Optimized Aircraft Electric Control System Based on Adaptive Tabu Search Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic Control

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI)
Vol. 4, No. 3, September 2016, pp. 149~164
ISSN: 2089-3272, DOI: 10.11591/ijeei.v4i3.221  149
Received April 30, 2016; Revised August 6, 2016; Accepted August 20, 2016
Optimized Aircraft Electric Control System Based on
Adaptive Tabu Search Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic
Control
Saifullah Khalid
IET Lucknow, UP, India
e-mail: saifullahkhalid@Outlook.com
Abstract
Three is three conventional controls, i.e.: constant instantaneous power control, sinusoidal current
control, and synchronous reference frame techniques for extracting reference currents for shunt active
power filters. These methods have been optimized using Fuzzy Logic control and Adaptive Tabu search
Algorithm and their performances have been compared. Critical analysis of Comparison of the
compensation ability of different control strategies based on THD and speed will be done, and suggestions
will be given for the selection of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are
presented, and they will clearly prove the value of the proposed control method of aircraft shunt APF. The
waveforms observed after the application of filter will be having the harmonics within the limits and the
power quality will be improved.
Keywords: Aircraft electrical system, Shunt Active Filter (APF); constant instantaneous power control
strategy; Synchronous reference frame strategy; harmonic compensation; fuzzy logic; Adaptive Tabu
search algorithm
1. Introduction
More advanced aircraft power systems [1]-[3] have been needed due to increased
application of electrical power in place of other alternate power sources. The subsystems like
flight control, flight surface actuators, passenger entertainment, etc. are driven using electric
power, which consecutively increased the demand for creating aircraft power system more
intelligent and advanced. These subsystems have considerable increased electrical loads i.e.
power electronic devices, increased consumption of electrical energy, more demand for power,
and over to all of that; much more stability and power quality problems.
In distinction to normal supply system source frequency of 50 Hz, aircraft AC power
system is using source frequency of 400 Hz [1]-[3]. Aircraft power utility is having source voltage
of 115/200V. The loads associated with the aircraft a system are dissimilar from the normal
loads used in 50 Hz supply system [1]. When we consider as the generation portion; aircraft
system will remain AC driven from the engine for aircraft primary power. Fuel cell technology
can be used to generate a DC output for ground power where its silence process would match
up to adequately with the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). However when considering the
distribution of primary power, whether AC or DC; each approach has its merits. In DC
distribution, HVDC power distribution systems permit the most resourceful employ of generated
power by antithetical loss from skin effect. This allows paralleling and loads sharing among the
generators. In AC distribution, Switching of AC is very clear-cut even at high levels as it logically
has a zero crossing point. Due to its high reliability over HVDC system, a wide range of
Contactors, Relays can be exploited.
While talking about Aircraft Power Systems we also need to consider increased power
electronics application in aircraft which creates harmonics, large neutral currents, waveform
distortion of both supply voltage and current, poor power factor, and excessive current demand.
Besides if some non-linear loads are impressed upon a supply, their effects are additive. Due to
these troubles, there may be nuisance tripping of circuit breakers or increased loss and thermal
heating effects that may provoke early component failure. This is a very large problem to any
motor loads on the system. Therefore, good power quality of the generation system is of
particular attention to the Aircraft manufacturer. We know that aircraft systems work on high

