Object oriented programming 14 output formatting using manipulators

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Manipulators are operators used in C++ for formatting output. The data is manipulated by the programmer's choice of display. In this C++ tutorial, you will learn what a manipulator is, endl manipulator, setw manipulator, setfill manipulator and setprecision manipulator are all explained along with syntax and examples

Object Oriented Programming: 14
Output Formatting using
Manipulators
Prof Neeraj Bhargava
Vaibhav Khanna
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering and Systems Sciences
Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer

2
Output and Formatting Output
• Syntax of cout when used with <<
• Expression is evaluated
• Value is printed
• Manipulator is used to format the output
– Example: endl

3
setprecision Manipulator
• Syntax:
• Outputs decimal numbers with up to n
decimal places
• Must include the header file iomanip:
– #include <iomanip>

Most read

8
setfill Manipulator
• Output stream variables can use setfill to
fill unused columns with a character
• Example:
– cout << setfill('#');

9
left and right Manipulators
• left: left-justifies the output
• Disable left by using unsetf
• right: right-justifies the output

10
Types of Manipulators
• Two types of manipulators:
– With parameters
– Without parameters
• Parameterized: require iomanip header
– setprecision, setw, and setfill
• Nonparameterized: require iostream
header
– endl, fixed, showpoint, left, and flush

11
Input/Output and the string Type
• An input stream variable (cin) and >>
operator can read a string into a variable of
the data type string
• Extraction operator
– Skips any leading whitespace characters and
reading stops at a whitespace character
• The function getline
– Reads until end of the current line

12
File Input/Output
• File: area in secondary storage to hold info
• File I/O is a five-step process
1. Include fstream header
2. Declare file stream variables
3. Associate the file stream variables with the
input/output sources
4. Use the file stream variables with >>, <<, or
other input/output functions
5. Close the files

Assignment
• Explain the formatting of Output using
manipulators in C++

4
fixed Manipulator
• fixed outputs floating-point numbers in a
fixed decimal format
– Example: cout << fixed;
– Disable by using the stream member function
unsetf
• Example: cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);
• The manipulator scientific is used to
output floating-point numbers in scientific
format

5
showpoint Manipulator
• showpoint forces output to show the
decimal point and trailing zeros
• Examples:
– cout << showpoint;
– cout << fixed << showpoint;

6
setw
• Outputs the value of an expression in
specific columns
– cout << setw(5) << x << endl;
• If number of columns exceeds the number
of columns required by the expression
– Output of the expression is right-justified
– Unused columns to the left are filled with
spaces
• Must include the header file iomanip

7
Additional Output Formatting Tools
• Additional formatting tools that give you more
control over your output:
– setfill manipulator
– left and right manipulators
– unsetf manipulator

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