identity, and provide non-repudiation. It addresses threats like masquerading, content or sequence modification, and source/destination repudiation. A Message Authentication Code (MAC) provides assurance that a message is unaltered and from the sender by appending a cryptographic checksum to the message dependent on the key and content. The receiver can validate the MAC to verify integrity and authenticity.
Information and network security 40 sha3 secure hash algorithm
Information and network security 40 sha3 secure hash algorithmVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the development of SHA-3, a new hash function proposed by NIST to replace SHA-2 due to concerns about the security of older algorithms like SHA-1 and MD5. SHA-3 must meet specific requirements, including compatibility with SHA-2, processing small blocks, and providing high security while being efficient in time and memory. The document outlines evaluation criteria for SHA-3, emphasizing security, efficiency, and algorithm characteristics such as flexibility and simplicity.
Information and network security 39 secure hash algorithm
Information and network security 39 secure hash algorithmVaibhav Khanna The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) is a cryptographic hash function developed by the US National Security Agency. SHA-512 is the latest version that produces a 512-bit hash value. It processes message blocks of 1024 bits using an 80-step compression function that updates a 512-bit buffer. Each step uses a 64-bit value derived from the message and a round constant. SHA-512 supports messages up to 2^128 bits in length and adds between 1 and 1023 padding bits as needed.
Information and network security 38 birthday attacks and security of hash fun...
Information and network security 38 birthday attacks and security of hash fun...Vaibhav Khanna The document discusses the vulnerabilities of hash functions, particularly against birthday attacks and cryptanalysis, highlighting that inadequate bit lengths (such as 128-bits) are susceptible to brute-force and collision resistance attacks. It explains the mechanics of these attacks, including preimage and collision attacks, referencing the birthday paradox as a fundamental concept that necessitates larger hash sizes to enhance security. The text also mentions alternative approaches to hashing using block ciphers and notes that these methods can still be vulnerable if not designed sufficiently secure.
Information and network security 37 hash functions and message authentication
Information and network security 37 hash functions and message authenticationVaibhav Khanna The document discusses hash functions and their applications in message authentication and digital signatures, highlighting how they verify message integrity and ensure data has not been altered. It explains the process of encrypting hash values with private keys for digital signatures and mentions uses of hash functions for password protection, intrusion detection, and virus detection. The assignment encourages a discussion on the application of hash functions in these contexts.
Information and network security 35 the chinese remainder theorem
Information and network security 35 the chinese remainder theoremVaibhav Khanna The Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is a key concept in number theory that allows for efficient computation of modular arithmetic by breaking down large modulus operations into smaller, manageable parts. It enables the reconstruction of integers from their residues mod pairwise relatively prime numbers, which is particularly useful in cryptographic applications like RSA. By expressing calculations in terms of smaller moduli, CRT reduces computational complexity and improves speed when working with large numbers.
Information and network security 34 primality
Information and network security 34 primalityVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the properties and importance of prime numbers, including definitions, prime factorization, greatest common divisors, and various relevant theorems like Fermat's and Euler's. It outlines methods for primality testing and emphasizes the role of prime numbers in cryptography. Additionally, it provides formulas for Euler's totient function and explains concepts related to relatively prime numbers and their significance.
Information and network security 33 rsa algorithm
Information and network security 33 rsa algorithmVaibhav Khanna The RSA algorithm, developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman in 1977, is a widely used public-key encryption method that relies on exponentiation in a finite field and the difficulty of factoring large integers for security. In RSA, users generate a public/private key pair based on randomly selected large prime numbers, and encryption/decryption involves modular exponentiation where the sender uses a public key to encrypt a message, and the recipient uses a private key to decrypt it. RSA's effectiveness relies on maintaining the secrecy of the prime factors used in the modulus and the mathematical principles outlined in Euler's theorem.
Information and network security 32 principles of public key cryptosystems
Information and network security 32 principles of public key cryptosystemsVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the principles of public-key cryptosystems, highlighting their use for both confidentiality and authentication through the generation of public and private key pairs. It classifies applications of public-key systems into categories such as encryption/decryption, digital signatures, and key exchange, emphasizing the importance of computational infeasibility for security. Additionally, it notes the necessity of trapdoor one-way functions and the challenges that come with ensuring the security of public-key systems compared to private key schemes.
Information and network security 31 public key cryptography
Information and network security 31 public key cryptographyVaibhav Khanna The document discusses public-key cryptography as a transformative approach in the field of cryptography, contrasting it with traditional private-key methods. It highlights the significance of using both public and private keys to enhance security, address key distribution issues, and create digital signatures, emphasizing its practical applications since its introduction by Diffie and Hellman in 1976. The document also explains the fundamental mechanics of public-key systems, including the roles of plaintext, encryption algorithms, and ciphertext.