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150
frequency so even on the higher frequencies in the range of 360 to 900Hz; these components
would remain very significant.
Today, advance soft computing techniques are used widely in the automatic control
system or for optimization of the system applied. Some of them are such as fuzzy logic [4]-[8],
optimization of active power filter using GA[9]-[12], power loss minimization using particle
swarm optimization [13], neural network control [14]-[18] applied in both machinery and filter
devices. GA has been applied to determine value of inductor filter (Lf) [30]. GA will try to search
the best value of the filter inductor for the optimization of the system [30]. PSO has been applied
in aircraft system to find s a secondary heading and attitude computation method with the
velocity information output by Air Data System (ADS). The algorithm, based on PSO for the
parameter identification, estimates and revises the parameters of observation module,
consequently achieves optimal estimation of heading and attitude [31]. ANN has been used for
the betterment of the conventional control strategy used and the results prove the effectiveness
[3].
In this paper, Fuzzy logic controller and Adaptive Tabu search Algorithm (ATS) have
been used to improve the overall performance of active filter for reduction of harmonics and
others problem created into the aircraft electrical system due to the non-linear loads [1]. The
comparisons of offline and online intelligent techniques have been checked by comparing the
Fuzzy logic controller and Adaptive Tabu search Algorithm (ATS). The simulation results clearly
show their effectiveness. The simulation results obtained with the new model are much better
than those of traditional methods.
The paper has been structured in the following manner. The APF configuration and the
load under consideration are discussed in Section II. The control algorithm for APF is discussed
in Section III. MATLAB/ Simulink based simulation results are discussed in Section IV, and
finally Section V concludes the paper.
2. System Description
The aircraft system is a three-phase power system with source frequency of 400 Hz. As
exposed in Figure 1, Shunt Active Power Filter improves the power quality and compensates
the harmonic currents in the system [22], [24]-[25], [27]-[28]. The shunt APF is comprehended
by using one voltage source inverters (VSIs) connected at the point of common coupling (PCC)
with a common DC link voltage [20]-23].
The set of loads for aircraft system consist of three loads. The first load is a three-phase
rectifier in parallel with an inductive load and an unbalanced load connected in a phase with the
midpoint (Load 1). The second one is a three-phase rectifier connects a pure resistance directly
(Load 2). The third one is a three-phase inductive load linked with the ground point (Load 3).
Finally, a combination of all three loads connected with system together at a different time
interval to study the effectiveness of the control schemes has been used to verify the
functionality of the active filter in its ability to compensate for current harmonics. For the case of
all three load connected, Load 1 is always connected, Load 2 is initially connected and is
disconnected after every 2.5 cycles, Load 3 is connected and disconnected after every half
cycle. All the simulations have been done for 15 cyclesThe values of the circuit parameters are
given in Appendix.
Figure 1. Aircraft system using Shunt Active Power Filter

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Optimized Aircraft Electric Control System Based on Adaptive Tabu Search … (Saifullah Khalid)
151
3. Control Theory
The proposed control of APF depends on three different control strategies, and all these
strategies have been optimized with an artificial intelligent technique like fuzzy logic control and
Adaptive Tabu search Algorithm. All three control strategies have been discussed in brief in this
section. The following section also deals with the basic application of fuzzy logic and ATS
Algorithm in all three control schemes [19], [20], [29].
3.1 Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy (C.I.P.C.)
Figure 2 shows the control diagram of the shunt active filter using constant
instantaneous power control strategy. We can see that four low pass filters have been shown in
the control block; in which, three with cut off of 6.4 KHz has been applied to filter the voltages
and one for the power p0. Due to instability quandary, direct application of the phase voltages
cannot be used in the control. There may be resonance among source impedance and the
small passive filter. Low pass filters have been applied to the system to block the voltage
harmonics at the resonance frequency that are higher than 6.4 KHz. P, q,p0 ,vα and vβ are
attained after the calculation from α-β-0 transformation and send to the α-β current reference
block, which calculates I'cα and i’cβ. Finally, α-β-0 inverse transformation block computes the
current references and apply it to the PWM current control i.e. hysteresis band controller.
Figure 2. Control block diagram of the shunt active filter using constant source instantaneous
power strategy
3.2 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy (S.C.C.)
The sinusoidal current control strategy is a modified version of constant instantaneous
power control strategy, which can compensate load currents under unbalanced states too. The
modification includes a positive sequence detector that replaces the 6.4 KHz cutoff frequency
low-pass filters and exactly finds the phase angle and frequency of the fundamental positive
sequence voltage component and thus shunt active power filter compensates the reactive
power of the load. While designing this detector, the extreme concern should be taken so that
shunt active filter produces ac currents orthogonal to the voltage component. Otherwise it will
produce active power. iα, iβ, p’ and q’ are attained after the calculation from α-β-0 transformation
block and send to the α-β reference voltage block, which calculates vα’ and vβ’. Lastly, α-β-0
inverse transformation block calculates the V
’
sa, V
’
sb and V
’
sc. Instead of the filtered voltages
used previously, V
’
sa, V
’
sb and V
’
sc are considered as input to the main control circuit of figure
3. Now fundamental negative sequence power, harmonic power, and the fundamental reactive
power, are also incorporated in the compensating powers.

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Figure 3. Block diagram of the fundamental positive-sequence voltage detector for sinusoidal
current control strategy
3.3 Synchronous Reference Frame Strategy (S.R.F)
In this strategy, the reference frame d-q is decided by the angle θ on the α-β frame
applied in the p-q theory. Slight modifications are required in the conventional SRF method so
that they can be used in aircraft power utility and compensate well the neutral current. For this
reasons, zero-sequence component of current has not been well thought-out and so, the zero
sequence subtract block cart off the zero sequence current from the load current and output
current comprises of only positive sequence and negative sequence component and after its
park transformation, the output current in d-q frame is composed of only instantaneous active
and reactive current. A low-pass filter accomplishes the division of the dc and ac component of
the active current for compensation of the harmonic and reactive current. This active current
goes by a low pass filter, and the signal came from dc voltage regulator together though a Park
counter-transformation subtracting from the load currents generates the reference current.
Figure 4. Control block diagram of the shunt active filter using synchronous reference frame
strategy
3.4 Fuzzy Logic Control
The fuzzy logic control has been used in the dc voltage control loop of the active power
filter. In fuzzy, the design uses centrifugal defuzzification method. There are two inputs; error
and its derivative and one output, which is the command signal. The two inputs uses Gaussian
membership functions while the output uses triangle membership function. Table 1 presents the
fuzzy control rule and Figure 5 shows the membership functions used.

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Figure 5. Membership functions
Table 1. Fuzzy Control Rule
3.5 Adaptive Tabu Search
Adaptive Tabu Search (ATS) is a modified version of original tabu search formula for
combinational optimization problem suggested by Glover. This method is very effective for
solving non-linear continuous optimization problems. The modification that has been added into
the new version is discretized continuous search space, back-tracking and adaptive radius.
The proposed ATS method searches the optimum value of the proportional integral
controller parameters i.e. Kp and KI and the objective function is decided such as to give their
optimum value with the conditions of minimum overshoot, rise time and settling time. Boundary
of Kp and Ki, their upper limits and lower limits, then radius value, conditions for ATS back
tracking, objective function and stop criteria has been defined. Maximum Searching iteration
(500 rounds) for ATS has been set as stop criterion. Figure 6 shows the flow chart for the
search of parameters using adaptive tabu search method.
The whole system based on three control strategies [24], [29] [31] have been simulated
using MATLAB/Simulink to give the filter currents that will compensate the harmonics and make
the system clean and well within standard limit [26].

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Figure 6. Flow chart for search of parameters using ATS
4 Simulation Results & Discussions
The proposed scheme of APF is simulated in MATLAB environment to estimate its
performance. Three loads have been applied together at a different time interval to check the
effectivity of the control schemes in the reduction of harmonics. To appreciate compensation by
APF, a small inductance is connected at the terminals of the load. The simulation results clearly
reveal that the scheme can successfully reduce the significant amount of THD in source current
and voltage within limits.
4.1 Uncompensated System
After doing simulation in MATLAB/Simulink without using any filter (Figure 7) i.e. for
Uncompensated System, it has been observed that the THD of source current calculated when

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loads connected with the system is 9.5% and THD of source Voltage were 1.55%. By observing
these data, we can easily recognize supply has been polluted when loads have been connected
and is obviously not within the limit of the international standard
Figure 7. Source Voltage and source current waveforms of uncompensated system
The performance of APF under different loads connected, when utilizing fuzzy Logic &
ATS Algorithm, have been discussed below for all three conventional control strategy has have
been given below.
4.1.1 For Constant Source Instantaneous Power Control Strategy using Fuzzy Logic
Controller
From Figure 8 it has been empiric that that the THDs of source current and source
voltage were 2.33% and 1.03% respectively. The compensation time was 0.0044 sec. At
t=0.0044 sec, it is apparent that the waveforms for source voltage and source current have
become sinusoidal. Figure 8 shows the waveforms of compensation current, dc capacitor
voltage, and load current.
The aberration in dc voltage can be acutely apparent in the waveforms. As per claim for
accretion the compensation current for accomplishing the load current demand, it releases the
energy, and after that it accuses and tries to achieve its set value. If we carefully observe, we
can acquisition out that the compensation current is in fact accomplishing the appeal of load
current and afterward the active filtering the source current and voltage is affected to be
sinusoidal.
4.1.2 For Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy using Fuzzy Logic Controller
The results from simulation are shown in figure 9. From the results, it is found that the
THDs of source current & source voltage were 2.22% and 1.01% respectively. At t=0.0066 sec,
we can see that the waveforms for source voltage and source current have become sinusoidal.
The observed compensation time was 0.0066 sec.
The waveforms of compensation current, dc capacitor voltage and load current can be
seen from figure 9. There is variation in dc voltage which can be seen clearly in the waveforms.
If there is need of increasing the compensation current for fulfilling the demand of load current, it
releases the energy and after that it charges and tries to regain its set value.
4.1.3 For Synchronous Reference Frame Strategy using Fuzzy Logic Controller
THDs of source current & source voltage have been found 2.30% and 1.10%
respectively after making observations from the simulation results shown in figure 10. The
waveforms for source voltage and source current have become sinusoidal at t=0.0067 sec.
Compensation time is 0.0067 sec.