Information and network security 30 random numbers
Information and network security 30 random numbersVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the importance of random numbers in cryptography and network security, highlighting their applications such as session key generation and authentication protocols. It explains the distinction between true random number generators and pseudorandom number generators, emphasizing that the latter, though deterministic, should pass tests of randomness to be secure. Additionally, it outlines the requirements for effective pseudorandom number generation, including unpredictability and secure seed characteristics.
Information and network security 29 international data encryption algorithm
Information and network security 29 international data encryption algorithmVaibhav Khanna The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is a block cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks using a 128-bit key to provide high-level security through complex transformations. It generates 52 16-bit key sub-blocks from a 128-bit key and employs a series of identical encryption rounds followed by an output transformation, making it suitable for various applications such as financial services and data encryption. IDEA is known for its robust security and efficiency in both hardware and software implementations.
Information and network security 28 blowfish
Information and network security 28 blowfishVaibhav Khanna Blowfish is a symmetric block cipher designed as a replacement for DES. It encrypts data in 64-bit blocks using a variable-length key. The algorithm uses substitution boxes and a complex key schedule to encrypt the data in multiple rounds. It is very fast, uses little memory, and is resistant to cryptanalysis due to its complex key schedule and substitution boxes.
Information and network security 27 triple des
Information and network security 27 triple desVaibhav Khanna The document discusses the security vulnerabilities of DES and the emergence of Triple DES (3DES) as a more secure alternative, particularly in response to theoretical attacks and brute-force vulnerabilities. It explains the mechanics of multiple encryption methods, including Double DES and Triple DES, detailing the use of one or more keys for encryption and the implications for security. The document highlights that 3DES, despite being slower, is widely adopted in key management standards and has no practical attacks known against it, though potential concerns exist with two-key 3DES compared to the preferred three-key version.
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- 1. Object Oriented Programming: Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
- 2. Form Binary to Object Oriented
- 3. Programming Issues • • How to represent real-life entities of problems in system design? • • How to design system with open interfaces? • • How to ensure reusability and extensibility of modules? • • How to develop modules that are tolerant of any changes in future? • • How to improve software productivity and decrease software cost? • • How to improve the quality of software?
- 4. What are objects? • Objects model the elements of the problem context • Each object has: • �characteristics • �responsibilities (or required behaviors)
- 5. Development of Object-oriented paradigm • “As complexity increases, architecture dominates the basic materials”. To build today’s complex software it is just not enough to put together a sequence of programming statements and sets of procedures and modules; we need to incorporate sound construction techniques and program structures that are easy to comprehend implement and modify. Alan Kay….
- 6. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) • Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is an approach to program organization and development that attempts to eliminate some of the pitfalls of conventional programming methods by incorporating the best of structured programming features with several powerful new concepts.
- 7. Procedure-Oriented Programming • In the procedure oriented approach, the problem is viewed as the sequence of things to be done such as reading, calculating and printing such as cobol, fortran and c. • The primary focus is on functions. • The technique of hierarchical decomposition has been used to specify the tasks to be completed for solving a problem.
- 8. General Structure of a program in Procedure-Oriented Programming
- 9. Procedure-Oriented Programming • Procedure oriented programming basically consists of writing a list of instructions for the computer to follow, and organizing these instructions into groups known as functions. • We normally use flowcharts to organize these actions and represent the flow of control from one action to another. • In a large program it is very difficult to identify what data is used by which function. …. And this can result in programming errors
- 10. Procedure-Oriented Programming • Characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented programming are: • • Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms). • • Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions. • • Most of the functions share global data. • • Data move openly around the system from function to function. • • Functions transform data from one form to another. • • Employs top-down approach in program design.
- 11. Object Oriented Paradigm • The major motivating factor in the invention of object- oriented approach is to remove some of the flaws encountered in the procedural approach. • OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development and does not allow it to flow freely around the system. • It ties data more closely to the function that operate on it, and protects it from accidental modification from outside function. • OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called objects and then builds data and function around these objects.
- 12. Organization of data and function in OOP
- 13. Features of object oriented programming • • Emphasis is on data rather than procedure. • • Programs are divided into what are known as objects. • • Data structures are designed to characterize the objects. • • Functions that operate on the data of an object are ties together in the data structure. • • Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external function. • • Objects communicate with each other through function. • • New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary. • • Follows bottom up approach in program design.
- 14. Assigmment • Explain the concept of Procedure-Oriented Programming • Explain the concept of object oriented programming