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Figure 8. Source Voltage, source current, compensation current (phase b), DC link Voltage and
load current waveforms of Active power filter using constant source instantaneous power
strategy using fuzzy logic controller

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Figure 9. Source Voltage, source current, compensation current (phase b), DC link Voltage and
load current waveforms of Active power filter using sinusoidal current control strategy using
Fuzzy Logic Controller

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Figure 10. Source Voltage, source current, compensation current (phase b), DC link Voltage
and load current waveforms of Active power filter using synchronous reference frame strategy
using Fuzzy Logic Controller
4.1.4 For Constant Source Instantaneous Power Strategy using ATS Algorithm
Compensation time is 0.0064 sec. The waveforms of compensation current, dc capacitor
voltage and load current have been shown in figure 11. Waveforms show the variations in dc
capacitor voltage.
Whenever the demand of high load current comes, it releases the energy which in turn
increases the compensation current. Later on, it charges and tries to regain its previous set

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value. By making a simple observation, we can say that compensation current is actually
fulfilling the demand of load current. After the active filtering, the source current and voltage is
forced to be sinusoidal.
4.1.5 For Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy using ATS Algorithm
The results from simulation are shown in figure 12. From the results, it is found that the
THDs of source current & source voltage were 2.42% and 1.06% respectively. At t=0.0065 sec,
we can see that the waveforms for source voltage and source current have become sinusoidal.
The observed compensation time was 0.0065 sec.
The waveforms of compensation current, dc capacitor voltage and load current can be
seen from figure 12. There is variation in dc voltage which can be seen clearly in the
waveforms. If there is need of increasing the compensation current for fulfilling the demand of
load current, it releases the energy and after that it charges and tries to regain its set value.
4.1.6 For Synchronous Reference Frame Strategy using ATS Algorithm
Compensation time is 0.0068 sec. The waveforms of compensation current, dc capacitor
voltage and load current have been shown in figure 13. Waveforms show the variations in dc
capacitor voltage.
Whenever the demand of high load current comes, it releases the energy which in turn
increases the compensation current. Later on, it charges and tries to regain its previous set
value. By making a simple observation, we can say that compensation current is actually
fulfilling the demand of load current. After the active filtering, the source current and voltage is
forced to be sinusoidal.

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and load current waveforms of Active power filter using constant source instantaneous power
strategy using ATS Algorithm

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and load current waveforms of Active power filter using sinusoidal current control strategy using
ATS Algorithm

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and load current waveforms of Active power filter using synchronous reference frame strategy
using ATS Algorithm
4.2 Comparative Analysis of the Simulation Results
Simulation results have been tabulated in Table 1. From the table 1, we can easily say
that Sinusoidal current control strategy (SCC-Fuzzy) has been found best for current and
voltage harmonic reduction. Whereas synchronous reference frame strategy (SRF-ATS) was
equally best as SCC-Fuzzy strategy for current compensation. When these results have been
compared based on compensation time, it has been found that CIPC-Fuzzy strategy is fastest
among all strategy. These conclusions have been also tabulated in Table 2.

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Table 1. Summary of Simulation Results using APF for Control Strategies using Fuzzy Logic
Controller & ATS Algorithm
Strategy THD-I
(%)
THD-V
(%)
Compensation
Time (sec)
CIPC-FUZZY 2.33 1.03 0.0044
SCC-FUZZY 2.22 1.01 0.0066
SRF-FUZZY 2.30 1.10 0.0067
CIPC-ATS 2.72 1.07 0.0064
SCC-ATS 2.42 1.06 0.0065
SRF-ATS 2.62 1.01 0.0068
Table 2. Comparison of strategies used for aircraft power utility
Compensation Units Best Strategy
THD-I(%) SCC-Fuzzy & SRF-ATS
THD-V (%) SCC-Fuzzy
Compensation Time (Sec) CIPC-Fuzzy
The simulation results shown and the tabulated in table 1&2 undoubtedly explains the
choice of different strategy with different load based on THD and compensation time.
5 Conclusion
This paper has done a critical analysis of different conventional and soft computing
control strategies for shunt APFs installed in aircraft power utility of 400 HZ. The ideas have
been given for the optimum selection of strategy based on compensation time and THDs of
source current and voltage. Overall Sinusoidal current control strategy (SCC-Fuzzy) has been
observed as most fit and Synchronous reference frame strategy (SRF-ATS) found to be equally
best for current compensation. Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy’s performance
has been improved and it becomes the fastest among all strategies simulated.
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